scholarly journals Differential Source Marking in the languages of Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 416-432
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Zaika
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
European Languages

The article deals with encoding Source arguments of the predicate ‘take’ in the languages of Europe and identifies factors involved in Differential Source Marking. Animacy turns out to play the crucial role in this respect: while the encoding of animate Sources is rather homogeneous, inanimate Sources are encoded in different ways depending on the localization. The encoding of animate source can coincide with that of one of the two (or both) basic localizations: IN or ON or be different from it. Differential Marking of animate Sources is attested in Central Europe and implies recipient-like vs. ablative-like alternation where the encoding depends on whether something is taken for good or not and whether some extra force is applied or not. Differential Marking of inanimate Sources occurs in quite a number of European languages with different localizations; it is not always symmetrical to Differential Translocation Marking and can depend on the topicality on the argument or its semantic type.

scholarly journals ‘A relieved Obama’ won’t last long

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Helen de Hoop ◽  
Erica Kemperman
Keyword(s):  
Type Theory ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The State ◽  
Proper Noun ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Semantic Composition ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Production Experiment

Indefinite articles are generally used to introduce new or unfamiliar entities to the discourse. However, in noun phrases such as een opgeluchte Obama ‘a relieved Obama’, the proper noun denotes a familiar individual who does not even have to be new in the discourse. Yet, an indefinite article is used in this construction. We have conducted a corpus study in written Dutch and a production experiment in order to find out the characteristics of this construction as well as its definite counterpart. We will show that the denotation of the adjective plays a crucial role in the semantic composition of the construction, and that preferences for either a definite or an indefinite article correlate with differences in the duration of the state denoted by the adjective. We will use semantic type-theory to account for these findings.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and areal models of Indo-European relatedness: The role of contact in reconstruction

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Drinka
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
External Influence ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Linguistic Innovation ◽  
European Family

The Indo-European family has traditionally been viewed as a textbook example of genetically related languages, easily fit onto a family tree model. What is less often recognized, however, is that IE also provides considerable evidence for the operation of contact among these related languages, discernable in the layers of innovation that certain varieties share. In this paper, I claim that the family tree model as it is usually depicted, discretely divided and unaffected by external influence, may be a useful representation of language relatedness, but is inadequate as a model of change, especially in its inability to represent the crucial role of contact in linguistic innovation. The recognition of contact among Indo-European languages has implications not only for the geographical positioning of IE languages on the map of Eurasia, but also for general theoretical characterizations of change: the horizontal, areal nature of change implies a stratification of data, a layered distribution of archaic and innovative features, which can help us grasp where contact, and innovation, has or has not occurred.

Die Pronominal‑ und Partikelkette in den altanatolischen Sprachen

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-340
Author(s):  
Ivo Hajnal ◽  
Katharina Zipser
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
A Chain

Zusammenfassung The Indo-European languages of Anatolia in the second and first millennium B. C. share the following typological particularity: The beginning of the sentence shows a chain containing sentential particles, pronominal elements and local particles (referred to as “PPC”). This PPC has a fixed inner order. Our aim is to explain the emergence of the PPC and to verifiably judge the question to which degree the PPC is inherited. Therefore, we investigate the structural differences within individual languages’ PPCs and try to reconstruct the basic PPC-structure common to all Ancient Anatolian languages. Our approach is fundamentally sustained by new considerations concerning the discrepancy between (1) the phonological realization of the PPC and (2) the potential diversity in the underlying syntactic structure, which hitherto has mostly been ignored. We succeed in presenting evidence that, for the potential formation of the basic PPC-structure, not only Wackernagel’s Law plays a crucial role, but at least two further mainly (morpho-)phonological processes are crucial. Our findings lead to a better understanding of Common Anatolian phrase structure.

scholarly journals The Arabic-Turkish Fragments of the Croatian Latinist Writer Bartul Đurđević in the Polish Anti-Tatar Book Alfurkan Tatarski by Piotr Czyżewski (Wilno, 1616/1617)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Sergei Temchin
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Turkish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Manuscript Copy

The article focuses on the small Oriental texts published in Piotr Czyżewski’s Polish anti-Muslim pamphlet Alfurkan tatarski (Wilno, 1616/1617) directed against the local Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These texts consist of a small Arabic-Turkish prayer and the well-known Ottoman prophecy about “The Red Apple” and the expected victory of Christians over the Turks. The author argues that they go back to the Latin-language editions of the Croatian writer Bartul Đurđević/Bartolomej Georgijević (c. 1506 – c. 1566), who, after his return from a long Ottoman captivity, published several books on the Turkish subjects that were translated into many national European languages and disseminated in different editions throughout Western and Central Europe. These editions often contained samples of Ottoman texts accompanied by a parallel Latin translation and Latin-language interpretations of them, as well as small bilingual dictionaries, thus introducing Islam and the Turkish language to Europe. The article demonstrates the widespread prevalence of both Oriental texts (the Arabic-Turkish prayer and the Ottoman prophecy) in the European printed tradition and the presence of interest in them in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, evidenced by a manuscript copy of the Ottoman prophecy (late 17th century) and the Polish translation of both texts published in 1548 and 1615.

scholarly journals Structure and Ontology in Nonlocal Readings of Adjectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-99
Author(s):  
Marcin Morzycki
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Aberrant Behavior ◽  
Compositional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
The Right

AbstractIn certain uses, adjectives appear to make the semantic contribution normally associated with adverbs. These readings are often thought to be a peripheral phenomenon, restricted to one corner of the grammar and just a handful of lexical items. I’ll argue that it’s actually considerably more general than is often recognized, and that it admits two fundamentally different modes of explanation: in terms of the syntactic machinery that undergirds these structures and in terms of the ontology of the objects manipulated by its semantics. Both modes of explanation have been suggested for some of the puzzles in this domain, and I’ll argue both are necessary. With respect to adjectives including average and occasional, the key insight is that their lexical semantics is fundamentally about kinds. But to arrive at a more general theory of adverbial readings, it is also necessary to further articulate the compositional semantics. In this spirit, I’ll argue that these adjectives actually have the semantic type of quantificational determiners like every. If this way of thinking about adverbial readings is on the right track, it instantiates a means by which these two distinct modes of explanation—and the distinct aspects of cognition they may ultimately be associated with—both play a crucial role in bringing about the apparently aberrant behavior of this class of adjectives.

scholarly journals Cultural Heritage Viability: An Example of Traditional Transport in Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Aleš Smrčka
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
Modern Era

This paper focuses on traditional transport as a form of cultural heritage in Central Europe, looking at the modes of transport that are still viable today as a part of people’s lives and livelihoods, as well as strategies to ensure their survival. The importance of preserving the original purpose of traditional transport modes, as well as their acquisition of new functions in the modern era, are examined in the context of the sustainability and viability of cultural heritage. The article also highlights crucial role of promoting the visibility of cultural phenomena to the public in encouraging their protection and ongoing sustainability. It also draws attention to some less positive examples of how forms of traditional transport are currently presented, examining approaches that may lead to the alteration of traditions and the construction of distorted images of cultural heritage. In the conclusion, I propose distinguishing between forms of traditional transport that continue to maintain people’s livelihoods or generate entertainment, and forms which are merely reconstructions of traditional phenomena, intended only as imitations to recall the past

scholarly journals Ukrainian in the Language Map of Central Europe: Questions of Areal-Typological Profiling

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrii Danylenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Central European ◽  
Intermediate Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
European Languages

The paper deals with the areal-typological profiling of Ukrainian among languages of Europe, constituting Standard Average European (SAE) and especially Central European (CE). Placed recently in the context of the ‘areal typology’ and the ‘dynamic taxonomy’, Ukrainian together with Russian and Belarusian appear to be mere replica languages. Such languages are capable of only borrowing surface structures migrating all over the Europe unie or imitating deep structures on the model of SAE or CE. In order to elaborate on an alternative profiling of Ukrainian among languages of (Central) Europe, the author concentrates on both phonological and morphosyntactic features treated commonly as CE Sprachbund-forming (the spirantization of *g, the dispalatalization of the palatalized consonants, the existence of medial l, the umlauting, the three-tense system, including a simple preterit from the perfect, and the periphrastic ‘ingressive’ future). As a result, the author advances another vector of areal classification, thus positioning Russian in the core of ‘Standard Average Indo-European’ and (Southwest) Ukrainian as an intermediate language between Russian and the rest of (Central) European languages.

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