Paracrine regulation of cellular interactions in the testis: factors in search of a function

1997 ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Schlatt ◽  
A Meinhardt ◽  
E Nieschlag
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Testicular Cell ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Paracrine Regulation ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
The Many ◽  
Local Proximity

Throughout evolution, gamete generation and sex hormone production are the two processes combined in the testis. The local proximity of sex steroid-producing cells and spermatogenic cells allows multiple cellular interactions to occur and thereby facilitates the modulation and/or synchronisation of both testicular functions. This mini review provides an introduction to the vast variety of different testicular cell types, the unique bi-compartmental organization of the testis, the many factors being released in the testis and the different forms of cellular interactions occurring between testicular cells. Selected members of two groups of signal molecules (sex steroids, growth factors) are described in detail and specific examples for the intratesticular actions of signalling factors are presented.

scholarly journals Cellular interactions constrain tumor growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1918-1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey West ◽  
Paul K. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Macroscopic Tumor ◽  
Growth Laws ◽  
The Many

A tumor is made up of a heterogeneous collection of cell types, all competing on a fitness landscape mediated by microenvironmental conditions that dictate their interactions. Despite the fact that much is known about cell signaling, cellular cooperation, and the functional constraints that affect cellular behavior, the specifics of how these constraints (and the range over which they act) affect the macroscopic tumor growth laws that govern total volume, mass, and carrying capacity remain poorly understood. We develop a statistical mechanics approach that focuses on the total number of possible states each cell can occupy and show how different assumptions on correlations of these states give rise to the many different macroscopic tumor growth laws used in the literature. Although it is widely understood that molecular and cellular heterogeneity within a tumor is a driver of growth, here we emphasize that focusing on the functional coupling of states at the cellular level is what determines macroscopic growth characteristics.

Annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of guinea pig testis after unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 196-197
Author(s):  
J. Chakraborty ◽  
A. P. Sinha Hikim ◽  
J. S. Jhunjhunwala
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Spermatic Cord ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annulate Lamellae ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
First Time

Although the presence of annulate lamellae was noted in many cell types, including the rat spermatogenic cells, this structure was never reported in the Sertoli cells of any rodent species. The present report is based on a part of our project on the effect of torsion of the spermatic cord to the contralateral testis. This paper describes for the first time, the fine structural details of the annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of damaged testis from guinea pigs.One side of the spermatic cord of each of six Hartly strain adult guinea pigs was surgically twisted (540°) under pentobarbital anesthesia (1). Four months after induction of torsion, animals were sacrificed, testes were excised and processed for the light and electron microscopic investigations. In the damaged testis, the majority of seminiferous tubule contained a layer of Sertoli cells with occasional spermatogonia (Fig. 1). Nuclei of these Sertoli cells were highly pleomorphic and contained small chromatinic clumps adjacent to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope (Fig. 2).

Restraint stress of male mice triggers apoptosis in spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells via activating the TNF-α system

Zygote ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
De-Ling Kong ◽  
Bin Xiao ◽  
Hong-Jie Yuan ◽  
Qiao-Qiao Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Tnf Α

SummaryStudies have indicated that psychological stress impairs human fertility and that various stressors can induce apoptosis of testicular cells. However, the mechanisms by which psychological stress on males reduces semen quality and stressors induce apoptosis in testicular cells are largely unclear. Using a psychological (restraint) stress mouse model, we tested whether male psychological stress triggers apoptosis of spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells through activating tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α signalling. Wild-type or TNF-α−/− male mice were restrained for 48 h before examination for apoptosis and expression of TNF-α and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) in spermatozoa, epididymis, seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells. The results showed that male restraint significantly decreased fertilization rate and mitochondrial membrane potential, while increasing levels of malondialdehyde, active caspase-3, TNF-α and TNFR1 in spermatozoa. Male restraint also increased apoptosis and expression of TNF-α and TNFR1 in caudae epididymides, seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells. Sperm quality was also significantly impaired when spermatozoa were recovered 35 days after male restraint. The restraint-induced damage to spermatozoa, epididymis and seminiferous tubules was significantly ameliorated in TNF-α−/− mice. Furthermore, incubation with soluble TNF-α significantly reduced sperm motility and fertilizing potential. Taken together, the results demonstrated that male psychological stress induces apoptosis in spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells through activating the TNF-α system and that the stress-induced apoptosis in spermatogenic cells can be translated into impaired quality in future spermatozoa.

Immunolocalization of antioxidant enzymes in testis of rams submitted to long-term heat stress

Zygote ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-435
Author(s):  
Thais Rose dos Santos Hamilton ◽  
Gabriela Esteves Duarte ◽  
José Antonio Visintin ◽  
Mayra Elena Ortiz D’Ávila Assumpção
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oxidative Balance ◽  
Testicular Cells

SummaryLong-term heat stress (HS) induced by testicular insulation generates oxidative stress (OS) on the testicular environment; consequently activating antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The aim of this work was to immunolocalize antioxidant enzymes present in different cells within the seminiferous tubule when rams were submitted to HS. Rams were divided into control (n = 6) and treated group (n = 6), comprising rams subjected to testicular insulation for 240 h. After the testicular insulation period, rams were subjected to orchiectomy. Testicular fragments were submitted to immunohistochemistry for staining against SOD, GR and GPx enzymes. We observed immunolocalization of GPx in more cell types of the testis after HS and when compared with other enzymes. In conclusion, GPx is the main antioxidant enzyme identified in testicular cells in an attempt to maintain oxidative balance when HS occurs.

scholarly journals Outflow Tract Formation—Embryonic Origins of Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Sonia Stefanovic ◽  
Heather C. Etchevers ◽  
Stéphane Zaffran
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Outflow Tract ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Heart Field ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
The Many

Anomalies in the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) are among the most frequent congenital heart defects (CHDs). During embryogenesis, the cardiac OFT is a dynamic structure at the arterial pole of the heart. Heart tube elongation occurs by addition of cells from pharyngeal, splanchnic mesoderm to both ends. These progenitor cells, termed the second heart field (SHF), were first identified twenty years ago as essential to the growth of the forming heart tube and major contributors to the OFT. Perturbation of SHF development results in common forms of CHDs, including anomalies of the great arteries. OFT development also depends on paracrine interactions between multiple cell types, including myocardial, endocardial and neural crest lineages. In this publication, dedicated to Professor Andriana Gittenberger-De Groot and her contributions to the field of cardiac development and CHDs, we review some of her pioneering studies of OFT development with particular interest in the diverse origins of the many cell types that contribute to the OFT. We also discuss the clinical implications of selected key findings for our understanding of the etiology of CHDs and particularly OFT malformations.

Evaluation of Stallion Testicular Cell Types by Flow Cytometry

2021 ◽  
pp. 103778
Author(s):  
Rosanna Serafini ◽  
Dickson D. Varner ◽  
Charles C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Testicular Cell

scholarly journals A scalable platform for the development of cell-type-specific viral drivers

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Hrvatin ◽  
Christopher P Tzeng ◽  
M Aurel Nagy ◽  
Hume Stroud ◽  
Charalampia Koutsioumpa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heterologous Gene Expression ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Many ◽  
Dna Regulatory Elements

Enhancers are the primary DNA regulatory elements that confer cell type specificity of gene expression. Recent studies characterizing individual enhancers have revealed their potential to direct heterologous gene expression in a highly cell-type-specific manner. However, it has not yet been possible to systematically identify and test the function of enhancers for each of the many cell types in an organism. We have developed PESCA, a scalable and generalizable method that leverages ATAC- and single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols, to characterize cell-type-specific enhancers that should enable genetic access and perturbation of gene function across mammalian cell types. Focusing on the highly heterogeneous mammalian cerebral cortex, we apply PESCA to find enhancers and generate viral reagents capable of accessing and manipulating a subset of somatostatin-expressing cortical interneurons with high specificity. This study demonstrates the utility of this platform for developing new cell-type-specific viral reagents, with significant implications for both basic and translational research.

scholarly journals Jointly leveraging spatial transcriptomics and deep learning models for pathology image annotation improves cell type identification over either approach alone.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Zubair ◽  
Richard H. Chapple ◽  
Sivaraman Natarajan ◽  
William C. Wright ◽  
Min Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Image Annotation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Transcriptomics Data ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
The Many ◽  
Level Performance

The disorganization of cell types within tissues underlies many human diseases and has been studied for over a century using the conventional tools of pathology, including tissue-marking dyes such as the H&E stain. Recently, spatial transcriptomics technologies were developed that can measure spatially resolved gene expression directly in pathology-stained tissues sections, revealing cell types and their dysfunction in unprecedented detail. In parallel, artificial intelligence (AI) has approached pathologist-level performance in computationally annotating H&E images of tissue sections. However, spatial transcriptomics technologies are limited in their ability to separate transcriptionally similar cell types and AI-based pathology has performed less impressively outside their training datasets. Here, we describe a methodology that can computationally integrate AI-annotated pathology images with spatial transcriptomics data to markedly improve inferences of tissue cell type composition made over either class of data alone. We show that this methodology can identify regions of clinically relevant tumor immune cell infiltration, which is predictive of response to immunotherapy and was missed by an initial pathologist's manual annotation. Thus, combining spatial transcriptomics and AI-based image annotation has the potential to exceed pathologist-level performance in clinical diagnostic applications and to improve the many applications of spatial transcriptomics that rely on accurate cell type annotations.

scholarly journals Spatial deconvolution of HER2-positive breast cancer delineates tumor-associated cell type interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma Andersson ◽  
Ludvig Larsson ◽  
Linnea Stenbeck ◽  
Fredrik Salmén ◽  
Anna Ehinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Her2 Positive ◽  
High Resolution Map ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Macrophage Subset ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis

AbstractIn the past decades, transcriptomic studies have revolutionized cancer treatment and diagnosis. However, tumor sequencing strategies typically result in loss of spatial information, critical to understand cell interactions and their functional relevance. To address this, we investigate spatial gene expression in HER2-positive breast tumors using Spatial Transcriptomics technology. We show that expression-based clustering enables data-driven tumor annotation and assessment of intra- and interpatient heterogeneity; from which we discover shared gene signatures for immune and tumor processes. By integration with single cell data, we spatially map tumor-associated cell types to find tertiary lymphoid-like structures, and a type I interferon response overlapping with regions of T-cell and macrophage subset colocalization. We construct a predictive model to infer presence of tertiary lymphoid-like structures, applicable across tissue types and technical platforms. Taken together, we combine different data modalities to define a high resolution map of cellular interactions in tumors and provide tools generalizing across tissues and diseases.

scholarly journals Cytology of the Pituitary Gonadotrophs, Histological Characteristics of Interrenal and Chromaffin Cells in Relation to Testicular Activities in Mystus Vittatus (Siluriformes, Bagridae) During Growth, Maturation and Spawning Phases

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
M. Banerjee ◽  
S. Ghosh ◽  
P. Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Mystus Vittatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Granules ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Tsh Cells ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Abstract The histological changes observed in the pituitary corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, adrenocortical tissues and testicular cells in M. vittatus (Bloch, 1794) have been studies during growth, maturation and spawning phases. The studies based on the changes observed in the cell types, shape and size of the cells of the adrenocortical tissues, testes and the overall percentage of gonadotroph (GTH) and thyrotroph (TSH) cells of the pituitary. However, during growth phase, in proximal pars distalis (PPD) the considerable increment of GTH and TSH have been observed having intense aniline blue stain. The corticotrophs (ACTH) also showed significant accumulation of fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal cells were well coincident with the increase of different spermatogenic cells. During the maturation phase dense granulation in the GTH and TSH cells appeared to be concomitant with the spermiation. The amount of cytoplasmic granules of the interrenal cells increased than chromaffin cells and was well coincidence with the increase of spermatids and spermatozoa. The hyperactive and vacuolated features of the interrenal cells during spawning phase appeared to be concomitant with the final process of spermiation.

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