Events linked to Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in a Water Supply in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-220
Author(s):  
Adriana Sotero - Martins ◽  
Elvira Carvajal ◽  
José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos ◽  
Priscila Gonçalves Moura ◽  
Natasha Berendonk Handam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Taste Intensity ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Taste And Odor

Tastes and odors in tap water are problems faced by water companies worldwide, with consumers complaints mainly during summer, when cyanobacterial blooms occur and produce compounds such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB). We analyzed the data on taste and odor intensity and total concentration of geosmin and 2-MIB compounds in drinking water and raw water collected by the sanitation company supplying of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) during the 2020 and 2021 water crises. Statistical and metagenomic analyses of the raw water samples of the year 2020, were performed. Organoleptic data allowed to signal the presence of these taste and odor (T&O) compounds in the drinking water, and the mean values of taste intensity were above the maximum allowed value of the Brazilian legislation, on average 37.5 times in 2020 and 5 times in 2021, indicating that the measures did not eliminate the problem. There was a linear correlation of 0.97 between the standard organoleptic taste and the total concentration of T&O in 2020. Metagenomic data, from raw water in the year 2020, for the mtf, mic and glys genes indicated 2-MIB as responsible for T&O. Modifications in the surveillance system of catchment and drinking water quality need to be adopted to circumvent the problems of cyanobacterial blooms in the Guandu basin, as conditions favorable to blooms will occur as long as the sanitation problems in this watershed are not solved.

scholarly journals Cyanobacteria and microcystin contamination in untreated and treated drinking water in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Naa Dzama Addico ◽  
Jörg D. Hardege ◽  
Jiri Kohoutek ◽  
Kweku Amoaku Atta DeGraft-Johnson ◽  
Pavel Babica
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Maximal Concentration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Treated Drinking Water ◽  
Who Guideline

<p>Although cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins represent a worldwide-occurring phenomenon, there are large differences among different countries in cyanotoxin-related human health risk assessment, management practices and policies. While national standards, guideline values and detailed regulatory frameworks for effective management of cyanotoxin risks have been implemented in many industrialized countries, the extent of cyanobacteria occurrence and cyanotoxin contamination in certain geographical regions is under-reported and not very well understood. Such regions include major parts of tropical West and Central Africa, a region constisting of more than 25 countries occupying an area of 12 million km<sup>2</sup>, with a total population of 500 milion people. Only few studies focusing on cyanotoxin occurrence in this region have been published so far, and reports dealing specifically with cyanotoxin contamination in drinking water are extremely scarce. In this study, we report seasonal data on cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) contamination in drinking water reservoirs and adjacent treatment plants located in Ghana, West Africa. During January-June 2005, concentrations of MCs were monitored in four treatment plants supplying drinking water to major metropolitan areas in Ghana: the treatment plants Barekese and Owabi, which serve Kumasi Metropolitan Area, and the plants Kpong and Weija, providing water for Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area. HPLC analyses showed that 65% samples of raw water at the intake of the treatment plants contained intracellular MCs (maximal detected concentration was 8.73 µg L<sup>-1</sup>), whereas dissolved toxins were detected in 33% of the samples. Significant reduction of cyanobacterial cell counts and MC concentrations was achieved during the entire monitoring period by the applied conventional water treatment methods (alum flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination), and MC concentration in the final treated water never exceeded 1 µg L<sup>-1</sup> (WHO guideline limit for MCs in drinking water). However, cyanobacterial cells (93-3,055 cell mL<sup>-1</sup>) were frequently found in the final treated water and intracellular MCs were detected in 17% of the samples (maximal concentration 0.61 µg L<sup>-1</sup>), while dissolved MCs were present in 14% of the final treated water samples (maximal concentration 0.81 µg L<sup>-1</sup>). It indicates a borderline efficiency of the water treatment, thus MC concentrations in drinking water might exceed the WHO guideline limit if the treatment efficiency gets compromised. In addition, MC concentrations found in the raw water intake might represent significant human health risks for people living in areas with only a limited access to the treated or underground drinking water.</p>

Treatment of taste and odor material by oxidation and adsorption

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-W. Jung ◽  
K.-H. Baek ◽  
M.-J. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Lab Test

Massive blooms of blue-green algae in reservoirs produce the musty-earthy taste and odor, which are caused by compounds such as 2-MIB and geosmin. 2-MIB and geosmin are rarely removed by conventional water treatment. Their presence in the drinking water, even at low levels (ng/L), can be detected and it creates consumer complaints. So those concentrations have to be controlled as low as possible in the drinking water. The removals by oxidation (O3, Cl2, ClO2) and adsorption (PAC, filter/adsorber) were studied at laboratory and pilot plant (50 m3/d) to select suitable 2-MIB and geosmin treatment processes. The following conclusions were derived from the study. Both of the threshold odor levels for 2-MIB and geosmin appeared to be 30 ng/L as a consequence of a lab test. For any given PAC dosage in a jar-test, removal efficiencies of 2-MIB and geosmin were increased in proportion to PAC dosage and were independent of their initial concentration in raw water for the tested PAC dosages. In comparison of geosmin with 2-MIB, the adsorption efficiency of geosmin by PAC was superior to that of 2-MIB. The required PAC dosages to control below the threshold odor level were 30 mg /L for geosmin and 50 mg/L for 2-MIB at 100 ng/L of initial concentration. Removal efficiencies of odor materials by Cl2, ClO2, and O3 were very weak under the limited dosage (1.5 mg/L), however increased ozone dosage (3.8 mg O3/L) showed high removal efficiency (84.8% for 2-MIB) at contact time 6.4 minutes. According to the initial concentrations of 2-MIB and geosmin, their removal efficiencies by filter/adsorber differed from 25.7% to 88.4%. For all those, however, remaining concentrations of target materials in finished waters were maintained below 30 ng/L. The longer run-time given for the filter/adsorber, the higher the effluent concentration generated. So it is necessary that the run-time of the filter/adsorber be decreased, when 2-MIB or geosmin occurs in raw water.

Treatment of taste and odor causing substances in drinking water

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngsug Kim ◽  
Yeongho Lee ◽  
Chai S. Gee ◽  
Euiso Choi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Process Scheme ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Detectable Concentration ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

To collect fundamental data for the improvement of drinking water quality, focusing on the removal of 2-MIB, Geosmin, IPMP, IBMP and TCA, a total of 20m3/d pilot plant was operated with process schemes of GAC with post-O3(PP-I), and without ozonation(PP-II). Five taste and odor causing substances could be removed to non-detectable concentration with PP-I, but GAC alone was not so effective as PP-I. The larger the EBCT and Iodine Number of GAC column employed, the higher the removal efficiencies expected. The minimum EBCT and Iodine Number were respectively 15 min and 1,000 mg/g of GAC column. Geosmin removal efficiencies ranged 30 to 40% at 15.6 ng/l during conventional process scheme, but 70 to 80% removal was achieved by the PP-I and 60 to 70% by PP-II was achieved. IPMP removal efficiencies were 60 to 80% with GAC only. IBMP and TCA were seldom detected in raw water samples, but TCA was the most difficult to remove of five taste and odor causing substances.

The Detection of Taste and Odor in Osaka's Drinking Water

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sano
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Odor Concentration ◽  
Consumer Panel ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
Taste Assessment

Laboratory and consumer panels were used to determine the threshold odor concentration(TOO of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin in water. The consumer panel was also used to assess the taste of tap water. The results showed that laboratory panel TOCs of MIB and geosmin were 4 and 94 ng/l respectively, while those of consumer panels were 12 and 360 ng/l respectively. In taste assessment, 8% of consumers assessed drinking water as offensive or bad even when the tap water wasn't contaminated by musty odor substances. However if it was contaminated by MIB at its TOC level, 17% of consumers assessed the water as offensive and bad.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Schools in a District Area in Hanoi, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863022095967
Author(s):  
Dang The Hung ◽  
Vu Thi Cuc ◽  
Vu Thi Bich Phuong ◽  
Dao Thi Thanh Diu ◽  
Nguyen Thi Huyen Trang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Taste And Odor

Background: Drinking water quality affects directly human health. Assessment and prevention of water-borne diseases are crucial for primary prevention, especially for children. Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the quality of drinking water from tap water in preschools and primary schools in a district area in Hanoi City, Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from August to October 2019. Water samples from tap water of 154 schools in a district area of Hanoi were collected to determine the quality of drinking water. From each school, at least 2 bottles of water samples were collected on the basis of a standard operating procedure (SOP). Each water sample was analyzed for microbial and physicochemical parameters, including Color, Taste and Odor, Turbidity, pH, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonium, Total Iron, Permanganate, Chloride, Hardness, Total Manganese, Sulfate, Arsenic, Coliform, and E.coli, by analytical methods. The obtained values of each parameter were compared with the standard values set by WHO and National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Quality of Vietnam. Results: All of the schools employed community water system as a main source for drinking water. The results showed that all tested samples were found to be within the standards for some physicochemical properties, including Color, Taste and Odor, Hardness, Chloride, Total Iron (Fe2+ và Fe3+), Total Manganese (Mn), Nitrate (NO3–), Sulfate (SO42–), and Total Arsenic (As). On the other hand, some samples did not meet the allowable limits of the national standard, due to pH (3.9%), Turbidity (0.6%), Nitrite (3.2%), Permanganate (6.5%), and Ammonium (5.8%). Furthermore, the microbial data revealed that the substandard water samples from municipal water systems were contaminated by Coliform (9.7%) and/or E.coli (7.8%). Conclusions and recommendations: Contaminants such as bacterial and chemical agents in to drinking water could be occurred during transport, storage and handling before using by the consumer without regular surveillance. A periodic treatment procedure and monitoring system to keep the level of microbial and chemical contamination of drinking water in schools under control should be performed.

scholarly journals Estimation of endotoxin inhalation from shower and humidifier exposure reveals potential risk to human health

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Anderson ◽  
D. George Dixon ◽  
Colin I. Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

This paper investigates potential exposure to endotoxin in drinking water through the inhalation of aerosols generated by showers and humidifiers. Adverse health effects attributable to the inhalation of airborne endotoxin in various occupational settings are summarized, as are controlled laboratory inhalation studies. Data from investigations estimating aerosolization of particulate matter by showers and humidifiers provide a basis for similar analyses with endotoxin, which like minerals in water, is nonvolatile. A theoretical assessment of the inhalation of aerosolized endotoxin showed that while the likelihood of an acute response while showering is minimal, the same is not true for humidifiers. Ultrasonic and impeller (cool mist) humidifiers efficiently produce large numbers of respirable particles. It is predicted that airway inflammation can occur if humidifier reservoirs are filled with tap water, sometimes even at typical drinking-water distribution-system endotoxin concentrations. Higher endotoxin levels occasionally found in drinking water (&gt;1,000 EU/ml) are very likely to induce symptoms such as chills and fever if used as humidifier feed water. While it is unlikely that treated drinking water would contain extremely high endotoxin levels occasionally observed in cyanobacterial blooms (&gt;35,000 EU/ml), the potential for serious acute health consequences exist if used in humidifiers.

scholarly journals IMPROVING CYANOBACTERIA AND CYANOTOXIN MONITORING IN SURFACE WATERS FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Linda Parkefelt ◽  
Kenneth M Persson ◽  
Heidi Pekar
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

Cyanobacteria in fresh water can cause serious threats to drinking water supplies. Managing cyanobacterial blooms particularly at small drinking water treatment plants is challenging. Because large amount of cyanobacteria may cause clogging in the treatment process and various cyanotoxins are hard to remove, while they may cause severe health problems. There is lack of instructions of what cyanobacteria/toxin amount should trigger what kind of actions for drink-ing water management except for Microcystins. This demands a Cyanobacteria Management Tool (CMT) to help regula-tors/operators to improve cyanobacteria/cyanotoxin monitoring in surface waters for drinking water supply. This project proposes a CMT tool, including selecting proper indicators for quick cyanobacteria monitoring and verifying quick analysis methods for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin. This tool is suggested for raw water management regarding cyano-bacteria monitoring in lakes, especially in boreal forest climate. In addition, it applies to regions that apply international WHO standards for water management. In Swedish context, drinking water producers which use raw water from lakes that experience cyanobacterial blooms, need to create a monitoring routine for cyanobacteria/cyanotoxin and to monitor beyond such as Anatoxins, Cylindrospermopsins and Saxitoxins. Using the proposed CMT tool will increase water safety at surface water treatment plants substantially by introducing three alerting points for actions. CMT design for each local condition should integrate adaptive monitoring program.

scholarly journals Quality of raw water in the Guandu Basin of Rio de Janeiro state during water crisis of 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Adriana Sotero-Martins ◽  
Aloysio Da Silva Ferrão-Filho ◽  
José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos ◽  
Priscila Gonçalves Moura ◽  
Natasha Berendonk Handam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Basic Sanitation

At the beginning of 2020, about 9 million inhabitants of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, dependent on the Guandu Basin, experienced a water-supply crisis when their water tasted badly and gave off an odor. This work presents the results of analyses of the sanitary quality of raw water in this system at two different times during the water crisis, with respect to the presence of cyanobacteria found using metagenomic studies, and cyanotoxins, microcystin (MC) and saxitoxin (SXT) quantified by ELISA. Analyses of raw water quality parameters were carried out through the determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli levels and some physical-chemical parameters. The raw water collected in both periods presented levels of Escherichia coli levels above the maximum allowed values (MAV) described in Resolution 357/2000 of the National Environmental Agency, as well as the levels of MC in a filter sample. The physical-chemical parameters analyzed and the SXT levels were in accordance with this resolution. The most abundant cyanobacterial genus in the critical period was Planktothricoides sp. Therefore, it is necessary to implement basic sanitation in cities upstream from the point of capture of raw water from this source, so that events similar to those that occurred in the 2020 water crisis do not recur.

A new analytical tool to assess health risks associated with the virological quality of drinking water (EMIRA study)

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gofti-Laroche ◽  
B. Gratacap-Cavallier ◽  
O. Genoulaz ◽  
J. C. Joret ◽  
Ph. Hartemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Fast Detection ◽  
Promising Tool

This work assessed the risks associated with the virological quality of tapwater using a molecular analytical tool manageable in a field survey. It combined a daily epidemiological follow-up of digestive morbidity among a panel of volunteers and a microbiological surveillance of drinking water. RT-PCR was used for detection of enterovirus, rotavirus and astrovirus. 712 cases of acute digestive conditions occurred in the 544 volunteers. 38% (9/24) raw water and 23% (10/44) tap water samples were positive for at least one virus marker with 9/10 positive tap water samples complying with bacterial criteria. No statistically significant association was found between the presence of viral markers and observed incidence of digestive morbidity. However, when an outbreak occurred, enterovirus and rotavirus RNA was detected in the corresponding stored tap water samples. Sequencing of the amplified fragments showed that the rotavirus detected was of bovine origin. This work demonstrated that enteric virus markers were common in tapwater of the study communities (characterised by a vulnerable raw water) despite absence of bacterial indicators. Tangential ultrafiltration coupled to RT-PCR allowed a simultaneous and fast detection of the study viruses from environmental samples. This process is a promising tool usable for virological water surveillance, in as much the corresponding know-how is transferred to the field professionals.

Application of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Disinfection

2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Deng Ling Jiang ◽  
Bo Wen Chen ◽  
Guo Wei Ni
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection ◽  
By Products

Chlorine dioxide was applied to drinking water for reducing the quantity of organic pollutants such as chloroform and the taste and odor problems. A modified mode for operation in tap water plant was proposed following an investigation of the reaction mechanism by which ClO2 reacts with aquatic organic materials. By using such techniques, by-products such as chlorite and chlorate were effectively minimized and high quality drinking water was produced with reduced production cost of water treatment.

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