scholarly journals Impact of maternal undernutrition and fetal number on glucocorticoid, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA abundance in the ovine fetal kidney

Reproduction ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Brennan ◽  
G S Gopalakrishnan ◽  
L Kurlak ◽  
S M Rhind ◽  
C E Kyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Fetal Kidney ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition

Epidemiological and animal studies strongly indicate that the environment experienced in utero determines, in part, an individual’s likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease in later life. This risk has been further linked to impaired kidney function, as a result of compromised development during fetal life. The present study therefore examined the influence of maternal nutrient restriction (NR), targeted at specific periods of kidney development during early to mid gestation, on the mRNA abundance of receptors for glucocorticoid (GCR), growth hormone (GHR) and insulin-like growth factors-I (IGF-IR) and -II (IGF-IIR), and the IGF-I and -II ligands. This was undertaken in both singleton and twin fetuses. At conception ewes were randomly allocated to either an adequately fed control group or one of four nutrient-restricted groups that were fed half the control amount from 0 to 30, 31 to 65, 66 to110 or 0 to110 days gestation. At 110 days gestation all ewes were humanely euthanased and fetal kidneys and surrounding adipose tissue sampled. There was no effect of NR or fetal number on kidney weight, shape or nephron number, but the surrounding fat mass was increased in singleton fetuses exposed to NR for 110 days. An increase in kidney mRNA abundance with NR only occurred in singleton fetuses where IGF-IR mRNA was enhanced with NR from 66–110 days gestation. In twin fetuses, NR had no effect on mRNA abundance. However, for all genes examined mRNA expression was lower in the kidneys of twin compared with singleton fetuses following NR, and the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the timing of NR. In conclusion, the abundance of mRNA for receptors which regulate fetal kidney development are lower in twin animals compared with singletons following periods of nutrient deficiency. This may impact on later kidney development and function.

Prenatal programming of postnatal productivity and health of livestock: a brief review

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Later Life ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Fetal Origins ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition

Human epidemiological evidence has suggested that metabolic perturbations during fetal life may increase predisposition to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity in later life. A growing number of controlled experiments on sheep and other large animal species are adding to the already large body of experimental evidence from rat studies in supporting the ‘fetal origins’ hypothesis. Of particular practical relevance are findings that maternal undernutrition in late pregnancy can predispose lambs to glucose intolerance and increased adiposity in early adulthood. This effect may be exacerbated by high energy intakes and limited capacity for muscle growth in undernourished or growth-retarded lambs during early postnatal life. Recent Australian studies have demonstrated the effects of prenatal nutrition on postnatal growth and meat production in beef cattle, and on quantity and quality of wool production in sheep.

Effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum synthesis and immunological parameters in the offspring

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 384 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chadio ◽  
A. Katsafadou ◽  
B. Kotsampasi ◽  
G. Michailidis ◽  
K. C. Mountzouris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The emerging immune system is vulnerable to insult not only during fetal life, but also through colostrum transfer of maternal factors with immunomodulatory functions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum and milk synthesis, as well as on immunological parameters in offspring. Pregnant ewes were fed to 100% of nutrient requirements throughout pregnancy and lactation (Control) or to 50% during lactation (R1) or during the last 20 days of pregnancy and lactation (R2). Colostrum samples were collected 3 and 18 h after parturition and thymus glands were obtained from 5-month-old offspring. Lamb birthweight did not differ between groups, whereas growth rate was significantly lower in males in the R1 group and in females in both undernourished groups. There was a significant reduction in lactose percentage in the 18-h colostrum of the R2 group. The IgG concentration, as a percentage of protein, was significantly increased in 3-h colostrum samples of the R2 group. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the thymus gland of female lambs in both undernourished groups. In conclusion, early life nutritional imbalances may impact on immune system function in later life due to programming effects.

The lack of impact of peri-implantation or late gestation nutrient restriction on ovine fetal renal development and function

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Braddick ◽  
D. M. Burrage ◽  
J. K. Cleal ◽  
D. E. Noakes ◽  
M. A. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Development ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Fetal Biometry ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
And Function

Unbalanced nutrition during critical windows of development is implicated in determining the susceptibility to hypertension and cardiovascular disease in adult life, but the underlying mechanisms during fetal life have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the effects of moderate nutritional restriction during critical windows in gestation on late gestation fetal sheep growth, cardiovascular and renal renin-angiotensin system function. Ewes were fed 100% nutrient requirements (control), or 40–50% nutrient requirements during the peri-implantation period (1–31 days gestation (dGA), PI40 and PI50), or 50% nutrient requirements in late gestation (104–127 dGA). At 125 ± 2 dGA, fetal cardiovascular and renal function were measured at baseline, and during frusemide, angiotensin II (Ang II), phenylephrine and hypoxia challenges. Maternal undernutrition had no effect on fetal biometry, kidney weight, nephron number, basal cardiovascular function or cardiovascular and renal responses to frusemide. Fetal blood pressure response to Ang II was blunted in PI50 (P< 0.05), but not in PI40 groups. There was no difference between groups in the cardiovascular or endocrine response to hypoxia. The lack of effect of moderate undernutrition within key developmental windows of fetal kidney development on fetal renal structure and function suggests that renal mechanisms do not underlie our previous observations of cardiovascular dysfunction in adulthood following early-life undernutrition.

IMMUNOREACTIVE GROWTH HORMONE IN PLASMA AND URINE IN JUVENILE DIABETICS BEFORE AND DURING INITIAL INSULIN TREATMENT

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian F. Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Juvenile Diabetes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Renal Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Juvenile Diabetics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Renal Tubular

ABSTRACT Twenty newly diagnosed, but as yet untreated patients of both sexes with classical juvenile diabetes were investigated by determining the mean plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (IRHGH) and urinary IRHGH for a 24 hour period before and during initial insulin treatment. The plasma IRHGH was significantly higher (0.05 > P > 0.01) before than during initial insulin treatment. During initial insulin treatment, the mean plasma IRHGH was significantly higher (0.01 > P > 0.001) than in a control group. The urinary IRHGH was significantly higher (0.01 > P > 0.001) before than during insulin treatment. The increased urinary IRHGH observed before insulin treatment is thought to be partly due to a defective renal tubular reabsorption of growth hormone. No significant correlation was found between the mean blood sugar and plasma or urinary IRHGH either before or during insulin treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary copper sources on performance, gastric ghrelin-RNA expression, and growth hormone concentrations in serum in piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4242-4247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gonzalez-Esquerra ◽  
Raquel B Araujo ◽  
Douglas Haese ◽  
Joao L Kill ◽  
Anderson F Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Serum Growth Hormone

Abstract Two performance studies were conducted to investigate the effects of 3 different sources of Cu on production parameters of piglets. A total of 256 piglets weaned at 24 ± 2 d were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 10 or 8 replicates per treatment of 4 or 3 piglets per pen in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. The experimental period was divided into 3 feeding phases: Phase 1 (24 to 35 d), Phase 2 (36 to 49 d), and Phase 3 (50 to 70 d). Treatments included a Control group (fed 10 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO4), a group fed 160 mg/kg of either CuSO4 (CuSO4-160) or tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC), and a group fed Cu methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (Cu-MHAC) at 150, 80, and 50 mg/kg in Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The methionine value of Cu-MHAC was accounted during diet formulation to achieve the same levels of methionine across treatments. Phases 1 and 2 diets contained 2,200 and 1,500 ppm of ZnO, respectively; and antibiotics were used as growth promoters. Performance parameters were analyzed as completely randomized block design, in which each experiment was considered as a block. In trial 2, blood serum and mucosal samples, from the fundic region of the stomach, were collected from 1 piglet per replicate at day 70 and tested for serum growth hormone levels (GH) and ghrelin mRNA expression, respectively. The contrast between Cu-MHAC vs. CuSO4-160 + TBCC showed that piglets fed Cu-MHAC exhibited better feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all feeding phases compared with feeding inorganic Cu (P < 0.05). Overall, feeding Cu-MHAC improved body weight (BW), BW gain, feed intake (FI), and FCR vs. Control diet fed piglets; yet, it improved BW and FCR vs. TBCC fed piglets, and improved BW, BW gain, and FI vs. CuSO4-160 fed piglets (P < 0.05). Feeding TBCC promoted similar performance than feeding CuSO4-160, regardless of age (P > 0.05). Both ghrelin expression and growth hormone serum levels were significantly increased by feeding Cu-MHAC vs. Control diet fed animals (P < 0.01). Feeding CuSO4-160 upregulated ghrelin expression vs. Control (P < 0.01) while GH serum levels and ghrelin expression did no change by feeding TBCC compared with Control diet fed animals (P > 0.05). It was concluded that feeding Cu-MHAC at the levels tested herein can improve growth performance of piglets beyond feeding 160 ppm of either CuSO4 or TBCC, which may be partially explained by the increased expression of ghrelin and GH serum levels.

A Treatment/Control Group Study of Growth Hormone Treatment

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 31S-37S ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Y. Whitman ◽  
Susan Myers ◽  
Aaron Carrel ◽  
David Allen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Treatment Control Group

scholarly journals Effects of human recombinant growth hormone on exercise capacity, cardiac structure, and cardiac function in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1708-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Gonzalez ◽  
JD Windram ◽  
T Sathyapalan ◽  
Z Javed ◽  
AL Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Risk Of Death

Objective Epidemiological studies suggest that adult-onset growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) might increase the risk of death from cardiovascular causes. Methods This was a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, cross-over trial followed by a 6-month open-label phase. Seventeen patients with AGHD received either recombinant human growth hormone (rGH) (0.4 mg injection daily) or placebo for 12 weeks, underwent washout for 2 weeks, and were then crossed over to the alternative treatment for a further 12 weeks. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed at baseline, 12 weeks, 26 weeks, and the end of the open phase (12 months). The results were compared with those of 16 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Results At baseline, patients with AGHD had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure, ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass than the control group, even when corrected for body surface area. Treatment with rGH normalised the insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration without an effect on exercise capacity, cardiac structure, or cardiac function. Conclusion Administration of rGH therapy for 6 to 9 months failed to normalise the functional and structural cardiac differences observed in patients with AGHD when compared with a control group.

Transient growth hormone therapy to rats with low protein-inflicted intrauterine growth restriction does not prevent elevated blood pressure in later life

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Plank ◽  
Christian Plank ◽  
Christian Grillhösl ◽  
Christian Plank ◽  
Christian Grillhösl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Hormone Therapy ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Transient Growth ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Low Protein

Nutritional programming and the reproductive function of the offspring

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chavatte-Palmer ◽  
C. Dupont ◽  
N. Debus ◽  
S. Camous
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Males And Females

There is ample evidence on the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on fetal and offspring development. In ruminant females, the pool of oocytes is complete and definitive before birth, based on the resting reserve of primordial follicles established during fetal life, which represent the lifespan supply for the female’s fertilisable oocytes, whereas in males, although the production of spermatozoa is a continuous process throughout post-pubertal life. Sertoli cells, which play a central role in the development of a functional testis, proliferate during pre- and post-natal life, coordinating testicular development. Both male and female fertility may, therefore, be affected by the maternal environment, but studies on the effects of developmental nutritional conditions on reproductive function and fertility, both in males and females, are relatively scarce. In humans, intrauterine growth retardation has been associated with abnormal ovarian development, characterised by a decreased volume of primordial follicles in the ovarian cortical tissue in girls, and a higher incidence of cryptorchidism in boys, with subsequent low sperm counts in adulthood. Age at puberty and gonadotropin and inhibin B plasma concentrations are also affected. Animal studies suggest both in males and females that maternal undernutrition during pregnancy may affect pituitary response to GnRH and gonadal development and function, depending on the timing and magnitude of the undernutrition. Excess nutrition, which is often associated with intrauterine growth retardation in domestic species, induces effects on the onset of puberty and both testicular and ovarian function, maybe through the observed reduction in fetal growth. This review addresses the influence of maternal nutrition on offspring reproductive function using examples in humans and animals, with particular focus on ruminants.

scholarly journals 219EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND GNRH ANTAGONISTS ON FOLLICULAR AND OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT IN SHEEP

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
P. Gonzalez-Añover ◽  
T. Encinas ◽  
R.M. Garcia-Garcia ◽  
A. Veiga-Lopez ◽  
J. Santiago-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Gnrh Antagonists ◽  
Nuclear Maturation ◽  
Final Development ◽  
Sigma Chemical ◽  
Experimental Group

Embryo output in sheep is increased when superovulatory FSH treatments are started in the presence of a high number of small follicles (2–3mm in size) and in absence of large follicles (&gt;6mm, Gonzalez-Bulnes et al., 2002. Theriogenology, 57, 1263–1272). Administration of GnRH antagonists (GnRHa) suppresses large follicles (Cognie et al., 2003. Theriogenology, 59, 171–188), whereas the use of growth hormone (GH) would increase the number of small follicles (Campbell et al., 1995. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 49, 335–350). Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of pre-treatments with GH or GH plus GnRH antagonists for sheep embryo production. First, we studied the effects on follicular population by serial ultrasonographies. Thereafter, we determined whether such treatments can affect oocyte developmental competence. In a first trial, a total of 18 Manchega ewes were treated with intravaginal FGA sponges (Chronogest®, Intervet Int., H) during breeding season (beginning of April). Six animals received daily i.m. doses of 15mg of ovine GH (Tuenre, GA) for 6 days, while six females received GH plus two s.c. doses of 1.5mg of GnRHa (Antarelix™, Zentaris, G) on Days 0 and 3 of GH treatment, and six ewes acted as controls receiving saline. Number of follicles &gt;2mm, determined by daily transrectal ultrasonography, increased to reach significant differences on Day 4 in sheep treated with GH/GnRHa (22.7±0.8 v. 16.7±0.5, P&lt;0.001) and on Day 5 in ewes injected with GH (20.3±0.4 v. 17.0±0.6, P&lt;0.05). The second trial involved 18 Manchega ewes treated with progestagen sponges on Day 0 and distributed in three groups at the beginning of breeding season (end of July). In the first group (n=7), sheep were treated with two doses of GnRHa on Days 0 and 3 after sponge insertion and with three doses of 15mg of GH on Days 3, 4, and 5. Thereafter, ewes from this group and from a second experimental group (n=7) were treated with 3 doses of 1.5mL of FSH (Ovagen™, ICP, NZ) every 12h, starting on the afternoon of Day 5. A third group of sheep (n=4) did not receive GH/GnRHa or FSH, acting as controls. On Day 7, follicles were aspirated and the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were cultured for 24h at 38.5°C, 5% CO2, in TCM-199 supplemented with ovine FSH (Ovagen), LH, FCS, 17-βoestradiol, cysteamine, and sodium pyruvate (Sigma Chemical Co., MO, USA). Nuclear maturation was measured by Hoechst 33342 fluorescence. Mean number of COC was higher in GH/GnRHa+FSH group (8.7±0.9 v. 6.8±1.3 in FSH group, NS and 4.5±0.8 in control, P&lt;0.05) due to higher number of follicles with similar recovery rates (45.0±4.5, 40.3±1.4, and 39.1±7.1%, respectively). There were no significant differences on the ability of COC to resume meiosis, although this was higher in FSH group (63.1±9.5% for GH/GnRHa+FSH, 79.5±6.3% for FSH and 60.0±8.8% for control group), which can indicate the necessity of a higher FSH supply to induce final development in follicles/oocytes from ewes treated with GH and GnRHa. In conclusion, the use of GH and GnRHa would help to increase the number of gonadotrophin-responsive follicles prior to gonadotrophin injections;; also, adjustment of FSH treatments improved embryo yields in superovulatory protocols.

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