scholarly journals Кириллический рукописный учебник древнееврейского языка (список XVI в.) и его учебно-методические приемы

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
Сергей Юрьевич Темчин
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Song Of Songs ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
High Level ◽  
Grand Duchy

В статье обосновывается характеристика недавно обнаруженного рукописного кириллического учебника древнееврейского языка, созданного совместными усилиями православных и иудейских книжников, как учебного пособия, с методической точки зрения значительно превосходящего иные восточнославянские двуязычные справочные материалы того же времени. С этой целью подробно описаны применяемые в нем приемы, направленные на такую подачу языкового и сопутствующего текстового (религиозно-культурного) материала, которая облегчила бы его усвоение потенциальным читателем. Методическую сторону рассматриваемого памятника письменности следует признать одним из результатов еврейского вклада в его создание.Ключевые слова: Великое княжество Литовское, кириллическая письменность, иудейско-христианские отношения, древнееврейский язык, руськамова, библейские переводы, жидовствующие....Sergei TemchinCyrillic 16th-century manuscript “Manual of Hebrew” and its teaching methods A concise Manual of Hebrew, recently discovered in a Cyrillic manuscript miscellany of the 3rd quarter of the 16th century (Moscow, the Russian State Archive of Early Acts, F. Mazurin collection (f. 196), inventory 1, No 616, f. 124–130) is very important for the history of the Ruthenian written culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Manual of Hebrew comprises material of three different kinds: a) some excerpts from the original Hebrew Old Testament text (Ge 2.8, 32.27–28; Ps 150; So 3.4 (or 8.2), 8.5; Is 11.12) written in Cyrillic characters; b) a bilingual Hebrew–Ruthenian vocabulary with explanatory notes; c) small quotations from the Ruthenian text of three Old Testament books (Genesis, Isaiah, Song of Songs).The meta-language used in the Manual of Hebrew is Ruthenian. The translations present in the Manual had been made directly from Hebrew. A comparison of the quotations from the Song of Songs found in the Manual and all the known Cyrillic and Glagolitic versions of this book (referring to both the manuscript and the printed sources of different periods) reveals their principal coincidence with the Ruthenian translation found in the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (Vilnius, Wróblewskie Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, F 19–262). The originals of the two manuscripts probably originated in the 2nd half of the 15th century in the circle of the learned Kievan Jew Zachariah ben Aaron ha-Kohen who is also known as Skhariya, the initiator of the Novgorod movementof the Judaizers (1471–1504).The Cyrillic Manual of Hebrew is a clear evidence of this language being taught/learned in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the late 15th–early 16th century. The learning material and its presentation methods reveal a quite elaborate (although inconsistently implemented) pedagogical approach which puts the Manual aside from the rest of early East Slavic glossaries of the same or earlier date. Thus, the Manual presents, among other features: a) a number of original Hebrew texts written in Cyrillic, divided into small portions (each with a Ruthenian translation) which are then put together to form a continuoustext; b) certain trilingual glossary entries where Hebrew, “Greek” (in reality Slavic borrowings from Greek) and Slavic words are juxtaposed, while in other cases double translations in two different Slavic languages (Ruthenian and Old Church Slavonic) are given; c) some long elaborated definitions, sometimes containing synonymous variants or alternative translations; d) information about the sources of variant Hebrew forms or their meanings; e) information on certain grammatical (gender, plural, possessive) forms and word formation (compounds), etc.It is beyond doubt that the Cyrillic manuscript “Manual of Hebrew” is a result of joint efforts of Jewish and East Slavic bookmen, but the relatively high level of pedagogical and linguistic sophistication of the joint result is to be ascribed to the Jewish compilers of the Manual rather than to their East Slavic co-authors.

scholarly journals Pукописная книга и ее рецепция в Великом княжестве Литовском XIV–середины XVI вв.

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Рима Циценене
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
New Work ◽  
Living Space ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Personal Needs ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grand Duchy

Цель статьи — проанализировать эволюцию представления о рукописной книге и ее рецепции обществом ВКЛ. Для этого требуется установить, каким образом в обществе проявлялась рецепция книги и как это отраженo в источниках того времени. Материалом исследования послужили рукописные кодексы, архивные документы и объекты искусства. Установлено, что книга удовлетворяла служебные, общественные и личные потребности членов общества того времени. С увеличением числа экземпляров и собраний, с повышением разнообразия взаимоотношений человека с книгой в обществе ВКЛ изменялось и само представление о книге. Если на раннем этапе кодекс воспринимался как статичный, сакральный, целостный объект, мало подверженный человеческому влиянию, то уже с XV в. можно говорить о книге как о мобильном, меняющемся объекте, крайне зависимом от связанного с ним человека. Книги мигрировали в географическом и жизненном пространстве.В начале XVI в. изменилось восприятие целостности книги. Понятие о кодексе как о единице, физически объединяющей отдельные произведения (книги), сменило понятие кодекса как единого целого (нового произведения), имеющего общие внутренние и внешние признаки.Ключевые слова: рукописная книга, средневековые кодексы, книжная культура, книга и средневековое общество, Великое княжество Литовское....Rima CicėnienėThe reception of the manuscript book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th– mid-16th centuries The article aims to analyze changes in society’s view of the manuscript book and its reception. The author investigates the ways in which society manifested its reception of the book and how it is reflected in the sources of that time. Manuscript books, archival sources, and objects of art were used as the sources for the research. It has been established that the book satisfied official, social, and personal needs of society and individuals of the time. As books and collections became increasingly numerous and the relationship with books diversified, the idea of the book in the GDL’s society also underwent a significant change. While during the early stage of the period under study a book was understood as a static and uniform sacral object little influenced by an individual, since the 15th century it was considered to be a mobile, mutable object strongly affected by the persons directly connected with the book. Codices migrated both in the geographical and living space. In the early 16th century, the concept of a book as a unit item also underwent a significant change. The concept of a codex as an object that physically joins separate works (books, liber) was replaced by the idea of a codex as an integral unit (a new work) which possesses both internal and external unifying elements of a book.

scholarly journals The evolution of the laws regulating access to forests and aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the mid-16th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Anna Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Protected Forests ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

In the 13th and the 14th century, grand dukes had exclusive rights to the forests and aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They maintained these rights in the 15th century despite the fact that the rights to royal forests and aquatic had been widely distributed since the reign of Vytautas. Beginning in the second decade of the 16th century, grand dukes became increasingly interested in the productivity of land belonging to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in particular forests and aquatic resources. Their concern was largely motivated by the financial burden placed on the Lithuanian treasury in connection with the Muscovite- Lithuanian wars and the economic reforms implemented by Queen Bona and Sigismundus II Augustus. The monarchs passed laws regulating access to royal land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These regulations improved the management of royal land, protected forests against illegal logging and prevented excessive exploitation of water fauna (especially fish)

scholarly journals Kitabistyka: źródła, metodologia i perspektywy badawcze

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Czesław Łapicz
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Oriental Language

The paper contains a synthetic discussion of original and little known philological manuscripts which had been created since the 16th century by Tatars – Muslims of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – as characteristic Slavic aljamiado. The preserved manuscripts in which Slavic languages – Polish and Belarusian – were recorded in the Arabic alphabet are enormously important for the history of both languages and the Slavic-Oriental language relations. Various types of these historical texts (kitabs, chamails, tajweeds, etc.) contain the first, that is the oldest (16th century), translation of the Quran into a Slavic language (Polish) recorded in the Arabic alphabet (so-called tafsir). These sources are studied within the framework of an original philological sub-discipline of Kitab Studies whose origin and development should be credited to Professor Anton Antonovich from Vilnius University. The author of the paper discusses the research methodology pertaining to these sources, particularly the transliteration of Slavic texts recorded in the Arabic alphabet into the Latin alphabet, and introduces prospective major research tasks for Kitab Studies.

Dilemmas of a Socinian Pacifist in Seventeenth-Century Poland

1994 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brock
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Positive Answer ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Congregational Leaders ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Good Cause ◽  
Grand Duchy

The antitrinitarian Polish Brethren, from the inception of their denomination as a breakaway from the Calvinist Reformed Church in 1565, had earnestly debated the issue of whether a “true Christian” might collaborate in the workof the sword-bearing magistracy, take part in war, or kill a fellow human being in self-defense. Whereas the brotherhood in the militarily exposed Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with a few exceptions, gave a positive answer, the congregational leaders in the more secure kingdom of Poland for the most part said no. To do any of these things, the latterargued, entailed disobedience to Jesus’ commandments as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount and elsewhere in the New Testament. For Christ replaced the laws of the Old Testament, which had allowed the ancient Israelites to wage just wars and wield the sword for good cause, with a gospel of love and defenselessness. This doctrine of nonresistance the pacifist Brethren, of course, had taken over from the Anabaptists of central Europe, whose insistence on adult baptism they also adopted.

scholarly journals Aspects of the Epigraphic Culture of Cannon Inscriptions during the Reign of Sigismund Augustus

Knygotyra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 20-71
Author(s):  
Kšištof Tolkačevski
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Any object marked with epigraphic writing becomes unique in the totality of the same objects and acquires the status of a monument. In the 16th century, cannons were also marked with inscriptions (texts and images): some were created for warfare, others – to commemorate a certain event. During the reign of Sigismund Augustus, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania created the necessary infrastructure for cannon casting, which allowed it to produce large numbers of cannons to prepare for its war with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The article attempts to reconstruct inscriptions on cannons using original and published archival sources stored in memory institutions in foreign countries (Poland, Sweden). An appendix covering 67 cannon records made it possible to perceive the structure of such inscriptions. Meanwhile, with the help of the ego-documentary legacy of the last Jagiellonian ruler, it was possible to study the functionality of cannon recordings in the context of epigraphic culture, paying special attention to the stages of the record’s emergence. This has so far been little studied at all. The collected data allowed to reach the conclusion that it was the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who directly influenced the form, names, and content of the inscriptions on cannons.

scholarly journals Przekształcenia w obrębie systemu imiesłowów czynnych w języku starobiałoruskim na przykładzie wybranych latopisów białorusko-litewskich

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Grabowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Common Part ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The One ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article focuses on 16th-century written monuments of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, representing the first and second Belarusian-Lithuanian redactions. Their common part – the Chronicle of Grand Dukes of Lithuania – was created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article analyses the changes occurring in the system of Old Belarusian active participles and compares them with all-Ruthenian state. The analysis has shown that in the participle system, on the one hand, some forms, such as inflectional forms of complex declension of active participles, tended to decline. On the other hand, a new morphological category was emerging, namely, undeclinable adverbial present and past participle.

scholarly journals Czech borrowings in the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian written languages

Movoznavstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
H. V. Aleksiayevych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Channel ◽  
Song Of Songs ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Linguistic Relations ◽  
The Military ◽  
Language Influence

The article assesses the role of the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian languages in the development of Czech-Eastern Slavonic linguistic relations in the 14th–18th centuries. There were both direct and indirect ways of Czech language influence on the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian written languages. The 15th century saw favourable conditions for military-political alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Bohemia. The emergence and development of these relations was accompanied by diplomatic activity: for instance, Grand Dukes Vitovt and Svidryhailo had correspondence in Latin and Old Czech with the Czech Hussites. Contacts in the military-political, socio-religious and cultural-educational spheres contributed to the development of Czech-East Slavic language ties. Translations of the Czech written texts into Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian («The Life of Alexei the Man of God», «The Story of Apollo of Tyre», «Lucidarius», «The Song of Songs», «The Tale of Toadal», «The Tale of the Prophetess Sibylline», «The Trojan Story»), use of the Czech legal texts in writing Galicia-Volyn letters in the 14th and early 15th centuries. The use of Czech legal texts in Galicia-Volyn monuments (Norman Statute of 1438–1439, Statutes of 1529, 1566, 1588, Lithuanian Metric Acts) contributed to the direct penetration of Bohemianisms into the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian writing. Although there were channels through which Czech linguistic elements could be directly borrowed into Old-Belarusian and Old-Ukrainian, the main channel for their penetration was Polish. Through the Polish mediation Bohemian loanwords were borrowed from various lexical-semantic groups, mainly from religious, military, socio-political and economic, everyday life vocabulary. The similar conditions of borrowing of Bohemianisms in Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian are obviously the main reason why Bohemianisms in both languages are close in number and chronology of written fixation. This similarity is especially noticeable against the background of Old Russian data, where bohemisms were recorded later and in smaller numbers

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