scholarly journals Follicle selection in cattle and horses: role of intrafollicular factors

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Beg ◽  
O J Ginther
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
The Future ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Follicle Selection

The eminent event in follicle selection during a follicular wave in monovular species is diameter deviation, wherein one follicle continues to grow (developing dominant) and other follicles (subordinates) begin to regress. In cattle, the IGF system, oestradiol and LH receptors are involved in the intrafollicular events initiating deviation as indicated by the following: (1) concentrations of free IGF-I and oestradiol in the follicular fluid and number of LH receptors in the follicular wall increase more dramatically in the future dominant follicle than in the future subordinate follicles before the beginning of deviation and (2) ablation of the largest follicle (LF) or injection of recombinant human IGF (rhIGF)-I into the second LF at the expected beginning of deviation increases the concentrations of oestradiol in second LF before the expected beginning of deviation between second LF and third LF. In horses, an increase in free IGF-I, oestradiol, inhibin-A and activin-A is greater in the future dominant follicle than in other follicles before the beginning of deviation. However, free IGF-I is the only one of these four factors needed for the initiation of deviation in horses as indicated by the following: (1) ablation of LF at the expected beginning of deviation increases the concentrations of free IGF-I in second LF before the beginning of deviation between second LF and third LF but does not increase the other factors; (2) injection of rhIGF-I into second LF at the expected beginning of deviation causes second LF to continue to grow and become a codominant follicle and (3) injection of IGF-binding protein-3 into LF at the expected beginning of deviation causes LF to regress and second LF to become dominant. Thus, the dramatic changes in the IGF system in LF compared to other follicles before the beginning of deviation play a crucial role in the events that lead to the beginning of diameter deviation in both cattle and horses. Oestradiol and LH receptors also play a role in cattle. These intrafollicular events prepare the selected follicle for the decreasing availability of FSH and increasing availability of LH. The other follicles of the wave have the same future capability but do not have adequate time to attain a similar preparatory stage.

scholarly journals Effects of decreased estradiol-17β on the serum and anterior pituitary IGF-I system in pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
C K Hilleson-Gayne ◽  
J A Clapper
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

To further delineate the role of estradiol in the IGF system an experiment was conducted to determine the dosage of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, needed to decreases serum concentrations of estradiol-17β (E2) in maturing boars. A second experiment was conducted to determine if administration of anastrozole to growing boars decreased serum concentrations of E2 and affected components of the serum and anterior pituitary gland (AP) IGF system vs untreated boars and barrows. In Experiment 1, 12 crossbred boars (292 days, 158 kg) were administered either 0, 1 or 10 mg/day anastrozole (n=4/group) beginning on day 1. Blood samples were collected every 7–14 days. Mean serum concentrations of E2 were decreased (P < 0·05) in the 10 mg group vs the 0 and 1 mg groups by day 36; however, no difference (P > 0·05) existed between the 0 and 1 mg groups. In Experiment 2, 24 crossbred boars and 12 barrows (101 days, 44 kg) were stratified by litter to one of three treatment groups (n=12): boars administered 10 mg/day anastrozole, boars administered 0 mg/day, and barrows administered 0 mg/day. Blood samples were collected and pigs were weighed on day 0 and every 14 days thereafter, then killed on day 84 when blood and APs were collected. The 10 mg/day pigs were fed the anastrozole-amended diet beginning on day 1. Mean serum concentrations of E2 did not differ (P > 0·05) between the 10 mg/day pigs and 0 mg/day pigs on day 0; however, on day 15 through to 84 mean serum concentrations of E2 were greater (P < 0·05) in 0 mg/day pigs than in the 10 mg/day pigs. Mean percentage increase in serum concentrations of IGF-I was greater (P < 0·05) in untreated boars than anastrozole-treated boars and barrows from day 58 through to 84. Mean percentage of basal IGF-I increased (P < 0·05) from day 29 through to 84 in untreated boars. Mean relative amounts of AP IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and -5 were less (P < 0·01) in 10 mg/day pigs than in the 0 mg/day pigs, but each was greater (P < 0·01) than in barrows administered 0 mg/day. These results indicate anastrozole administered at a dosage of 10 mg/day suppresses serum concentrations of E2 in pigs. Administration of anastrozole to boars reduced the percentage increase in serum concentrations of IGF-I and relative amounts of AP IGFBP-2 and -5. These data further support a role for E2 in regulating components of the IGF system in pigs.

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor system in the hypokalemic rat kidney

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. F661-F667 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Rohan ◽  
T. G. Unterman ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
M. K. Hise
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Distal Nephron ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein

We studied the renal expression of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system to gain a better perspective of its potential role in the hyperplastic adaptation of the distal nephron to potassium deficiency. Rats were pair fed 1% or 0.002% potassium diets for periods up to 10 days. IGF-I mRNA was diminished in potassium-deficient rats within 4 days, whereas mRNA for IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), a collecting duct-associated protein, was increased by day 7. At day 10 mRNA for IGFBP-1 in potassium-deficient animals averaged 2.07 +/- 0.53 (mean +/- SD, relative densitometry units) compared with 0.89 +/- 0.26 in control rats (n = 4, P = 0.002). Conversely, IGFBP-3, a binding protein whose mRNA has been localized to the interstitial compartment, averaged 2.40 +/- 0.02 in potassium-deficient rats and 4.77 +/- 0.05 in controls (n = 4, P < 0.03) at day 10 of treatment. Immunohistochemistry performed using a specific IGFBP-1 antibody revealed hyperplasia of distal nephron segments along with an increase in IGFBP-1 in potassium-depleted rats. These data suggest that IGFBP-1 may play an important role in the control of cellular adaptations in the hypokalemic rat kidney either directly by influencing cell migration or indirectly by localizing IGF-I to the distal nephron.

scholarly journals Increased Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-II and IGF/IGF-Binding Protein Ratio in Prepubertal Constitutionally Tall Children

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 5455-5460 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Garrone ◽  
G. Radetti ◽  
M. Sidoti ◽  
M. Bozzola ◽  
F. Minuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Acid Labile Subunit ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Acid Labile ◽  
Igfbp 3

Abstract The height of subjects with constitutionally tall stature (CTS) is at least 2 sd above the mean of subjects of the same age and sex. Apart from a few discordant data on the role of GH and its direct mediator, IGF-I, no studies have been conducted on other components of the IGF system, which also condition the bioavailability and activity of IGF-I. We, therefore, investigated the possibility that other components of the IGF system might play a role in determining the increased growth velocity seen in CTS. To this end, we evaluated the behavior not only of IGF-I but also of IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3, and acid-labile subunit, the subunits that constitute the main IGF complex in circulation (150-kDa complex), as well as of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2, which are negatively regulated by GH and, like IGFBP-3, able to influence the bioavailability of the IGFs. The study was performed on 22 prepubertal subjects affected by CTS (16 males and 6 females), aged 2.8–13.3 yr (6.8 ± 0.5 yr, mean ± sem). Thirty-seven normal prepubertal subjects (16 males and 21 females) aged between 2.2 and 13.3 yr (6.7 ± 0.5 yr), who were comparable in socioeconomic and nutritional terms, served as controls. From the auxological point of view, subjects with CTS differed significantly from controls only in terms of growth velocity (HV-sd score; CTS, 1.8 ± 0.3; controls, 0.4 ± 0.2; P &lt; 0.0001) and height (H-sd score; CTS, 3.1 ± 0.1; controls, 0.4 ± 0.2; P &lt; 0.0001). The results demonstrated that the concentrations of IGF-I (27.3 ± 2.0 nmol/liter), IGFBP-3 (66.9 ± 3.8), and acid-labile subunit (216.8 ± 13.6) in CTS-affected subjects were not significantly different from those determined in controls (25.0 ± 2.9, 74.4 ± 4.1, and 241.0 ± 11.9, respectively). By contrast, IGF-II levels proved significantly higher in CTS subjects (IGF-II: 87.2 ± 3.4 vs. 52.4 ± 2.3, P &lt; 0.0001). Chromatographic analysis, performed after acid treatment of pooled sera, showed only the presence of normal 7.5-kDa IGF-II in both CTS subjects and controls. In comparison with controls, CTS children showed a lower concentration of IGFBP-1 (1.6 ± 0.3 vs. 4.1 ± 0.7, P = 0.03) and a higher concentration of IGFBP-2 (14.3 ± 1.8 vs. 9.6 ± 1.1, P = 0.03). The IGFs (IGF-I and -II)/IGFBPs (−1 + −2 + −3) molar ratio was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.0001) in CTS children than in controls. In particular, the IGF-II/IGFBP ratio (P &lt; 0.0001) was responsible for the excess of the IGF peptide in relation to the concentrations of IGFBPs and, therefore, for the increase in the potentially bioactive free form of the IGFs. Moreover, the IGFBP-3/IGF molar ratio was significantly reduced, being less than 1 in CTS subjects (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1), so that a quantity of IGF peptides lack sufficient IGFBP-3 to form the 150-kDa complex with which are normally sequestered in the vascular compartment. The data show that in CTS: 1) the most GH-dependent components of the IGF system are normal, consistent with the finding of a normal GH secretory state; 2) the less GH-dependent IGF-II is significantly increased, in agreement with the finding of a relationship between high levels of IGF-II and overgrowth in some syndromes; and 3) the IGF/IGFBP molar ratio is increased, and, therefore, a greater availability of free IGF for target tissues may be responsible for overgrowth in CTS.

scholarly journals Lack of Dietary Carbohydrates Induces Hepatic Growth Hormone (GH) Resistance in Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 1948-1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Bielohuby ◽  
Mandy Sawitzky ◽  
Barbara J. M. Stoehr ◽  
Peggy Stock ◽  
Dominik Menhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
I Gene ◽  
Gh Resistance

GH is a well established regulator of growth, lipid, and glucose metabolism and therefore important for fuel utilization. However, little is known about the effects of macronutrients on the GH/IGF system. We used low-carbohydrate/high-fat diets (LC-HFD) as a model to study the impact of fat, protein, and carbohydrates on the GH/IGF-axis; 12-wk-old Wistar rats were fed either regular chow, a moderate, protein-matched LC-HFD, or a ketogenic LC-HFD (percentage of fat/protein/carbohydrates: chow, 16.7/19/64.3; LC-HF-1, 78.7/19.1/2.2; LC-HF-2, 92.8/5.5/1.7). After 4 wk, body and tibia length, lean body mass, and fat pad weights were measured. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of LC-HFD on 1) secretion of GH and GH-dependent factors, 2) expression and signaling of components of the GH/IGF system in liver and muscle, and 3) hypothalamic and pituitary regulation of GH release. Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF binding protein-1, and IGF binding protein-3 were lower with LC-HF-1 and LC-HF-2 (P &lt; 0.01). Both LC-HFD-reduced hepatic GH receptor mRNA and protein expression, decreased basal levels of total and phosphorylated Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling proteins and reduced hepatic IGF-I gene expression. Hypothalamic somatostatin expression was reduced only with LC-HF-1, leading to increased pituitary GH secretion, higher IGF-I gene expression, and activation of IGF-dependent signaling pathways in skeletal muscle. In contrast, despite severely reduced IGF-I concentrations, GH secretion did not increase with LC-HF-2 diet. In conclusion, lack of carbohydrates in LC-HFD induces hepatic GH resistance. Furthermore, central feedback mechanisms of the GH/IGF system are impaired with extreme, ketogenic LC-HFD.

scholarly journals The ovarian expression of mRNAs for aromatase, IGF-I receptor, IGF-binding protein-2, -4 and -5, leptin and leptin receptor in cycling ewes after three days of leptin infusion

Reproduction ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Muñoz-Gutiérrez ◽  
P A Findlay ◽  
C L Adam ◽  
G Wax ◽  
B K Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Oestradiol Production

An experiment was carried out to determine the pattern of follicular expression of mRNAs for aromatase, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, -4 and -5, leptin and the long form of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) in ten ewes infused with human recombinant leptin (n= 5; 1 μg/h) or saline (n= 5) for 72 h in the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. At the end of infusion a follicular phase was induced with a luteolytic dose of a prostaglandin F2α analogue and the ovaries were collected 32 h later. One ovary from each ewe was serially sectioned at 10 μm using a cryostat at −20 °C. All follicles >1 mm in diameter were counted and probed with specific oligoprobes for aromatase, IGF-IR and IGFBP-2, -4 and -5 and specific riboprobes for leptin and Ob-Rb. Leptin mRNA was detected in theca and granulosa cells and Ob-Rb mRNA was detected only in granulosa cells, of some, but not all antral follicles. Leptin doubled the number of follicles with a diameter ≥3.5 mm (1.0 ± 0.36 (s.e.m.) vs 2.4 ± 0.24; control vs leptin;P< 0.02) but had no effect on the number of ≥1 < 3.5 mm follicles. Leptin had no effect on the number of follicles expressing aromatase mRNA but it decreased significantly the number of follicles expressing mRNA for IGF-IR (10.7 ± 0.79 vs 7.4 ± 0.81; control vs leptin;P< 0.05), IGFBP-2 (10.0 ± 0.82 vs 5.2 ± 0.87; control vs leptin;P< 0.05) and IGFBP-5 (5.2 ± 1.60 vs 1.2 ± 0.30; control vs leptin;P< 0.05). Leptin increased the diameter of IGFBP-2 mRNA-positive follicles (1.5 ± 0.15 vs 2.2 ± 0.31 mm; control vs leptin;P< 0.05) and increased follicular mRNA expression for IGFBP-2 (0.30 ± 0.021 vs 0.39 ± 0.027 arbitrary units; control vs leptin;P< 0.05) and IGFBP-5 (0.46 ± 0.019 vs 0.25 ± 0.053 arbitary units; control vs leptin;P< 0.05). The mRNA for IGFBP-4 was detected in the theca of only two follicles from the control group. Leptin increased the number of follicles expressing Ob-Rb mRNA (0.25 ± 0.25 vs 1.40 ± 1.17; control vs leptin;P< 0.05) but had no effect on the number expressing leptin mRNA. Leptin decreased plasma concentrations of oestradiol (P< 0.05) and increased concentrations of FSH (P< 0.001) and insulin (P< 0.001), with no effect on glucose concentrations. These data show that: (i) ovine granulosa cells express mRNA for Ob-Rb and leptin and (ii) leptin increased the number of follicles ≥3.5 mm. Furthermore, the data suggest that suppression of oestradiol production by leptin is not mediated by inhibition of aromatase gene expression. Finally, the data indicate that the action of leptin in ovarian follicles is mediated by the IGF system, because leptin increased mRNA expression of IGFBP-2 and -5. Leptin also decreased the number of follicles expressing IGF-IR and IGFBP-2 and -5. We suggest that these actions of leptin on the IGF system decrease the bioavailability of IGF-I, resulting in decreased oestradiol production.

scholarly journals HaCaT human keratinocytes express IGF-II, IGFBP-6, and an acid-activated protease with activity against IGFBP-6

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. E536-E542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe A. Marinaro ◽  
Elke C. Hendrich ◽  
Kerri S. Leeding ◽  
Leon A. Bach
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cathepsin D ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Hacat Keratinocytes ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Igfbp 3

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in skin. HaCaT human keratinocytes proliferate in response to IGFs and synthesize IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Recently, IGFBP-6 was also identified by NH2-terminal sequencing, but it has not been identified by Western ligand blotting. In the present study, IGFBP-6 was detected in HaCaT-conditioned medium by use of immunoblotting and Western ligand blotting with125I-labeled IGF-II. Proteolytic activity against IGFBPs, an important mechanism for regulation of their activity, was then studied. An acid-activated, cathepsin D-like protease that cleaved both IGFBP-6 and IGFBP-3 was detected. Although proteolysis did not substantially reduce the size of immunoreactive IGFBP-6, it greatly reduced the ability of IGFBP-6 to bind125I-IGF-II as determined by Western ligand blotting and solution assay. HaCaT keratinocytes do not express IGF-I mRNA, but IGF-II mRNA and protein expression was detected. These observations suggest the possibility of an autocrine IGF-II loop that is regulated by the relative expression of IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-6, and IGFBP proteases in these keratinocytes, although demonstration of this loop requires further study.

Role of IGF system of mitogens in the induction of fibroblast proliferation by keloid-derived keratinocytes in vitro

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (4) ◽  
pp. C860-C869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toan-Thang Phan ◽  
Ivor Jiun Lim ◽  
Boon Huat Bay ◽  
Robert Qi ◽  
Michael Thornton Longaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Normal Keratinocytes ◽  
Wound Healing Response ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Igfbp 3

Keloids are proliferative dermal growths representing a pathological wound-healing response. We report high proliferation rates in normal (NF) and keloid-derived fibroblasts (KF) cocultured with keloid-derived keratinocytes (KK). IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 mRNA and secreted IGFBP-3 in conditioned media were increased in NF cocultured with KK compared with NF but markedly reduced in KF cocultured with KK or normal keratinocytes (NK). IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 mRNA levels were elevated, whereas IGFBP-5 mRNA was decreased in KF cocultured with KK or NK. Significant increases in IGFBP-2 and -4 mRNA in KF cocultured with KK did not correlate with protein secretion. Downstream IGF signaling cascade components, phospho-Raf, phospho-MEK1/2, phospho-MAPK, PI-3 kinase, phospho-Akt, and phospho-Elk-1, were elevated in KF cocultured with KK. Addition of recombinant human IGFBP-3 or antibodies against IGF-I or IGF-IR significantly inhibited proliferation of KF. The bioavailability of IGF-I may be related to the levels of IGFBP-3 produced, which in turn influences KF proliferation, suggesting that modulation of IGF-I, IGF-IR, and IGFBP-3, individually or in combination, may represent novel approaches to the treatment of keloids.

scholarly journals Akt and Erk signal transduction pathways are early markers of differentiation in dominant and subordinate ovarian follicles in cattle

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
K E Ryan ◽  
S M Casey ◽  
M J Canty ◽  
M A Crowe ◽  
F Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Early Markers ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Signal Transduction Proteins ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Follicle Selection

Dominant follicles are those that continue to develop and have the potential to ovulate while subordinate follicles regress. Characteristics of dominant follicles include a larger diameter, higher intrafollicular estradiol, and lower IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-4 concentrations compared with other cohort follicles. Follicle development is regulated by endocrine hormones that act via intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we show the differences in Akt, Erk, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, and p-38 signaling pathways between dominant and subordinate follicles at the dominance stage of the follicle wave. However, earlier in the follicle wave (dominant follicle selection), there were only differences in the levels of Akt and Erk signal transduction proteins among dominant and subordinate follicles. Using this profile of Akt and Erk protein expression in granulosa and theca cells of selected dominant follicles compared with subordinate follicles, we suggest a predictive model to identify future dominant and subordinate follicles from the pool of otherwise similar cohort follicles at the time of follicle wave emergence. We conclude that the Erk and Akt signal transduction pathways are important for dominant follicle selection and development and, furthermore, that the observed differences in these pathways mark the future dominant follicle from subordinate follicles before differences in follicular diameter, follicular fluid estradiol, and IGFBP-4 concentrations are apparent.

Effect of marathon run on serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 1 and 3 levels

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Koistinen ◽  
R. Koistinen ◽  
L. Selenius ◽  
Q. Ylikorkala ◽  
M. Seppala
Keyword(s):  
Binding Protein ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein ◽  
Igfbp 3

Acute physical exercise increases growth hormone (GH) secretion, and GH regulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) 3. IGFBP-1 is a local modulator of IGF activity with rapid dynamic regulation that is downregulated by insulin. The IGF system mediates the metabolic actions of GH, and possibly it regulates glucose metabolism. We hypothesize that strenuous exercise causes changes in the IGF system. We studied the effects of the marathon run on the circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, and insulin in 23 participants. Immediately after the run, the most striking change was an 11.6-fold median increase in serum IGFBP-1 level (from 63.7 +/- 50.5 to 736 +/- 408 micrograms/l; P < 0.001). Because the insulin level remained unchanged, the elevation of serum IGFBP-1 level cannot be explained by changes in insulin. One day after the run, the IGFBP-1 level had returned to baseline. The physiological role of this increment could be the inhibition of hypoglycemic effects of IGF-I and/or regulation of glucose availability to the muscles. The changes in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were less dramatic: the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were lower 1 and 3 days after the run. This report provides an important basis for authentic effects of strenuous exercise on the IGF-system.

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