THE ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN INITIATION OF MILK SECRETION

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles K. Haun ◽  
Charles H. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Ventromedial Nucleus ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Electrolytic lesions were stereotaxically placed within the hypothalamus of ovariectomized, oestrogen-primed rabbits in order to determine what influence this area of the brain exerts upon lactogenesis. Before and after production of the lesions, the mammary glands were examined grossly (in situ) and microscopically for signs of secretory activity. Milk secretion was initiated or greatly enhanced (indicating release of abundant amounts of prolactin) in those, and only those, cases in which the lesions destroyed the arcuate nucleus and the base of the ventromedial nucleus. Since this identical region has been shown to be essential for the release of pituitary ovulating hormone, the present evidence strongly supports the concept that the hypothalamo-hypophysial mechanism which stimulates the release of gonadotrophins simultaneously inhibits the release of prolactin. Lactogenesis in the rabbit would thus seen to be a phenomenon in which the adenohypophysis liberates prolactin as a consequence of suppression of the release of gonadotrophin.

scholarly journals BEYOND PSEUDO-ACCOMODATIVE CORNEA LASIK (PAC LASIK). A PERSONAL INSIGHT

2021 ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Patient’S Satisfaction ◽  
Optical Part ◽  
Personal Insight ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mild Headache

Laser in-situ keratomieleusis (LASIK) is a common intervention for young, active, ametropic individuals to improve their visual acuity. pseudo-accommodative cornea (PAC), a variant of LASIK, to correct ametropia among presbyopic patients is proven in maintaining good distant vision; yet, the satisfactory spectacle free reading vision is limited to the ageing progression. However, successful treatments do not guarantee patient’s satisfaction. Assesment of the objective topographic indicators, visual acuity, higher order abrasion, and contrast sensitivity; revealed the clarification of a mild headache as a personal subjective experience after the treatment. The role of the persistent, dominant eye, the brain perception, seems to be critical factor to a patient’s satisfaction. To a certain degree, the interplay amongst the optical part and it’s supporting tissue, within and between the eyeballs, as well as its relationship to the neurosensory parts of the visual systems after Lasik surgery have not yet been assessed and reported elsewhere.

scholarly journals Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guendalina Zaccaria ◽  
Alessio Lorusso ◽  
Melanie M. Hierweger ◽  
Daniela Malatesta ◽  
Sabrina VP Defourny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Brain

In this study, starting from nucleic acids purified from the brain tissue, Nanopore technology was used to identify the etiological agent of severe neurological signs observed in a cow which was immediately slaughtered. Histological examination revealed acute non-suppurative encephalomyelitis affecting the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, while by using PCR-based assays, the nucleic acids of major agents for neurological signs were not detected. By using Nanopore technology, 151 sequence reads were assigned to Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV). Real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) confirmed the presence of viral RNA in the brain. Moreover, using the combination of fluorescent ISH and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques, it was possible to detect BoAstV RNA and antigens in the same cells, suggesting the active replication of the virus in infected neurons. The nearly whole genome of the occurring strain (BoAstV PE3373/2019/Italy), obtained by Illumina NextSeq 500, showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (94.11%) with BoAstV CH13/NeuroS1 26,730 strain, an encephalitis-associated bovine astrovirus. Here, we provide further evidence of the role of AstV as a neurotropic agent. Considering that in a high proportion of non-suppurative encephalitis cases, which are mostly indicative of a viral infection, the etiologic agent remains unknown, our result underscores the value and versatility of Nanopore technology for a rapid diagnosis when the PCR-based algorithm gives negative results.

Blockage of lactation by brain-stem lesions in the cat

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Beyer ◽  
Flavio Mena ◽  
Pablo Pacheco ◽  
Manuel Alcaraz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Afferent Pathway ◽  
Transient Impairment ◽  
Brain Stem Lesions ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
The Brain

The effect of brain-stem lesions on lactation in the cat was studied. Lesions in the rostral mesencephalon or caudal hypothalamus, which involved the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, caused persistent supression of milk secretion and involution of the mammary glands. This effect seems to be due to interruption of the afferent pathway for prolactin secretion. Control lesions in other parts of the brain caused only a transient impairment of lactation.

scholarly journals Importance of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus as a Component of a Neural Pathway between the Brain and the Testes that Modulates Testosterone Secretion Independently of the Pituitary

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Selvage ◽  
Catherine Rivier
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
The Brain

We previously reported that in adult male rats, the intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO) significantly inhibited the ability of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to stimulate testosterone (T) secretion. The finding that this phenomenon also took place when LH release had been blocked with an LHRH antagonist suggested that icv CRF and ISO did not alter Leydig cell function by influencing the activity of pituitary gonadotrophs. We therefore proposed the existence of a neural pathway connecting the brain to the testes, whose activation by icv CRF or ISO interfered with T secretion. Based on the intratesticular injection of the transganglionic tracer pseudorabies virus, we recently identified the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus as a component of this neural link. The aim of the present work was to investigate the functional role of this brain area in mediating the ability of CRF and ISO to inhibit the ability of hCG to stimulate T secretion. We first demonstrated that local microinfusion of CRF or ISO directly into the PVN mimicked the effect of their icv injection, suggesting that the PVN does indeed represent a site of action of ISO and CRF in altering Leydig cell responsiveness to gonadotropin. In contrast, neither CRF nor ISO microinfusion into the central amygdala or the frontal cortex influenced hCG-stimulated T secretion. To further investigate the role of the PVN in ISO- and CRF-induced blunting of hCG stimulation of T, we determined the effect of icv CRF or ISO on testicular activity of rats with electrolytic lesions of the PVN. These lesions, which did not in themselves influence Leydig cell responsiveness to hCG, blocked the effect of both icv ISO and CRF on hCG-induced T release. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that CRF- and ISO-induced activation of cells in the area of the PVN decreases the ability of gonadotropin to release T and suggests that this nucleus represents an important site of the proposed neural connection between the brain and the testes.

Ontogeny of neuropeptide Y expression in response to deprivation in lean Zucker rat pups

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. R466-R470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Kowalski ◽  
Thomas A. Houpt ◽  
Jeongwon Jahng ◽  
Nori Okada ◽  
Streamson C. Chua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zucker Rat ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Rat Pups

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity is believed to play an important role in the response to food deprivation in adult rats. Little is known, however, about the role of the hypothalamic NPY system in the control of food intake in the preweanling rat. To address this issue, we examined the effect of deprivation on arcuate nucleus preproNPY expression in lean Zucker rat pups, using in situ hybridization. PreproNPY expression within the arcuate nucleus was localized to cells in the medial portion. Twenty-four hours of food, water, and maternal deprivation significantly increased the relative abundance of preproNPY mRNA in pups on postnatal day (P) 2, P9, P12, and P15 by 14–31%. This response, however, was not observed on P5. The absence of an effect on P5 and the magnitude of the response at the other ages tested were not correlated with the amount of weight lost during deprivation.

Identification of target cells for growth hormone's action in the arcuate nucleus

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. E716-E722
Author(s):  
K. A. Burton ◽  
E. B. Kabigting ◽  
R. A. Steiner ◽  
D. K. Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Short Loop ◽  
Loop Feedback ◽  
The Brain

Growth hormone (GH) participates in the regulation of its own secretion by acting through a short-loop feedback mechanism to regulate the synthesis and secretion of somatostatin (SS) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). The mechanism of GH's action in certain peripheral targets involves the induction of c-fos. Similarly, we hypothesized that GH induces the expression of c-fos mRNA in SS and GHRH neurons in the hypothalamus. Using in situ hybridization, we observed a significant induction of c-fos mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of human GH-treated compared with control animals. Contrary to our hypothesis, only 11% of GHRH mRNA-containing and 5% of SS mRNA-containing neurons colabeled for c-fos mRNA. These findings indicate that GH feedback on the hypothalamus includes the induction of c-fos mRNA primarily in neurons other than GHRH and SS in the arcuate nucleus and suggest that these unidentified neurons located in the arcuate nucleus are directly involved in transducing the effects of GH in the brain.

Regulation of blood flow in adipose tissue: involvement of the cholinergic system

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (1) ◽  
pp. E55-E62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Sotorník ◽  
Jean-Patrice Baillargeon ◽  
Maude Gagnon-Auger ◽  
Julie Ménard ◽  
Pascal Brassard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Vasoactive Agents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Acetylcholine (Ach) has vasodilatory actions. However, data are conflicting about the role of Ach in regulating blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue (ATBF). This may be related to inaccurate ATBF recording or to the responder/nonresponder (R/NR) phenomenon. We showed previously that healthy individuals are R (ATBF increases postprandially by >50% of baseline BF) or NR (ATBF increases ≤50% postprandially). Our objective was to assess the role of the cholinergic system on ATBF in R and NR subjects. ATBF was manipulated by in situ microinfusion of vasoactive agents (VA) in AT and monitored by the 133Xenon washout technique (both recognized methods) at the VA site and at the control site. We tested incrementally increasing doses of Ach (10−5, 10−3, and 10−1 mol/l; n = 15) and Ach receptor antagonists (Ra) before and after oral administration of 75-g glucose using atropine (muscarinic Ra; 10−4 mol/l, n = 13; 10−5 mol/l, n = 22) and mecamylamine (nicotinic Ra; 10−3 mol/l, n = 15; 10−4 mol/l, n = 10). Compared with baseline [2.41 (1.36–2.83) ml·100 g−1·min−1], Ach increased ATBF dose dependently [3.32 (2.80–5.09), 6.46 (4.36–9.51), and 10.31 (7.98–11.52), P < 0.0001], with no difference between R and NR. Compared with control side, atropine (both concentrations) had no effect on fasting ATBF; only atropine 10−4 mol/l decreased post-glucose ATBF [iAUC: 1.25 (0.32–2.91) vs. 1.98 (0.64–2.94); P = 0.04]. This effect was further apparent in R. Mecamylamine had no impact on fasting and postglucose ATBF in R and NR. Our results suggest that the cholinergic system is implicated in ATBF regulation, although it has no role in the blunting of ATBF response in NR.

scholarly journals Brain aerobic glycolysis and motor adaptation learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (26) ◽  
pp. E3782-E3791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Shannon ◽  
Sanjeev Neil Vaishnavi ◽  
Andrei G. Vlassenko ◽  
Joshua S. Shimony ◽  
Jerrel Rutlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adequate Tissue

Ten percent to 15% of glucose used by the brain is metabolized nonoxidatively despite adequate tissue oxygenation, a process termed aerobic glycolysis (AG). Because of the known role of glycolysis in biosynthesis, we tested whether learning-induced synaptic plasticity would lead to regionally appropriate, learning-dependent changes in AG. Functional MRI (fMRI) before, during, and after performance of a visual–motor adaptation task demonstrated that left Brodmann area 44 (BA44) played a key role in adaptation, with learning-related changes to activity during the task and altered resting-state, functional connectivity after the task. PET scans before and after task performance indicated a sustained increase in AG in left BA 44 accompanied by decreased oxygen consumption. Intersubject variability in behavioral adaptation rate correlated strongly with changes in AG in this region, as well as functional connectivity, which is consistent with a role for AG in synaptic plasticity.

scholarly journals Molecular neuroimmunoendocrinology: role and significance in the regulation of reproductive function

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Eduard K. Ailamazyan ◽  
Igor M. Kvetnoy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Systems

The review paper is devoted to analysis of current molecular biological investigations, which testify on the molecular chemical unity of the signaling mechanisms into three classical regulatory systems-nervous, endocrine and immune ones. This biological general phenomenon allows to create a new special field of biomedicine-neuroimmunoendocrinology, which studies the structural-functional basis and molecular unity of neuroimmunoendocrine regulation of homeostasis in norm and pathology. The special attention pays on the presence of nervous, endocrine and immune cells in the reproductive system, which produce hormonal substances (regulatory peptides, biogenic amines, and related molecules) in situ inside endometrium, placenta, mammary glands. The role of these molecules in the mechanisms of reproduction is discussed.

scholarly journals The Concept of Neuro- Linguistic Programming in Improving the Receptive Skills in English

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sunitha ◽  
◽  
A .Catherin Jayanthy ◽  
G. Kalaiyarasan ◽  
N. Annalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
School Students ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

From the long years ago, education have been trying a proper way to improving the skills of English. Educators tried several methodologies in English to choose the better one. This paper brings out the effect of teaching Receptive skills by implementing NLP (Neuro- Linguistic Programming) in second language as English. Neuro- Linguistic Programming is one of the methods to catch up the English by giving focus on the brain anatomy. Brain anatomy can motive the creativity as well as the skills of using language. It also exist the role of Neuro Linguistic Programming in teaching the Receptive skills of English, which could make the students to improve the Receptive skills such as listening and reading. The study, in short, affirms that NLP strategies could be quite efficacious in making the students procure the skills that are indispensable in workplaces effortlessly. As it involves teaching a reading comprehension course by NLP concepts and techniques, the approach used in this study is experimental. In addition, the experimental method involves pre-and post-tests conducted before and after the course by the control group (40 students) and the experimental group (40 students). The students of the experimental community are chosen from the secondary school students. After the NLP experimentation, it was revealed from the study that there was a significant difference in the level of the experimental group in pre and post-test.

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