scholarly journals The economic burden of constipation therapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Albu ◽  
Andreea Farcas ◽  
Liliana David ◽  
Dan L. Dumitrascu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Adequate Therapy ◽  
The Cost

Background and aim. Constipation is a widespread condition that requires adequate therapy. Given the large use of laxatives, it is important to know the burden of the treatment of this condition on the healthcare budget. Methods. We collected information on the number of therapeutic units (boxes) of five frequently used laxatives delivered by prescription or over the counter in 30 pharmacies randomly selected in two adjacent counties from Romania for two consecutive years. We calculated also the cost value of the laxatives delivered. Results. The total cost of laxatives in the group of pharmacies investigated was on average 62,500 euros per year. We extrapolated that the laxative consumption in Romania should be over 15 million Euro. Conclusions. To our knowledge this is the first study on the burden of constipation in this country. Although therapeutic units of laxatives are not expensive, the wide use of these drugs represents an economic burden for the patient.

scholarly journals Cost Assessment of Inpatient Care Episodes of Stroke in Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Lorenzovici ◽  
Andrea Székely ◽  
Marcell Csanádi ◽  
Péter Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Management Control System ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gross Costing

Introduction: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and Romania is no exception. There is a high economic burden associated with the treatment of stroke patients, which puts pressure on the healthcare budget. This study aims to measure the inpatient treatment costs of stroke patients in Romania.Methods: Our retrospective analysis follows stroke patients in six Romanian hospitals at different progressivity level from different regions. Patients are identified from the official hospital databases, reported for reimbursement purposes. Mean inpatient costs incurred with the treatment of these stroke patient episodes are calculated using the gross costing method. The cost data are derived from the management control system of the study hospitals.Results: 3,155 patient episodes of stroke were identified in the study hospitals. The average cost per stroke inpatient care episode sums up to EUR 995.57 (95% CI: EUR 963.74—EUR 1 027.39) in 2017, while the overall yearly healthcare burden adds up to EUR 140 million, representing 2.18% of the total national health insurance budget and a cost of EUR 7.15 per capita.Conclusion: The hospital cost of stroke inpatient care episode in Romania is high and it represents a sizable part of the healthcare budget, but it is among the lowest in Europe, which can mainly be explained by the level of economic development of the country. As both the number of patients and the cost of acute care are expected to increase in the future, the economic burden of stroke is also expected to increase.

Pharmacy cost in cancer.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18358-e18358
Author(s):  
Surbhi Shah ◽  
Nathan Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Drug Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Pharmacy Cost ◽  
Health Care Spending ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Active Cancer

e18358 Background: Health care spending in US is highest in the developed world and contributes to up to 1/5 of the GDP. The price escalation is steep and contribution from cancer care is soaring. The cost of medications is deemed to be the leading cause of increased health care spending. In this era of precision medicine, with more effective and better tolerated drugs, patients are using them for longer periods of time, adding to the ever mounting health care spending. Methods: We used a large claims based data set US database MarketScan to explore the economic burden of drug cost in cancer care. Between January 1, 2013 and September 30, 2015 we identified 195,290 enrollees with active cancer. We analyzed the economic burden of medications for overall cancer care by exploring the total cost of care and the pharmacy expenditure by various classes of drugs for these patients. The perspective was that of the health care system as the costs included payments by the insurer and the patient. Results: There were 195,290 active cancer patients in this analysis. Mean age was 61 years, 55% were females. Breast cancer was the most common diagnosis. Mean total cost of care and total drug cost per patient over the study period was $141,415 and $13,579, respectively. The total pharmacy expenditure across all study patients was ~2.5B. Antineoplastic drugs make up the largest portion of the total pharmacy expenditure at 39%. Cost contribution based on drug categories were anti-infective (6%), cardiovascular (6%), central nervous system (including opiates, anti-nausea medications and antidepressants) (7%), blood formulations (including anticoagulants) (8%), hormones (8%) and gastrointestinal drugs (4%) respectively. Conclusions: Based on the real world information from a large insurance claims database, this study quantifies the contribution of various drug classes to the cost of cancer care. Antineoplastic contribute to > 1/3rd of the total pharmacy spending. With increasing trend for immunotherapy and combination therapy drug costs are bound to go up even more steeply. Unless drug prices are regulated, we are looking towards an unsustainable level of growth in the health care spending in cancer care.

Economic burden of gastric cancer in the first six months after diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Habib Jalilian ◽  
Leila Doshmangir ◽  
Soheila Ajami ◽  
Habibeh Mir ◽  
Yibeltal Siraneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the leading cause of death after lung cancer in the world. Considering the economic burden of cancers and their impact on household welfare, this study aims to estimate the cost of gastric cancer in Tabriz (Northwest city of Iran) in 2017. Design/methodology/approach This was an incidence-based cost of illness study which was conducted from the perspective of society with a bottom-up costing approach. The inclusion criteria for the study were all patients (n = 118) with gastric cancer at the period of the first six months after diagnosis that 102 patients participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Findings The mean medical direct cost was US$3288.02, 18.19 per cent paid by the patient and 81.81 per cent paid by insurance organizations and governmental subsidies. The estimated out of pocket rate was 18.19 per cent. The mean non-medical direct cost estimated at US$377.54. The mean total direct cost was US$3665.56, 26.61 per cent paid by the patient. The mean indirect cost estimated at US$505.41 and the mean total cost was US$4170.97, 35.5 per cent which imposed on the patient. The mean total cost of gastric cancer within the first six months after diagnosis was equivalent to 0.81 GDP per capita. Originality/value Based on the findings, gastric cancer is a highly costly disease that despite insurance coverage imposes a high economic burden on the patients and their families.

scholarly journals The Woes of Economic Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Cases Borne by Public Sector Hospital of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
SYED SHAHZAD HUSSAIN ◽  
USMAN AHMAD KAMBOH ◽  
MUHAMMAD ASIF RAZA ◽  
MADIHA KANWAL ◽  
SAMAN SHAHID ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Setup Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Public Sector Hospital ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: To highlight the role of public sector hospitals in sharing the major burden of severely head injured patients in a resource constrained economically striving countryMaterials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Neurosurgery department of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. 70 patients with moderate to severe TBI cases above one year of age were included. The data was analyzed for the cost estimation for the period of six months, for the following heads: 1) hospital cost per day, 2) ICU setup cost per day, and 3) salaries of hospital staff per day.Results: There were 53 cases of moderate injury and 17 cases of severe injury. Mean hospital stay was 14 days, minimum number of stay was 2 days and the maximum number of stay was 124 days in six months. Overall, in six months, per day cost of hospital bills head was Rs. 42,333/$ 263/€ 238. For the ICU setup head, the total cost was Rs. 17,9923/$1130/€ 1016 per day. The salary head’s total cost was Rs. 2573/$16.06/€ 14.44. The grand total of all heads, (bills, ICU setup & salaries) was Rs. 22,482,29/$1409/€ 1270.Conclusion: We evaluated the cost effectiveness of the Neurocritical care unit of a public sector hospital who provides the best possible health care facilities at a cheaper rate as compared to developed countries. We are highlighting the economic burden borne by the developing country’s government.

scholarly journals Economic Burden of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients — a Comparative Analysis between Matched Patients with Cancer with and without a Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 366-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Shah ◽  
Nathan Rubin ◽  
Alok A. Khorana
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Drug Costs ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Median Total Cost ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Active Cancer

Abstract Background:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major health problem occurring at a rate of 1/1000 adults in general population. Cancer patients have a much higher risk of VTE with an annual rate of 24.6/1000 patients and this contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in this patient population. The body of evidence related to the economic burden for VTE in cancer patients is limited to small institutional studies. With increasing burden of cost for cancer care there is a significant push for cost containment measures, physicians taking care of these patients should be more aware of the economic outcomes of their patient cares. Methods: We used a large claims based data set US database MarketScan (Truven Health Analytics) to explore the economic burden of VTE in cancer patients. Between January 1, 2013 and September 30, 2015 we identified 614,577 patients with cancer of these 195,290 were deemed to have active cancer out of which 6,569 had a VTE code in their medical claims. This study was conducted to assess the economic burden of VTE in cancer patients in comparison their non-VTE peers with similar cancer type. All-cause costs over 3-year period were used and included the costs of all services. These were further explored to compare the total cost of care, cost based on the site of utilization of care and pharmacy cost between the patients with VTE with their matched peers. VTE-related costs were identified with a primary or secondary diagnosis of DVT or PE, and were evaluated for the entire follow-up period, starting from the initiation of the anticoagulant therapy until end of eligibility or end of data, whichever was earlier. Continuous factors were summarized by the median. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to test for differences in the distribution between the VTE and non-VTE groups for cost and number of visits. Overall costs as well as total cost per day/visit were compared between groups. The costs were also evaluated by site of utilization (Emergency room vs inpatient vs outpatient) and by cancer subtype. Results: Among active cancer enrollees, there were 6,569 (3.4%) enrollees with VTE and 188,721 (96.6%) without. Average age was around 60 years in both groups. There were approximately 50 % females in each group and breast cancer was the most common type of cancer in the non-VTE group while gastrointestinal cancers were more common in the VTE group. Incidence of comorbid conditions like diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease was similar in both cohorts but chronic liver disease was found more often in the VTE cohort. The median total cost over the study period for the VTE group ($136,976) was 2.0 times that of the non-VTE group ($67,115). This pattern holds for the inpatient, emergency, and outpatient costs. Total median drug costs were about 4 times that of the VTE group ($10,457) than the non-VTE group ($2,621). The difference the cost between groups for these measures were all highly statistically significant (<0.001). However, the VTE group also had 1.7 times the median number of days/visits than the non-VTE group (p < 0.001 for all categories). After adjusting for the number of days, the median total cost per visit was still statistically significant (p<0.001); however the cost difference is much smaller ($1,132 in VTE vs. $984 in non-VTE,). The overall total cost in the VTE groups ranges from 1.3 (pancreatic) to 3.4 (other cancers) times that of the non-VTE patients for the various cancer types, all were statistically significant (p<0.001). After adjusting for the number of visits, the relative cost difference decreased for all cancer groups it ranges from 0.97 (gynecological) to 1.5 (other cancer) times that of the non-VTE patients for the various cancer groups. Lung, breast, gastrointestinal, and other types were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Discussion: Based on the real world information from a large insurance claims database, this study quantifies the incremental health care cost burden associated with VTE in cancer patients. It is clear from this study the patients with cancer and VTE seek medical care more frequently than their non-VTE counterparts leading to higher healthcare costs in all settings. It was also interesting to note that when only the drug costs were taken into consideration, enrollees with VTE had up to 4 times higher drug costs, not all of which was attributable to the anticoagulant cost. Disclosures Khorana: Bayer: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy.

Estimating the Cost of Agricultural Morbidity in Maine and New Hampshire

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan M. Jones ◽  
Erika E. Scott ◽  
Nicole Krupa ◽  
Paul L. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Agricultural Injuries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. This article provides an estimate for the economic costs of agricultural injuries sustained in the states of Maine and New Hampshire between the years 2008 and 2010. The authors used a novel dataset of 562 agriculturally related occupational injuries, and cost estimates were generated using the CDC’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Individual cases from the dataset that did not match the query options for WISQARS were excluded. Of the 562 agricultural injuries identified in the dataset, 361 met the WISQARS criteria. The remaining 201 cases were judged to be incompatible with the WISQARS query criteria. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.0001) were found between the median costs of eight types of injury. Amputations (median = $70,077) and fractures (median = $13,365) were found to be the most expensive types of injury. The total cost of the 361 injuries for which estimates were available was $6,342,270. Injuries that reportedly involved machinery were found to be more expensive than injuries caused by animals. This article highlights the difference in the total cost of injury between types of injuries and demonstrates that agricultural injuries were a significant economic burden for Maine and New Hampshire for the years 2008-2010. These data can be used to direct future preventive efforts. Finally, this article suggests that WISQARS is a powerful tool for estimating injury costs without requiring access to treatment or billing records. Keywords: Agriculture, Economic burden, Maine, New Hampshire, Passive surveillance.

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Eman Algarni ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhossan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

scholarly journals Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulgence Niyibitegeka ◽  
Arthorn Riewpaiboon ◽  
Sitaporn Youngkong ◽  
Montarat Thavorncharoensap
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Economic Burden

Abstract Background In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea. Methods The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective. The study included patients aged under 5 years with acute non-bloody diarrhea who visited Buyenzi health center and Prince Regent Charles hospital from November to December 2019. Data were collected through interviews with patients’ caregivers and review of patients’ medical and financial records. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors affecting cost, and a cost model was used to generate predictions of various clinical and care management costs. All costs were converted into international dollars for the year 2019. Results One hundred thirty-eight patients with an average age of 14.45 months were included in this study. Twenty-one percent of the total patients included were admitted. The average total cost per episode of diarrhea was Int$109.01. Outpatient visit and hospitalization costs per episode of diarrhea were Int$59.87 and Int$292, respectively. The costs were significantly affected by the health facility type, patient type, health insurance scheme, complications with dehydration, and duration of the episode before consultation. Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community-based management program for diarrhea in Burundi. Conclusion Diarrhea is associated with a substantial economic burden to society. Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi. Appropriate and timely care provided to patients with diarrhea in their communities and primary health centers can significantly reduce the economic burden of diarrhea. Implementing a health policy to provide inexpensive treatment to prevent dehydration can save significant amount of health expenditure.

scholarly journals The Development of Patient Scheduling Groups for an Effective Appointment System

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li Huang
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Patient Scheduling ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Patient Type ◽  
Clinic Efficiency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SummaryPatient access to care and long wait times has been identified as major problems in outpatient delivery systems. These aspects impact medical staff productivity, service quality, clinic efficiency, and health-care cost.This study proposed to redesign existing patient types into scheduling groups so that the total cost of clinic flow and scheduling flexibility was minimized. The optimal scheduling group aimed to improve clinic efficiency and accessibility.The proposed approach used the simulation optimization technique and was demonstrated in a Primary Care physician clinic. Patient type included, emergency/urgent care (ER/UC), follow-up (FU), new patient (NP), office visit (OV), physical exam (PE), and well child care (WCC). One scheduling group was designed for this physician. The approach steps were to collect physician treatment time data for each patient type, form the possible scheduling groups, simulate daily clinic flow and patient appointment requests, calculate costs of clinic flow as well as appointment flexibility, and find the scheduling group that minimized the total cost.The cost of clinic flow was minimized at the scheduling group of four, an 8.3% reduction from the group of one. The four groups were: 1. WCC, 2. OV, 3. FU and ER/UC, and 4. PE and NP. The cost of flexibility was always minimized at the group of one. The total cost was minimized at the group of two. WCC was considered separate and the others were grouped together. The total cost reduction was 1.3% from the group of one.This study provided an alternative method of redesigning patient scheduling groups to address the impact on both clinic flow and appointment accessibility. Balance between them ensured the feasibility to the recognized issues of patient service and access to care. The robustness of the proposed method on the changes of clinic conditions was also discussed.

scholarly journals National Economic Burden Associated with Management of Periodontitis in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom ◽  
Rasidah Ayob ◽  
Khairiyah Abd Muttalib ◽  
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Cost

Objectives. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic burden associated with the management of periodontitis in Malaysia from the societal perspective.Methods. We estimated the economic burden of periodontitis by combining the disease prevalence with its treatment costs. We estimated treatment costs (with 2012 value of Malaysian Ringgit) using the cost-of-illness approach and included both direct and indirect costs. We used the National Oral Health Survey for Adults (2010) data to estimate the prevalence of periodontitis and 2010 national census data to estimate the adult population at risk for periodontitis.Results. The economic burden of managing all cases of periodontitis at the national level from the societal perspective was approximately MYR 32.5 billion, accounting for 3.83% of the 2012 Gross Domestic Product of the country. It would cost the nation MYR 18.3 billion to treat patients with moderate periodontitis and MYR 13.7 billion to treat patients with severe periodontitis.Conclusion. The economic burden of periodontitis in Malaysia is substantial and comparable with that of other chronic diseases in the country. This is attributable to its high prevalence and high cost of treatment. Judicious application of promotive, preventive, and curative approaches to periodontitis management is decidedly warranted.

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