TWO TYPES OF SERTOLI CELLS IN MAN

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svend G. Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Iron Alum ◽  
Haematoxylin Staining

ABSTRACT By means of iron haematoxylin staining carefully differentiated by either picric acid or iron alum, Sertoli cells may be differentiated into two types, one (type A) containing unstained nuclei and the other (type B) intensely stained nuclei. No intermediate forms appear to be present. The two types are most easily found in the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome but they are present in the testes with spermatogenesis although type B is rare. The immature (pro-) Sertoli cells in infantile testes also display the two types. The two types of Sertoli cells differ in their degree of binding between nucleic acids and nucleic protein. The significance of the existence of these two types is discussed.

Anatomie, histologie et affinités de l'appareil séricigène des Hersilia Sav. et Aud. (Araneae: Hersiliidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Kovoor
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Silk Glands ◽  
Single Protein

Although hersiliid spiders do not spin any webs, their silk glands, which belong to six types, are large and complex. Two groups of ampullate glands, one opening on the anterior spinnerets and the other on the median spinnerets, secrete two proteins each. About 180 pyriform glands are clearly bipartite. Over 200 type A aciniform glands opening on the median and posterior spinnerets are made up of three categories of secretory cells. Silk from these glands consists of two proteins (core and outer coat) joined together by an intermediary layer of acidic glycoprotein. All the 160 type B aciniform glands opening on the posterior spinnerets secrete a single protein. Fifty tubuliform glands opening on the median and posterior spinnerets produce two proteins, one of which is coloured. As in Urocteinae, long posterior spinnerets and large, numerous aciniform and tubuliform glands are correlated with swathing of prey and egg-cocoon construction. In Lycosidae and Agelenidae, the ampullate glands show the same number and distribution according to the spinnerets. However, anatomical and histochemical features of hersiliid aciniform and ampullate glands are close to those of some Araneoidea. Apart from peculiar characteristics, silk glands of Hersilia might represent an intermediate evolutionary stage towards Araneoidea.

scholarly journals Pyranoanthocyanin Derived Pigments in Wine: Structure and Formation during Winemaking

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marquez ◽  
María P. Serratosa ◽  
Julieta Merida
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Type A ◽  
Enol Form ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Type B ◽  
Initial Compound

In recent years many studies have been carried out on new pigments derived from anthocyanins that appear in wine during processing and aging. This paper aims to summarize the latest research on these compounds, focusing on the structure and the formation process. The main pyranoanthocyanins are formed from the reaction between the anthocyanins and some metabolites released during the yeast fermentation: carboxypyranoanthocyanins or type A vitisins, formed upon the reaction between the enol form of the pyruvic acid and the anthocyanins; type B vitisins, formed by the cycloaddition of an acetaldehyde molecule on an anthocyanin; methylpyranoanthocyanins, resulted from the reaction between acetone and anthocyanins; pinotins resulted from the covalent reaction between the hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanins; and finally flavanyl-pyranoanthocyanins. On the other hand, the second generation of compounds has also been reviewed, where the initial compound is a pyranoanthocyanin. This family includes oxovitisins, vinylpyranoanthocyanins, pyranoanthocyanins linked through a butadienylidene bridge, and pyranoanthocyanin dimers.

scholarly journals Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and expression analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) nuclear progesterone receptor

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi X Chen ◽  
Jan Bogerd ◽  
Eva Andersson ◽  
Fernanda F L Almeida ◽  
Geir Lasse Taranger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Type A ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Early Type ◽  
Type B ◽  
Late Type ◽  
Nuclear Progesterone Receptor

To better understand the role(s) of progestogens during early stages of spermatogenesis, we carried out studies on the nuclear progesterone receptor (Pgr) of the Atlantic salmon. Its open-reading frame shows the highest similarity with other piscine Pgr proteins. When expressed in mammalian cells, salmon Pgr exhibited progestogen-specific, dose-dependent induction of reporter gene expression, with 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) showing the highest potency. We then analyzed testicular pgr mRNA and DHP plasma levels in animals during the onset of spermatogenesis, which were exposed to natural light or to constant light, to induce significant differences in testis growth. Grouping of the animals according to their progress through spermatogenesis showed that testicular pgr mRNA levels as well as DHP plasma levels first increased when germ cells had reached the stage of late type B spermatogonia and further increased when entered meiosis, i.e. when spermatocytes were present. However, in situ hybridization studies revealed that pgr mRNA expression was restricted to Sertoli cells, with a strong signal in Sertoli cells contacting type A/early type B spermatogonia, while Sertoli cells contacting larger germ cell clones with further differentiated stages (e.g. late type B spermatogonia) were less intensely/not stained. We conclude that the increase in pgr mRNA levels per pair of testis reflects, at least in part, the increased number of Sertoli cells enveloping type A and early type B spermatogonia. We propose that Sertoli cell-expressed Pgr may mediate DHP-stimulated early steps in spermatogenesis in Atlantic salmon, such as an increase in the number of new spermatogonial cysts.

scholarly journals Lycopene supplementation prevents reactive oxygen species mediated apoptosis in Sertoli cells of adult albino rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunasekaran Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Kandaswamy Selvakumar ◽  
Prabhu Venkataraman ◽  
Perumal Elumalai ◽  
Jagadeesan Arunakaran
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Sertoli cell proliferation is attenuated before attaining puberty and the number is fixed in adult testes. Sertoli cells determine both testis size and daily sperm production by providing physical and metabolic support to spermatogenic cells. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure disrupts functions of Sertoli cells causing infertility with decreased sperm count. On the other hand, lycopene is improving sperm count and motility by reducing oxidative stress in humans and animals. Hence we hypothesized that PCBs-induced infertility might be due to Sertoli cell apoptosis mediated by oxidative stress and lycopene might prevent PCBs-induced apoptosis by acting against oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, animals were treated with vehicle control, lycopene, PCBs and PCBs + lycopene for 30 days. After the experimental period, the testes and cauda epididymidis were removed for isolation of Sertoli cells and sperm, respectively. We observed increased levels of oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and LPO) levels, increased expression of apoptotic molecules (caspase-8, Bad, Bid, Bax, cytochrome C and caspase-3), decreased anti-apoptotic (Bcl2) molecule and elevated apoptotic marker activity (caspase-3) in Sertoli cells of PCBs-exposed animals. These results were associated with decreased sperm count and motility in PCBs exposed animals. On the other hand, lycopene prevented the elevation of Sertoli cellular apoptotic parameters and prevented the reduction of sperm parameters (count and motility). The data confirmed that lycopene as an antioxidant scavenged reactive oxygen substances, prevented apoptosis, maintained normal function in Sertoli cells and helped to provide physical and metabolic support for sperm production, thereby treating infertility in men.

scholarly journals Crossings and Nestings in Set Partitions of Classical Types

10.37236/392 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rubey ◽  
Christian Stump
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Set Partition ◽  
Set Partitions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In this article, we investigate bijections on various classes of set partitions of classical types that preserve openers and closers. On the one hand we present bijections for types $B$ and $C$ that interchange crossings and nestings, which generalize a construction by Kasraoui and Zeng for type $A$. On the other hand we generalize a bijection to type $B$ and $C$ that interchanges the cardinality of a maximal crossing with the cardinality of a maximal nesting, as given by Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley and Yan for type $A$. For type $D$, we were only able to construct a bijection between non-crossing and non-nesting set partitions. For all classical types we show that the set of openers and the set of closers determine a non-crossing or non-nesting set partition essentially uniquely.

A Hypothesis on the Origin of Old Chinese Pharyngealization (上古漢語咽化聲母來源的一個假設)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) ◽  
William H. Baxter (白一平)
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Surface Constraint ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
The One

It is proposed that oc pharyngealized onset consonants—that is, ‘type-A’ onset consonants—arose out of Proto-Sino-Tibetan plain consonants followed by geminate vowels separated by a pharyngeal fricative. When the first copy of the geminate vowel fell, the initial consonants formed clusters with the pharyngeal fricative, evolving into the oc pharyngealized consonants we reconstruct. In the Kuki-Chin branch of Tibeto-Burman, the pharyngeal fricative fell, and long vowels resulted. This proposal supposes a statistical correlation between Kuki-Chin long vowels and oc type-A words on the one hand, and between Kuki-Chin short vowels and oc type-B words on the other, as originally proposed by S. Starostin. A significant statistic bearing on forty-three probable Chinese-Kuki-Chin cognates supports this correlation. Thus reconstructed, a precursor language of Proto-Sino-Tibetan was aligned with Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Austroasiatic in exhibiting a surface constraint against monomoraic free words: by that constraint, the vowel of an underlying monosyllable was realized as a geminate with an intervening parasitic consonant such as a glottal stop or a pharyngeal fricative, while the vowels of a disyllable remained nongeminate. After reduction of disyllables to monosyllables, this process resulted in a pharyngealized vs. nonpharyngealized consonant distinction in oc. 論文提出對上古漢語咽化聲母（即“A類聲母”）來源的一個假設，認為咽化聲母來源於原始漢藏語的無標記輔音，並且此無標記輔音後跟隨著由咽部擦音[ʕ]分割的雙胞元音（geminate vowels）。在雙胞元音的前半部分脫落後，輔音聲母跟咽部擦音形成了複輔音。新形成的複輔音最終演變為上古漢語的咽化聲母。而在藏緬語庫基-欽（Kuki-Chin）語支中，則是咽化擦音脫落，使雙胞元音變為長元音。本文解釋了漢語與庫基-欽語中一個統計學的顯著相關性：一方面，庫基-欽語含長元音的詞與上古漢語含A類聲母的詞呈顯著相關；另一方面，庫基-欽語含短元音的詞與上古漢語含B類聲母的詞呈顯著相關，正如斯塔羅金（S. Starostin）所說。據此構擬，我們提出原始漢藏語、原始南島語與原始南亞語中的一個共同限制（constraint）：禁止在語流中出現單音拍（monomoraic）詞。在這一限制的作用下，單音節詞的單元音發生了雙胞化（germination），雙胞元音中間插入了喉塞音或咽部擦音之類的次聲輔音。而同時，雙音節詞的元音無變化。漢語經過雙音節詞的單音節化，就形成了無標記輔音與咽化輔音的音位對立。(This article is in English.)

scholarly journals Two Classes of Entropy Measures for Complex Fuzzy Sets

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lvqing Bi ◽  
Zhiqiang Zeng ◽  
Bo Hu ◽  
Songsong Dai
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Unit Circle ◽  
Type A ◽  
Rotational Invariance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Membership Functions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Invariance Properties ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Complex Valued

Complex fuzzy sets are characterized by complex-valued membership functions, whose range is extended from the traditional fuzzy range of [0,1] to the unit circle in the complex plane. In this paper, we define two kinds of entropy measures for complex fuzzy sets, called type-A and type-B entropy measures, and analyze their rotational invariance properties. Among them, two formulas of type-A entropy measures possess the attribute of rotational invariance, whereas the other two formulas of type-B entropy measures lack this characteristic.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE SEMINAL GLANDSIN THE DYNAMICS OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1486-1490
Author(s):  
Olga I. Zalyubovska ◽  
Tetiana I. Tiupka ◽  
Victor V. Zlenko ◽  
Yulia N. Avidzba ◽  
Mycola I. Lytvynenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Type A ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Reserve Capacity ◽  
Type B ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Spermatogenic Epithelium

Introduction: Negative demographic trends are often associated with high levels of infertility, including male. In the modern literature there are data on morphofunctional changes in various organs and tissues during inflammation of various origins, obtained in experiments on animals. At the same time, there are practically no studies on changes in the seminal glands in inflammation of different etiologies. The aim of this study is to identify the morphofunctional features of the seminal glands in the dynamics of acute infectious (staphylococcal) inflammation in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental studies were performed on 40 nonlinear male rats weighing 180-200 g. Microscopic and histochemical studies were performed on the 7th, 14th, and 28th day. Results: On the 7th day of staphylococcal inflammation, morphofunctional changes in the seminal glands were detected in rats in the form of a moderate rearrangement of the spermatogenic epithelium, which was manifested by a decrease in Sertoli cells and the number of type A light spermatogonia along with an increase in the number of type A dark spermatogonia and type B spermatogonia. The described changes were accompanied by a decrease in the metabolism of nucleoproteins in epithelial cells. On the 14th day, the morphological changes were characterized by a sharp decrease in Sertoli cells, the absence of type A light spermatogonia and an increase in the number of type A dark spermatogonia and type B spermatogonia. After 28 days, there is an increase in the number of tubules with the presence of type A light and dark spermatogonia, as well as single Sertoli cells, which indicates the restoration of the morphofunctional state of the seminal glands. Conclusions: More pronounced compensatory-adaptive processes in the seminal glands occur within a period of 28 days from the start of modeling of staphylococcal inflammation. The latter is confirmed by the appearance of various shapes and sizes of tubules with restored spermatogenic epithelium of various stages of development. The presence of type A light and dark spermatogonia indicates the reserve capacity of the seminal glands.

scholarly journals The projected directive construction and object case marking in Finnish

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-190
Author(s):  
Yrjö Lauranto
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Type C ◽  
The One ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Action Verbs

This article examines object case marking in a Finnish verb structure called the Projected Directive Construction, e.g. Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa asked Matti to leave’ (Liisa.NOMINATIVE asked Matti-PARTITIVE leave-INF-ILLATIVE). The PDC is divided into three subtypes. Type A includes verbs such as pyytää ‘to request’, which take a partitive object regardless of the outcome of the action. Verbs used in type B, such as määrätä ‘to order’, take an accusative object despite the result of the action. Type C comprises verbs such as suostutella ‘to persuade’ taking either a partitive or an accusative object, depending on the outcome of the semiotic causation expressed in the clause. The object case marking in the three subtypes reflects the two-faceted nature of the construction: on the one hand, it is a construction used for reporting of speech, on the other, it is a causative construction. It seems that boundedness – as it has traditionally been defined – does not suffice to describe the alternation of the object case in the PDC.Kokkuvõte. Yrjö Lauranto: Projitseeritud direktiivsed konstruktsioonid ja objekti käände markeerimine soome keeles. Artiklis käsitletakse objekti käänet soome keele projitseeritud direktiivses konstruktsioonis (PDK), nt Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa palus Matit ära minna’. PDK võib jagada kolme alltüüpi. Tüüp A sisaldab verbe nagu pyytää ‘paluda’, mis nõuavad partitiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemusest. Tüüp B verbid nagu määrätä ‘käskida’ nõuavad akusatiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemuslikkusest. Tüüpi C kuuluvad verbid nagu suostutella ‘veenda’, mis võivad võtta nii partitiivse kui akusatiivse objekti, sõltuvalt lausega väljendatud semiootilise põhjustatuse tulemusest. Kolme alltüübi käändemarkeering peegeldab konstruktsiooni kahetist olemust: ühelt poolt kasutatakse konstruktsiooni kõne vahendamiseks, teiselt poolt on tegemist kausatiivse konstruktsiooniga. Seega ei piisa PDK objekti käändevahelduse selgitamiseks vaid piiritletuse mõistest.Võtmesõnad: objekti käände markeerimine; piiritletus; akusatiiv; partitiiv; kõne ja mõtete vahendamine; projitseerimine; kausatiivne konstruktsioon; soome keel

scholarly journals Two types of fatty acid-binding protein in human kidney. Isolation, characterization and localization

1991 ◽  
Vol 273 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
R G H J Maatman ◽  
T H M S M Van Kuppevelt ◽  
J H Veerkamp
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Protein ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Acid Binding Protein

Two types of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) were isolated from human kidney by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Northern-blot analysis showed the presence of two FABP transcripts in total kidney RNA, hybridizing with cDNA of human liver and muscle FABP respectively. Characterisation based on molecular mass, isoelectric point, fluorescence with dansylaminoundecanoic acid and immunological cross-reactivity showed that one, type B, was fairly similar to human heart FABP. The other, type A, showed, like human liver FABP, a high fluorescence enhancement and a wavelength shift with dansylaminoundecanoic acid as well as the binding of a variety of ligands. Antibodies raised against FABP type A and against liver FABP markedly cross-reacted in e.l.i.s.a., in Western blotting and in indirect immunoperoxidase staining on kidney and liver sections. Differences in amino acid composition and isoelectric points, however, indicate that type A is a new kidney-specific FABP type. The FABP type A is more abundant in kidney than the B type and is predominantly localized in the cortex, especially in the cells of the proximal tubules. The FABP type B is mainly present in the cells of the distal tubules. In conclusion, this study shows the presence of two types of FABP in the kidney. One type seems to be related to heart FABP, while the other type resembles, but is not identical with, liver FABP. Both types have a characteristic cellular distribution along the nephron.

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