Nudegusių ligonių ir jų žaizdų patogenų analizė

Lietuvos chirurgija ◽

10.15388/lietchirur.2004.3.2358 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 0-0 ◽

Author(s):

Rokas Bagdonas ◽

Algimantas Tamelis ◽

Rytis Rimdeika ◽

Mindaugas Kiudelis

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Burn Wounds ◽

A Minor ◽

Rokas Bagdonas, Algimantas Tamelis, Rytis Rimdeika, Mindaugas Kiudelis Įvadas / tikslas Didžiausia nudegimų chirurgijos problema yra infekcija, nuo kurios miršta daugiau kaip 50% visų nudegusių pacientų. Nudegimų žaizda greitai infekuojasi, kadangi žaizdos aplinka yra ideali mikroorganizmams atsirasti ir daugintis. Studijoje, patvirtintoje Universiteto etikos komiteto, analizuojami nudegę pacientai ir iš nudegimo žaizdų išskirti patogenai. Pacientai ir metodai Mes analizavome 2246 nudegusius pacientus (amžiaus vidurkis – 27 metai), gydytus KMU Chirurgijos klinikose 1997–2002 metais. Nudegimo sunkumas buvo vertintas pagal Amerikos nudegimų asociacijos (ABA) schemą. 2462 nudegimo žaizdos pasėliai (2246 pacientų) buvo paimti steriliu tamponu ir pasėti 5% kraujo ir MacConkey terpėse. Rezultatai Iš nudegusių pacientų 1447 (74%) buvo vyrai ir 799 (26%) – moterys (p < 0,001). Pacientų amžius – nuo 2 iki 47 metų. 1261 (56%, p < 0,05) pacientai patyrė lengvą, 522 – vidutinį ir 463 – sunkų kūno nudegimą. 2130 pasėliai (86,5%), paimti iš 2462 nudegimo žaizdų, buvo teigiami. Iš 2130 teigiamų pasėlių Staphylococcus aureus išskirtas 1110 (52,1%) pasėliuose, iš jų MRSA – 498 (23,4%). Išvados Jauni vyrai dažniausiai patiria lengvus kūno nudegimus. Nudegimo žaizda dažniausiai infekuojasi S. aureus mikroorganizmais. MRSA yra pagrindinis ligoninės patogenas, infekuojantis nudegimo žaizdą. Prasminiai žodžiai: nudegimo sunkumas, nudegimo žaizdos patogenai, išskirti sukėlėjai Analysis of burn patients and the isolated pathogens Rokas Bagdonas, Algimantas Tamelis, Rytis Rimdeika, Mindaugas KiudelisKaunas Medical University, Clinic of Surgery,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009, Kaunas, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective The major challenge for a burn team is infection, which is known to cause over 50% of burn deaths. Burns become infected, because the environment at the site of the wound is ideal for the proliferation of infecting organisms. This study, approved by the regional Ethics Committee, analyzes the features of burned patients and the rates of pathogens isolated from burn wounds. Patients and methods We studied 2246 burn patients (mean age 27 years) admitted to the tertiary academic hospital in 1997–2002. The differentiation of the severity of burn injury was based on the scheme of the American Burn Association (ABA). 2462 surface swabs for microbiological analysis were taken from all 2246 patients. The wound area was swabbed with an alginate swab and cultured in 5% blood and MacConkey agar. Results There were 1447 (74%) men and 799 (26%) women (p < 0.001), age range 2–47 years. There were 1261 patients (56%, p < 0.05) with minor, 522 with moderate and 463 with major burn injuries. 2130 swabs (86.5%) out of 2462 burn wound surface swabs were positive. Out of 2130 isolates positive for pathogenic bacterial culture, there were 1110 (52.1%) isolates positive for Staphylococcus aureus infection. The rate of MRSA was 23.4% (498 isolates). Conclusions Young male patients mostly have a minor burn injury. Burn wounds are most commonly infected with S. aureus. MRSA is still the main hospital pathogen in burns. Keywords: severity of the burn injury, burn swabs, isolated pathogens

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BACTERIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF BURN WOUNDS WITH TIME AND THEIR ANTIBIOGRAM

Scientific World ◽

10.3126/sw.v12i12.13601 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 70-76 ◽

Author(s):

S Rajbahak ◽

C Shrestha ◽

A Singh

Keyword(s):

Burn Injury ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Female Ratio ◽

A prospective study was carried out in 42 burn patients admitted in burn unit of Bir Hospital over a period of six months from September 2011 to February 2012 to evaluate time-related changes in aerobic bacterial colonization and their susceptibility pattern. Periodic swabs were taken from the burn wound on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks to see the changing pattern of organisms during hospital stay of patients. Wound swabs obtained from the burn patients were subjected to microbiological analysis. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques. In the present study burn injury was highest in the age group 25-34 years (28.6%). Male to female ratio was 1:1.5. Fire was the major cause of burn (78.6%) followed by scald burn (7.1%). Among the 168 samples, single organism was isolated in 47.6% samples and mixed organisms in 39.9% and no growth in 12.5%. A total of 215 bacterial species were isolated from 168 samples in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for the highest percentage 45.6% followed by Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%), Acinetobacter spp. (17.7%) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS) (5.6%). Gram negative bacteria were the dominating bacteria all over the study period and exhibited lower sensitivity to most of the antibiotic used. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa was least sensitive to most antibiotics used. Amikacin was the drug of choice for most Gram negative bacteria and vancomycin was found to be susceptible drug for Gram positive organisms (S. aureus and CONS). Continuous survey and analysis of changing microbial flora and their antibiogram in burn patients help in timely detection and control of spread of infection and also help to review effective antibiotic policies.Scientific World, Vol. 12, No. 12, September 2014, page 70-76

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Care of Patients with Burns

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/s0195941700058677 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 4 (S4) ◽

pp. 325-327

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Infection Control ◽

Infectious Complications ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Burn Wounds ◽

A Minor ◽

Burn wounds have been classified as major or minor by various investigators according to several risk factors for burn-associated complications. We have considered only the infectious complications of burns. Therefore, we have classified major burn wounds as those that cannot effectively be covered or whose drainage cannot effectively be contained by use of dressings. The drainage from a minor burn can be covered and contained by dressings.Most major burn wounds and many minor ones have become infected by the second or third day after the burn occurs. Care of burn patients, therefore, involves efforts to prevent colonization and infection of the wound, and isolation precautions to prevent transmission to other patients. Other important methods of care include use of topical and systemic antimicrobials, vaccines, and general supportive measures.It is beyond the scope of this guideline to present comprehensive infection control recommendations for taking care of patients with burns. We have, however, made recommendations for isolation precautions for both major and minor burns infected with various pathogens. Rather than listing burn wounds separately, we have grouped them under the subheading “skin, wound, or burn infection.”

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A New Resuscitation Formula Based on Burn Index Provides More Reliable Prediction for Fluid Requirement in Adult Major Burn Patients

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab013 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jianglin Tan ◽

Junyi Zhou ◽

Ning Li ◽

Lili Yuan ◽

Gaoxing Luo

Keyword(s):

Fluid Resuscitation ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Full Thickness ◽

Fluid Requirement ◽

Abstract The Third Military Medical University (TMMU) formula is widely used in fluid resuscitation in China. However, the actual volume needs usually exceed the prediction provided by the TMMU formula in major burn patients with a high proportion of full-thickness burn wounds. This retrospective study included 149 adult major burn patients (≥40% TBSA) who were admitted to the Burn Department, Southwest Hospital from 2014 to 2020 and received appropriate fluid resuscitation by the TMMU protocol. The actual volume infused in the first 48 hours postburn was compared to the estimation by the TMMU formula. A new fluid volume prediction formula was developed by multivariate linear regression analysis. The mean fluid requirements were 2.35 ml/kg/% TBSA and 1.75 ml/kg/% TBSA in the first and second 24 hours postburn, respectively. The TMMU formula underestimated the fluid requirement, and its prediction accuracy was 54.1% and 25.8% for the first and second 24 hours, respectively. The proportion of full-thickness burn wound was found to be associated with the fluid requirements postburn. A revised multifactorial formula consisting of the burn index, body weight, and inhalation injury was developed. Using the revised formula, the prediction reliability of resuscitation fluid volume improved to 65.3% and 61.1% in the first and second 24 hours, respectively. The TMMU formula showed low accuracy in predicting fluid requirements among major burn patients. A revised formula based on burn index was developed to provide better guidance for initiative fluid resuscitation for major burns by the TMMU protocol.

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Arginine Is a Critical Substrate for the Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Burn Wound Infections

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02160-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jake Everett ◽

Keith Turner ◽

Qiuxian Cai ◽

Vernita Gordon ◽

Marvin Whiteley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Burn Wounds ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Ubiquitous Presence

ABSTRACT Environmental conditions affect bacterial behavior and can greatly influence the course of an infection. However, the environmental cues that elicit bacterial responses in specific infection sites are relatively unknown. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ubiquitous in nature and typically innocuous. However, it is also one of the most prevalent causes of fatal sepsis in burn wound patients. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of environmental factors, specifically the availability of arginine, on the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in burn wound infections. Comparison of burned versus noninjured tissue revealed that l-arginine (l-Arg) was significantly depleted in burn wounds as a consequence of elevated arginase produced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We also observed that l-Arg was a potent chemoattractant for P. aeruginosa, and while low concentrations of l-Arg increased P. aeruginosa’s swimming motility, high concentrations resulted in diminished swimming. Based on these observations, we tested whether the administration of exogenous l-Arg into the burn wound could attenuate the virulence of P. aeruginosa in thermally injured mice. Administration of l-Arg resulted in decreased P. aeruginosa spread and sepsis and increased animal survival. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the availability of environmental arginine greatly influences the virulence of P. aeruginosa in vivo and may represent a promising phenotype-modulating tool for future therapeutic avenues. IMPORTANCE Despite our growing understanding of the pathophysiology of burn wounds and the evolution of techniques and practices to manage infections, sepsis remains a significant medical concern for burn patients. P. aeruginosa continues to be a leader among all causes of bacteremic infections due to its tendency to cause complications in immunocompromised patients and its ubiquitous presence in the hospital setting. With the unforgiving emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, it is critical that alternative strategies to control or prevent septic infections in burn patients be developed in parallel with novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, we observed that administration of l-Arg significantly reduced bacterial spread and sepsis in burned mice infected with P. aeruginosa. Given the safety of l-Arg in high doses and its potential wound-healing benefits, this conditionally essential amino acid may represent a useful tool to modulate bacterial behavior in vivo and prevent sepsis in burn patients. IMPORTANCE Despite our growing understanding of the pathophysiology of burn wounds and the evolution of techniques and practices to manage infections, sepsis remains a significant medical concern for burn patients. P. aeruginosa continues to be a leader among all causes of bacteremic infections due to its tendency to cause complications in immunocompromised patients and its ubiquitous presence in the hospital setting. With the unforgiving emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, it is critical that alternative strategies to control or prevent septic infections in burn patients be developed in parallel with novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, we observed that administration of l-Arg significantly reduced bacterial spread and sepsis in burned mice infected with P. aeruginosa. Given the safety of l-Arg in high doses and its potential wound-healing benefits, this conditionally essential amino acid may represent a useful tool to modulate bacterial behavior in vivo and prevent sepsis in burn patients.

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670 Delayed Enzymatic Debridement of Burn Wounds using the Proteolytic Gel SN514

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab032.316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S191-S192

Author(s):

Angela R Jockheck-Clark ◽

Randolph Stone ◽

Michelle Holik ◽

Lucy Schaffer ◽

Shanmugasundaram Natesan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burn Injury ◽

Vehicle Control ◽

Surrounding Tissue ◽

Burn Wounds ◽

Delayed Treatment ◽

Medical Evacuation ◽

Contamination Levels

Abstract Introduction Thermal burns account for 5–10% of casualties sustained in present-day conflicts and are expected to be one of the most common wounds to occur in future conflicts. In prolonged field care (PFC) situations, medical evacuation could be delayed for days. During this time, burn wounds can become infected, detrimentally impact neighboring tissue, and cause systemic immune responses. Therefore, it is essential to test and evaluate non-surgical debridement agents that could be implemented prior to reaching a Role 3 military treatment facility. This work details how the proprietary proteolytic gel SN514 impacts burn debridement when applied within a PFC-like timeline. SN514 contains an enzyme formulation that is thermostable, easy to apply, and selectively degrades non-viable tissue in vitro and in vivo. Methods Deep-partial thickness contact burns were created using an established porcine model and covered with gauze or an antimicrobial incise drape. Four days later, the burns were treated with one of five treatments: 0.2% SN514, 0.8% SN514, a vehicle control, gauze, or an antimicrobial silver dressing. Treatments were re-applied every 24 hours for 72 to 96 hours. The effects of the treatment regiments were compared histologically. Biopsies were also taken to monitor bacterial contamination levels. Results Burns treated with SN514 were partially debrided and visually distinct from those treated with gauze, the silver dressing, or the vehicle control. Preliminary analyses suggest that SN514-treated burns that had been covered with “dry” gauze had a much lower debridement efficiency than those treated with the incise drape. This suggests that SN514 debridement efficiency may depend on the presence of a moist eschar. Preliminary analyses also suggest that there was little difference in burn wound bacterial counts among the five treatment groups. Conclusions SN514 is able to debride burns that experienced delayed treatment, without any evidence of harm to the surrounding tissue or evidence of exacerbating the original burn injury. SN514-treated wounds displayed little to no blood loss and did not increase burn wound infection levels compared to wounds treated with gauze or an antimicrobial silver dressing.

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Dermal Nanoemulsion Treatment Reduces Burn Wound Conversion and Improves Skin Healing in a Porcine Model of Thermal Burn Injury

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab118 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vladislav A Dolgachev ◽

Susan Ciotti ◽

Emma Liechty ◽

Benjamin Levi ◽

Stewart C Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burn Injury ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Silver Sulfadiazine ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Full Thickness ◽

Thermal Burn ◽

Burn Wounds ◽

Partial Thickness ◽

Mediators Of Inflammation

Abstract Objective Burn wound progression is an inflammation driven process where an initial partial-thickness thermal burn wound can evolve over time to a full-thickness injury. We have developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation (NB-201) containing benzalkonium chloride for use in burn wounds that is antimicrobial and potentially inhibits burn wound progression. We used a porcine burn injury model to evaluate the effect of topical nanoemulsion treatment on burn wound conversion and healing. Methods Anesthetized swine received thermal burn wounds using a 25cm 2 surface area copper bar heated to 80 oC. Three different concentrations of NB-201 (10%, 20%, or 40% nanoemulsion), silver sulfadiazine cream or saline were applied to burned skin immediately after injury and on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 post-injury. Digital images and skin biopsies were taken at each dressing change. Skin biopsy samples were stained for histological evaluation and graded. Skin tissue samples were also assayed for mediators of inflammation. Results Dermal treatment with NB-201 diminished thermal burn wound conversion to a full-thickness injury as determined by both histological and visual evaluation. Comparison of epithelial restoration on day 21 showed that 77.8% of the nanoemulsion treated wounds had an epidermal injury score of 0 compared to 16.7% of the silver sulfadiazine treated burns (p=0.01). Silver sulfadiazine cream and saline treated wounds (controls) converted to full-thickness burns by day 4. Histological evaluation revealed reduced inflammation and evidence of skin injury in NB-201 treated sites compared to control wounds. The nanoemulsion treated wounds often healed with complete regrowth of epithelium and no loss of hair follicles (NB-201: 4.8±2.1, saline: 0±0, silver sulfadiazine: 0±0 hair follicles per 4mm biopsy section, p<0.05). Production of inflammatory mediators and sequestration of neutrophils were also inhibited by NB-201. Conclusions Topically applied NB-201 prevented the progression of a partial-thickness burn wound to full-thickness injury and was associated with a concurrent decrease in dermal inflammation.

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Isolation of bacterial flora from post burn infection: influence of socio-demographic background on the occurrence of burn injury

Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.3329/ajmbr.v5i4.45273 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 336-342

Author(s):

Amatun Nasir Tama ◽

Aleya Begum ◽

Mandira Mukutmoni ◽

Mohammad Rabiul Karim Khan

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Bacteriological Profile ◽

Degree Burn ◽

Male Patients ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Demographic Background

The objective of this work was to find out the bacteriological profile and risk factor for burn patients. Sixty burn patients were investigated during July 2014 to May 2015. Specimens were collected in the form of wound swabs. The prospective study showed that one third of the patients below 10 years old belong the highest burn infections. The rate of burn infections was higher (61.67%) in female compared to male patients. Respondents under primary level were the major victims (28.33%). On the basis of occupational status, student showed the highest (30%) infection. Maximum (48.33%) patients were injured by first degree burn. Hot liquids (scald) was found as one of the main causes of burn which was 50% prevalent. Forensic background explained maximum burn injuries were accidental (88.34%). Most of the children were the main victims during playing (36.67%) followed by working persons (25%). Pseudomonas spp (73%) was found to be the most common isolated microorganisms followed by Klebsiella spp (6.67%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.67%), Escherichia coli (6.67%), Proteus spp (5%) and Enterobacter (1. 6%). Some medical devices like floor, bed, water etc. were detected as positive sources of organisms. By antibiotic susceptibility tests it was found that Pseudomonas are resistant to ceftriaxone (100%) followed by ceftazidime (93%) and sensitive to colistin (90%). In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, 100% are resistant to amoxyclave and 100% are sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(4): 336-342

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The effect of dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients on burn wound healing: a study in a tertiary health institution in a developing country

Burns & Trauma ◽

10.1186/s41038-015-0012-x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Author(s):

Mary Adjepong ◽

Pius Agbenorku ◽

Patricia Brown ◽

Ibok Oduro

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutrient Analysis

Abstract Background Burn injury results in emotional stress affecting dietary intake and antioxidant micronutrient intake, which is known to have effects on recovery outcomes. The study aimed to assess dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients and recovery outcomes of burn patients. Methods Questionnaires were administered to 40 burn patients at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (Ghana) from January 1, 2014 to May 30, 2014. The data taken include anthropometric measurements and dietary assessment. Their nutrient intakes were assessed with the Nutrient Analysis Template. The average intakes were compared to the recommended daily allowance. Assessment of recovery was based on records of wound healing assessments and infection rates from the health practitioners. Results A cross-sectional study of 40 patients revealed an average total burn surface area (TBSA) of 31.4 %, where 70.0, 35.0, 75.0, 52.5, 12.5 and 32.5 % patients were deficient in vitamins A, C and E, zinc, copper and selenium, respectively and adequate amounts of vitamin C intake were related with significantly better wound healing progress. Positive wound healing outcomes were observed for patients with adequate vitamins A and E and zinc intake. Less infection presented among patients with adequate amount of vitamins A and C and zinc, but this was not observed for patients with adequate vitamin E, copper and selenium. Conclusions Most burn patients did not meet their dietary requirements for antioxidant micronutrients and this was due to meals not tailored to suit individual requirements. Adequacy of the antioxidants especially vitamin C resulted in positive wound healing outcomes. Hence, there is need for planned well-balanced meals of high vitamin C.

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A Review of Burn Patients Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation at a Burns Facility

European Journal of Burn Care ◽

10.3390/ebj2040021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 293-300

Author(s):

Stephen Frost ◽

Liz Davies ◽

Claire Porter ◽

Avinash Deodhar ◽

Reena Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Burn Injuries ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Respiratory Compromise ◽

Burn Care ◽

Membrane Oxygenation ◽

Regular Time ◽

Respiratory compromise is a recognised sequelae of major burn injuries, and in rare instances requires extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Over a ten-year period, our hospital trust, an ECMO centre and burns facility, had five major burn patients requiring ECMO, whose burn injuries would normally be managed at trusts with higher levels of burn care. Three patients (60%) survived to hospital discharge, one (20%) died at our trust, and one patient died after repatriation. All patients required regular, time-intensive dressing changes from our specialist nursing team, beyond their regular duties. This review presents these patients, as well as a review of the literature on the use of ECMO in burn injury patients. A formal review of the overlap between the networks that cater to ECMO and burn patients is recommended.

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Molecular identification and genotyping of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn patients by PCR and ERIC-PCR

Scars Burns & Healing ◽

10.1177/2059513119831369 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 205951311983136 ◽

Author(s):

Faezeh Falah ◽

Leili Shokoohizadeh ◽

Maryam Adabi

Keyword(s):

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Microbiological Test ◽

Screening And Identification ◽

Polymerase Chain

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important agents of hospital infections. Rapid and accurate identification and genotyping of A. baumannii is very important, especially in burn hospitals in order to prevent the spread of related nosocomial infections and to further epidemiological studies. Material and methods: For two months, 82 A. baumannii isolates were collected from burn wound swabs of patients in a major burn hospital in Tehran. A. baumannii isolates were identified by conventional microbiological test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers of blaOXA-51 gene, while the genetic linkage of A. baumannii isolates was investigated by enterobacterial repetitive intragenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR technique. Similarity, a cut-off of ⩾ 95% was considered for classifying the genotypes. Results: The molecular test (PCR) confirmed 97.56% of phenotypic results for the detection of A. baumannii isolates. ERIC-PCR results revealed 14 different ERIC patterns (ERIC-types) including 11 common types and three unique types. Conclusion: Our findings show that we can simply and quickly detect A. baumannii isolates by PCR using blaOXA genes and genetic diversity by ERIC-PCR, respectively. These rapid and simple techniques for the routine screening and identification of clinical A. baumannii isolates could be useful with epidemic potential.

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