Whole-body insulin resistance (WBIR) evolving in four stages and its evolutionary effect on the body weight

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Jae Lee ◽  
Whanwoo Kim ◽  
Sang Won Shin
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Evolutionary Effect

Seasonal changes in pancreatic B-cell function in euthermic yellow-bellied marmots

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. R159-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Florant ◽  
A. K. Lawrence ◽  
K. Williams ◽  
W. A. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pancreatic B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
System Input

Fasting plasma insulin (PI) and glucose (PG) concentrations were measured throughout the body weight cycle of marmots. Animals gained weight during summer, and in late fall body weight peaked, after which they ceased feeding. Each month euthermic animals were injected intra-arterially with either dextrose (500 mg/kg) or porcine insulin (0.1 U/kg), and blood samples were collected over the subsequent 2 h. During weight gain fasting PI concentration and pancreatic B-cell response to injected dextrose increased markedly. Maximal insulin release to a dextrose challenge was measured during peak body weight or when body weight initially began to decline. The PG concentration after exogenous insulin administration was slight (less than 10%) in the fall but increased approximately 25% in the spring after marmots lost weight. Basal PG levels were not significantly different throughout the year. Basal fasting PI concentrations were significantly higher during the fall (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that in the fall, when marmots are obese, hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance appear. Furthermore, in two animals with an increase in body weight of approximately 30% or less over the summer, peripheral resistance was demonstrable, albeit not as marked as in animals that appropriately doubled their body weights when given food ad libitum. Thus we hypothesize that factors other than adiposity, i.e., food intake, central nervous system input to the pancreatic B-cell, and/or changes in B-cell sensitivity to PG, may contribute to the observed peripheral insulin resistance and may be involved in body weight regulation.

Whole body insulin resistance in rat offspring of mothers consuming alcohol during pregnancy or lactation: comparing prenatal and postnatal exposure

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
B. L. Grégoire Nyomba
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Rat Offspring

This study examined the effects of maternal ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy or lactation on glucose homeostasis in the adult rat offspring. Glucose disposal was determined by minimal model during an intravenous glucose tolerance test in rats that had a small or normal birth weight after EtOH exposure in utero and in rats whose mothers were given EtOH during lactation only. All three EtOH groups had decreased glucose tolerance index and insulin sensitivity index, but their glucose effectiveness was not different from that of controls. In addition, EtOH rat offspring that were small at birth had elevated plasma, liver, and muscle triglyceride levels. The data show that EtOH exposure during pregnancy programs the body to insulin resistance later in life, regardless of birth weight, but that this effect also results in dyslipidemia in growth-restricted rats. In addition, insulin resistance is also evident after EtOH exposure during lactation.

scholarly journals Structural Organization of the Optic Lobe of Grey Breasted Helmeted Guinea Fowl (*Numida meleagris galeata*) at Pre-Hatch Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Wanmi Nathaniel ◽  
Onyeanusi I. Barth ◽  
Nzalak J. Oliver ◽  
Aluwong Tanang
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Immature Cells

<p class="jbls-body"><span lang="EN-GB">A total of one hundred and seventy-three fertilized eggs were used for morphometry, gross and histological studies. At day 4 of incubation, the mean body weight of the helmeted guinea fowl embryo was 0.6401 ± 0.0211 g. It was at day 10 of incubation that there was an increase in the whole body weight of the embryo to be 0.8650 ± 0.676 g. The whole brain weight indicated relative increased at day 4 as compared to that of the whole body weight. Graphically, there were steady increase in the body, brain and optic lobe weights. Histologically, cells and neurones that make up the optic lobe is probably as a result of the migration of immature cells from the ventricular neuroepithelium. </span></p>

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance in Osteoarthritis: Similar Mechanisms to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V Tchetina ◽  
Galina A Markova ◽  
Eugeniya P Sharapova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Resistant State ◽  
Insulin Resistant State

Osteoarthritis (OA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are two of the most widespread chronic diseases. OA and T2D have common epidemiologic traits, are considered heterogenic multifactorial pathologies that develop through the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, and have common risk factors. In addition, both of these diseases often manifest in a single patient. Despite differences in clinical manifestations, both diseases are characterized by disturbances in cellular metabolism and by an insulin-resistant state primarily associated with the production and utilization of energy. However, currently, the primary cause of OA development and progression is not clear. In addition, although OA is manifested as a joint disease, evidence has accumulated that it affects the whole body. As pathological insulin resistance is viewed as a driving force of T2D development, now, we present evidence that the molecular and cellular metabolic disturbances associated with OA are linked to an insulin-resistant state similar to T2D. Moreover, the alterations in cellular energy requirements associated with insulin resistance could affect many metabolic changes in the body that eventually result in pathology and could serve as a unified mechanism that also functions in many metabolic diseases. However, these issues have not been comprehensively described. Therefore, here, we discuss the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological processes associated with the development of insulin resistance; the major inducers, regulators, and metabolic consequences of insulin resistance; and instruments for controlling insulin resistance as a new approach to therapy.

scholarly journals PO-271 Effects of accumulated exercise with different intensities on insulin resistance in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuli Zhang ◽  
Songtao Wang ◽  
Fei Liang ◽  
Xiangyu Shuai ◽  
Weibao Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Exercise

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week moderate-intensity and high-intensity accumulated exercise on insulin resistance in mice, compared with the moderate intensity continuous exercise with equal workload, which will provide an experimental reference for seeking a more reasonable and effective exercise program to break sedentary behavior and improve metabolic diseases such as IR. Methods Eighty 4-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal diet group (group C) and high-fat diet group (group H), fed with different diet. At the 10th weekend, insulin resistance model was judged by OGTT curve (AUC) and fasting blood glucose. All mice with insulin resistance were randomly divided into four groups: IR control group (IC), IR moderate-intensity continuous exercise group (IE), IR moderate-intensity accumulated exercise group (IM), IR high-intensity accumulated exercise group (IH), retained normal diet control group (C), with 12 mice for each group. All groups were fed with normal feed. The three exercise-related group performed an 8-week’s treadmill exercise program with equal workload (involve preparation and relaxation activities,0°platform slope, 5 days/week). For IE group, mice run 50min continuously with the velocity of 11m/min. For IM group，mice exercised 12.5 min per session, total 4 sessions per day, with 3-hour’s interval and the velocity of 11m/min. The IH group performed an alike exercise program with IM group, except the running speed (19m/min) and exercise time (7.5min). On the 8th weekend of exercise, FBG, OCTT, FINS, HOME- IR, and ISI were tested for each groups. Results 1. Compared with group C, body weight, FBG and OGTT-AUC were significantly increased in group H (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 76% mice were induced to insulin resistance successfully.  2. Before and after exercise intervention of 8 weeks, there were no significant changes in body weight and OGTT-AUC, while the FBG was significantly increased in IC group (P<0.05). Body weight, FBG, and OGTT-AUC significantly decreased in IE group, IM group and IH group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 3. After 8 weeks of exercise intervention, the FBG in the IE group, IM group, and IH group were significantly lower than that in C group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the IC group, the FBG, FINS, OGTT-AUC, and HOME-IR in IM group, IH group and IE group were lower than those in the IC group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the IE group, the body weight and HOME-IR index of IH group were significantly lower than those in IE group (P<0.01). Compared with IH group, the HOME-IR in IH group was lower than that in IM group (P<0.05); There was no significant difference between IM group and IE group. Conclusions 1. Chronic moderate-intensity continuous exercise, moderate-intensity accumulated exercise, and high-intensity accumulated exercise all can effectively improve the glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in IR mice. 2.Compared with moderate-intensity accumulated exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise, the high-intensity accumulated exercise with equal workload is more effective in reducing the body weight and improving insulin resistance in IR mice.  

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of Tibia Bone Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4607-4610
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Static Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Bone Model ◽  
Tibia Bone ◽  
Below The Knee

In this Paper tibia bone is generated and analyzed using finite element method by applying static load on it and various stress concentrated regions in tibia bone is identified and analyzed for stresses at various locations by taking Von Misses stress and displacement. The body of the human being consists of many bones and muscles and many instances, the application of different loads leads to the damage in the bone. So it is necessary to evaluate the effect of applied loads on the bone of human body. In most of the cases whole body weight is carried by the tibia bone which is below the knee roll. So it’s necessary to estimate the strength of the tibia bone to carry the body weight. The behavior of the tibia bone under dynamic and static load is necessary for the orthopedic doctors during the treatment of ankle trauma and fractures, but in this paper the study is limited to only static and find out the aspects like Von Misses stress and displacement of tibia bone model under different forces of 800N, 810N, 820N &830N and from the result its understood that both Von Misses stress and displacement are directly proportional to the applied force and the value of Von misses stress in result is less than the maximum value i.e 18MPa for calcium, hence its concluded that generated bone model can withstand the applied force in the range of 800 to 850N

scholarly journals Adiposity Profiles and Insulin Resistance in Urban and Rural Indonesian Young Adults and Its Association With Gut Inflammation Marker Lipocalin-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A3-A3
Author(s):  
Farid Kurniawan ◽  
Primasari Deaningtyas ◽  
Dicky Levenus Tahapary ◽  
Dyah Purnamasari ◽  
Tika Pradnjaparamita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Gut Inflammation

Abstract Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence are increasing worldwide, including in the young adult population. In general, the prevalence is higher in urban than in rural. Relatively higher calories and fat intake with more sedentary lifestyle in urban population can cause a surplus in energy homeostasis that will eventually be stored as body fat. This change might influence the gut environment, which based on recent studies, could interact with the immune system leading to inflammation and contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and T2D. Our study aimed to assess the differences in adiposity profiles and insulin resistance between urban and rural Indonesian young adults and its association with serum lipocalin-2, a marker for systemic and gut inflammation. In this study, 242 individuals from urban and 233 subjects originating from rural areas were recruited. Anthropometry measurements, including body height, weight, and waist circumference (WC), were conducted. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the body height and weight. Fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin were also measured, from which a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as a surrogate marker for whole body insulin resistance. Meanwhile, serum lipocalin-2 was measured by ELISA. Urban subjects had higher BMI and WC compared to rural counterparts [mean diff. (95% CI): 1.71 (0.99;2.43) kg/m2, P&lt;0.001 and 4.4 (2.6;6.2) cm, P&lt;0.001), respectively]. Additionally, HOMA-IR was also higher in urban than rural subjects [0.12 (0.008;0.24), P=0.04, after adjusted for age, sex, and BMI]. Lower serum lipocalin-2 level was observed in urban compared to rural individuals [-74.09 (-96.95-51.23) ng/mL, P&lt;0.001]. However, no significant correlations were observed between serum lipocalin-2 with BMI, WC, or HOMA-IR (r=-0.06, P=0.19; r=-0.08, P=0.10; r=-0.002, P=0.96, respectively). The findings of worse adiposity profiles and insulin resistance in urban than rural subjects were consistent with the results observed in previous studies. Higher intestinal inflammation in rural subjects, as shown by higher serum lipocalin-2, could be caused by presumably a higher rate of chronic and recurrent intestinal infection usually found in people living in rural areas. These could indirectly affect the nutrient uptake and eventually contribute to the lower adiposity and insulin resistance in the rural population, apart from the relatively lower calories and fat intake in their diet. Therefore, further study that incorporate dietary intake analysis and assay for intestinal infection are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Hanging case of an Adult Male: A Case Report

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
Md Rafiqul Bari ◽  
TC Das ◽  
Anwar Hussain ◽  
Md Mazharul Islam ◽  
Abul Kalam Mohommad Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Actual Fact ◽  
Partial Hanging

In case of hanging the process of respiration i.e. the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of lungs is prevented by ligature in neck, leading to asphyxia and death. Hanging may be complete/incomplete (partial) where the constricting forces are the body weight or even only the weight of the head. In complete hanging whole body is suspended, no part of the body touches the ground. Complete hanging is suicidal in nature unless otherwise proved. In partial hanging any part of the body touches the ground. Partial hanging is suicidal (100%) in nature & there is no 2nd thought. Generally Medical and non-medical personals think that complete hanging may be suicidal, but partial hanging is definitely homicidal in nature which is not the actual fact. Hanging with signs of torture in various parts of body goes in favour of (provoked) suicidal nature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdnmch.v18i1.12244 J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2012; 18 (01): 63-64

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STARVATION ON THE BODY ORGANS OF THE ADULT WHITE RAT, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24e (2) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Cameron ◽  
J. Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Typical Behaviour ◽  
B Complex Vitamins ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Reticular Zone

When rats are starved by withholding all food, though giving water, they develop, two or threes days before death a typical behaviour syndrome, in winch at first there is increased activity, and subsequently, in old animals, marked immobility. At this pre-mortal stage in old animals, or the corresponding stage in younger rats, they have lost 30% or more of their body weight, and if they killed the adrenals are found to be enlarged and discoloured to a dark grey or dark dirty grey. These enlarged glands contain an increased amount of water though their solid content remains practically unaltered, the change representing an increase in the water content of the cells (possibly confined to the cortex). The glomerular zone is diminished in thickness, and the reticular zone also shows abnormality. Animals killed before they have lost 30% of their body weight still have normal adrenals (normal in size, weight, water content, and colour). The enlargement produced m the pre-mortal stage of inanition is a pathological process and is not a hypertrophy. Data in the literature suggest that certain types of adrenal enlargement such as that produced by deficiency of the B-complex vitamins may be similar in nature. The kidneys, heart, and gonads of acutely starved rats tend to lose weight more slowly than the whole body; the liver and spleen more rapidly; and the thyroid at about the same rate.

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