scholarly journals VAT collection efficiency in Poland before and after accession to the European Union–a comparative analysis

Ekonomika ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Magdalena Hybka
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
The Impact

The principal aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of EU accession on VAT collection efficiency in Poland. For the purposes of the analysis the article is divided into three parts. The first addresses the Polish economy in the years 2001–2006, and describes the main macroeconomic indicators (GDP, import, export, individual consumption expenditure, public consumption expenditure, inflation rate and unemployment rate). The next section presents a review on the most significant VAT modifications, implemented in 2004. The last section estimates, on the basis of certain indicators, the VAT collection efficiency in the years 2001–2006. The measures employed in this section include: VAT productivity and VAT efficiency ratio. Furthermore, the section presents the VAT to GDP ratio and the structure of tax receipts measured by the share of major taxes in the total tax collection. The main conclusion drawn from the analysis is that in the period preceding accession the economic cycle did not favuor VAT performance. Since 2004, both improved economic situation and tax construction changes had been the main factors of VAT revenue increase. In the years following accession the VAT productivity and VAT efficiency ratios increased by 5,4 and 7,8 percentage points, respectively. It was the highest rise of these indicators in the period analyzed.

scholarly journals A Multi – Speed Europe, and the Peripherality of Poland

e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Mateusz Mierzejewski ◽  
Karolina Palimąka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Polish Economy

AbstractIn recent years, research on the synchronization of business cycles in economies has been undertaken more than once. This is a desirable phenomenon especially for the European Union. The aim of the article is to verify selected macroeconomic indicators that characterize the economies of countries belonging to the European Union in relation to Poland, thus presenting convergence of dynamic cycles of changes in socio-economic sphere indicators: inflation rate, unemployment rate, short-term interest rates, and GDP. For this purpose, a cross-spectral analysis was used which allows us to show the occurring fluctuations of different lengths, as well as to compare the strength of the relation of changes between selected indicators. According to the conducted analyses, it was noted that the Polish economy (in the perspective of long-term changes) is a determinant of changes for highly developed countries.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Green Bond Issuance in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Anamaria Dan ◽  
Adriana Tiron-Tudor
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Governance ◽  
Bond Issues ◽  
Climate Change Risks ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Fiscal Balance ◽  
The Impact

Green bonds are a new financial tool that has developed rapidly in the context of climate change risks. Their proceeds are used to finance only environmentally friendly projects. This paper aims to examine the determinant factors of the green bonds issue in the context of the European Union countries. Using linear regression, we explore the impact of environmental, social, governance, and macroeconomic indicators on the level of green bond issues in the period 2014–2019. The results reveal that rating, ESG index; fiscal balance, inflation rate, and population have a significant impact and lead to a higher volume of green bond issuances. Our findings provide valuable insights into the development of the green bond market.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DETERMINASI INFLASI DI INDONESIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Ari Mulianta Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Government

Inflation is one of the macroeconomic indicators of concern for the government. The high inflation rate could disrupt the economy. This study tried to analyze the factors that cause inflation in Indonesia. This study used a qualitative and quantitative approach using secondary data period 2004-2014. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that in the period 204-2014 inflation rate in Indonesia was fluctuated  While the results of the regression analysis VECM, indicating that the inflation rate in Indonesia is influenced by the variable of  exchange rate, money supply and level of consumption. While the GDP variable has a negative influence on inflation. In order to control the inflation rate the government could use macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates, the money supply well. Besides controlling public consumption at a good level and increase the production of goods and services to meet community needs.   Inflasi merupakan salah satu indikator ekonomi makro perhatian bagi pemerintah. Tingkat inflasi yang tinggi dapat mengganggu perekonomian. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan inflasi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan periode data sekunder 2004-2014. Hasil analisis kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa tingkat inflasi periode 204-2014 di Indonesia berfluktuasi. Sementara hasil VECM menunjukkan bahwa tingkat inflasi di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh variabel nilai tukar, uang beredar dan tingkat konsumsi. Sementara itu variabel GDP memiliki pengaruh negatif pada inflasi. Untuk mengendalikan tingkat inflasi pemerintah dapat menggunakan variabel ekonomi makro seperti nilai tukar, uang memasok baik. Selain mengendalikan konsumsi masyarakat pada tingkat yang baik dan meningkatkan produksi barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat.

scholarly journals Identyfikacja sposobów implementacji II filaru WPR w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

2018 ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pawłowski ◽  
Wawrzyniec Czubak
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Time Range ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rural Development Program ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

The 2nd pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy plays a very significant role in shaping the image of a modern, European village. It’s impact on the development of agriculture and rural areas seems to be obvious, for example because of the place it occupies in the structure of the European Union budget. However, it’s very important to precisely determine the effects of its implementation. Therefore, in this article the main goal was to show the reasons for diversifying the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2007–2013 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Against the background of differences in the economic and production situation of the agricultural sector, the design of the Programs was evaluated and it’s impact on changes in the agricultural sectors of these countries was compared. To show the impact of the funds of the second pillar of the CAP, the time range presenting changes in agriculture covers the years before and after integration. Based on them, a comparison of the implemented activities and the structure of their financing has been made.

The Impact of Social Transfers on Income Poverty and Material Deprivation

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geranda Notten ◽  
Anne-Catherine Guio
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Transfers ◽  
The Impact

In 2010, the European Union (EU) committed to lifting at least 20 million people out of poverty and social exclusion, using income poverty, severe material deprivation, and (quasi-)joblessness as metrics to measure progress on this goal. As part of a broader set of commonly agreed indicators, the EU also (crudely) measures the impact of transfers by comparing income poverty rates before and after social transfers. This chapter develops a regression approach to study the effects of transfers on material deprivation by predicting the material deprivation rate before social transfers. We apply the method to pre-recession and post-austerity EU-SILC data for Germany, Greece, Poland, and the United Kingdom. We find that, in addition to reducing income poverty, transfers substantially reduce the extent and depth of material deprivation. Changes in social transfers, therefore, have a twofold effect on Europe’s poverty-reduction target.

scholarly journals Don’t cry for me Britannia: The resilience of the European Union to Brexit

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narisong Huhe ◽  
Daniel Naurin ◽  
Robert Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

We assess the impact of the United Kingdom’s 2016 decision to leave the European Union on the Council of the European Union, where Brexit is likely to have the clearest observable implications. Using concepts and models from the spatial model of politics and network analysis, we formulate and test expectations regarding the effects of Brexit. We examine two of the most prominent datasets on recent decision-making in the European Union, which include data on cooperation networks among member states before and after the 2016 referendum. Our findings identify some of the political challenges that Brexit will bring, but also highlight the factors that are already helping the European Union’s remaining member states to adapt to Brexit.

Effects of sewage discharges on microbial components in tropical coastal waters (Senegal, West Africa)

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Bouvy ◽  
Enora Briand ◽  
Maimouna M. Boup ◽  
Patrice Got ◽  
Christophe Leboulanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Bathing Water Quality ◽  
The Impact

Coastal ecosystems are frequently submitted to anthropogenic pressure but little is known about how the dynamics of aquatic communities can be altered. The impact of urban and industrial discharges on microbial plankton was studied in Hann Bay near Dakar (Senegal) on the Atlantic Ocean. Spatial patterns were studied using three transects, with a total of 20 stations, during two periods in May and November (before and after the seasonal upwelling), revealing a clear contrast between near shore stations and the intermediate and seaward stations. In November, phytoplankton were associated with dissolved nutrient availability (e.g. with nitrate, r = 0.76) whereas in May, phytoplankton were more correlated with microbial variables (e.g. with heterotrophic nanoflagellates, r = 0.63). Most samples (40) failed to meet the quality levels for the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) defined by the European Union bathing water quality directive. The topography plays a major role in water circulation explaining the presence of FIB at the seaward stations. The high prevalence of FIB during the two periods suggests chronic pollution and a potential risk to recreational swimmers and fish consumers in Hann Bay. Thus, as demonstrated in various temperate systems, the decline of water quality constitutes a serious problem in many West African countries.

Corrigendum to: Effects of sewage discharges on microbial components in tropical coastal waters (Senegal, West Africa)

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Bouvy ◽  
Enora Briand ◽  
Maimouna M. Boup ◽  
Patrice Got ◽  
Christophe Leboulanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Bathing Water Quality ◽  
The Impact

Coastal ecosystems are frequently submitted to anthropogenic pressure but little is known about how the dynamics of aquatic communities can be altered. The impact of urban and industrial discharges on microbial plankton was studied in Hann Bay near Dakar (Senegal) on the Atlantic Ocean. Spatial patterns were studied using three transects, with a total of 20 stations, during two periods in May and November (before and after the seasonal upwelling), revealing a clear contrast between near shore stations and the intermediate and seaward stations. In November, phytoplankton were associated with dissolved nutrient availability (e.g. with nitrate, r = 0.76) whereas in May, phytoplankton were more correlated with microbial variables (e.g. with heterotrophic nanoflagellates, r = 0.63). Most samples (40) failed to meet the quality levels for the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) defined by the European Union bathing water quality directive. The topography plays a major role in water circulation explaining the presence of FIB at the seaward stations. The high prevalence of FIB during the two periods suggests chronic pollution and a potential risk to recreational swimmers and fish consumers in Hann Bay. Thus, as demonstrated in various temperate systems, the decline of water quality constitutes a serious problem in many West African countries.

scholarly journals The Effect of the European Union Customs Union on the Balance of Trade in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Ketenci
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the effect of the customs union between Turkey and the European Union on the balance of trade in Turkey. The framework for analysis is an extended trade gravity model onto which the impact of the customs union is applied. The gravity model of trade is estimated using dynamic panel data which applies the generalized method of moments to a sample of OECD countries. Separate estimates were made for the periods before and after the process of trade liberalization in Turkey—1980–1995 and 1996–2012, respectively—as well as for the full period—1980–2012. The main conclusion is that when the European Union is accounted for as an econometric variable, the empirical results are striking: Turkey’s gains resulting from taking part in the customs union are noteworthy, with significant improvement in the trade balance with European Union countries. However, the trade flows, and specifically imports, have been mainly with OECD countries that are themselves not members of the EU. The model indicates that external common tariffs are responsible for Turkey’s trade growth rather than tariffs abolished in the internal market of the customs union.

scholarly journals C EFFICIENCY RATIO AS A MEASURE OF VAT EFFICIENCY IN EU DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SERBIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Đorđević ◽  
Jadranka Đurović-Todorović ◽  
Milica Ristić
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Revenues

The policy led by a large number of developing countries, with the aim of increasing indirect taxes, has opened the issue of Value Added Tax (VAT) efficiency. Reforms of tax systems of developing countries generally involve an increase in standard rates in order to increase VAT, which is the main source of public revenues. In such a way, developing countries determine the VAT efficiency and the amount of revenue that could be collected by indirect taxation. The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of determinants on VAT efficiency. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the factors that influence the C efficiency ratio. The main objective of the paper is to analize the impact of the change in the standard rate on the ratio. Theoretical analyses of standard rates and other factors that have reflections on the VAT collection efficiency explicitly prove that there are different ways to improve the efficiency of VAT collection, and exclude an increase in the standard rate. An increase in the standard rate provides a balance of negative effects, which can be blurred by recorded tax revenues. We focused on the countries of the European Union: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania during the 2000-2016 period. These countries experienced significant changes in government during economic transformation, and where VAT is the main source of public revenues. The last section analize an increse in VAT rate and C efficiency ratio in Serbia and conteins conclusions. The paper indicates the imperfection of inadequately defined VAT rates on economic growth and development in analized countries. Based on analyses we can conclude that the increase in the standard rate have negative reflections on the VAT efficiency, and that it was one of the factors of the continuous decline in C-efficiency.

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