scholarly journals Economics and politics of the great change: Mikhail Gorbachev versus Deng Xiaoping

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kolodko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Previous State ◽  
A Minor

In the history of mankind, there has never been a case where, in a brief episode of the life of one generation, mutual economic relations have changed on such a large scale for so many people as they did in China and Russia in 1989-2020. Both countries are undergoing profound structural and institutional changes, but while the former recorded impressive results in terms of developing and catching up with advanced economies, the latter’s achievements have been very modest. While China has multiplied production to become a world economic power, Russia's economy has grown modestly and plays a minor role in the globalization process. In just a few years, the level of production and the standard of living of the Chinese population will first equalize and then exceed the level achieved by Russia. This happened due to many factors – from the traditional cultural heritage to geopolitical conditions, from the legacy from the previous state socialism to different natural resources bases – however, the nature and duration of the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China and Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia were of fundamental importance. Without taking into account the influence of the thoughts and actions of these two statesmen, it is impossible to understand the essence of tectonic changes that have occurred in the world economy recently. While Deng Xiaoping prioritized pro-growth-oriented economic reforms, while doing little in the realm of political liberalization, Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to combine political and economic liberalization, but failed to do so. The effects of decisions made several decades ago are still felt today. Evidently, Deng Xiaoping's approach proved to be more effective than Gorbachev's reforms. In the latter case, they took Russia and other post-Soviet republics in a completely different direction than that assumed by their architect.

scholarly journals Economics and Politics of the Great Change: Mikhail Gorbachev versus Deng Xiaoping

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kołodko
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Economics And Politics

In the history of mankind, there has never been a case where, in a brief episode of the life of one generation, mutual economic relations have changed on such a large scale for so many people as they did in China and Russia in 1989-2020. Both countries are undergoing profound structural and institutional changes, but while the former recorded impressive results in terms of developing and catching up with advanced economies, the latter’s achievements have been very modest. This happened due to many factors – from the traditional cultural heritage to geopolitical conditions, from the legacy from the previous state socialism to different natural resources bases – however, the nature and duration of the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China and Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia were of fundamental importance. Without taking into account the influence of the thoughts and actions of these two statesmen, it is impossible to understand the essence of tectonic changes that have occurred in the world economy recently.

scholarly journals The Power of Shop Culture

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Olssen ◽  
Jeremy Brecher
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
The Political ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hiring And Firing ◽  
A Minor

SummaryThis paper investigates the history of the labour process in New Zealand's state-owned railway workshops and questions the idea that large-scale industry inevitably destroyed whatever agency skilled workers had enjoyed. It also shows that relations of production vary with the political and cultural contexts. Craft control of the labour process survived in New Zealand's state-owned railway workshops and the union played only a minor role. Jop control was more important in achieving bureaucratic instead of autocratic control over such matters as hiring and firing; the retention of apprentice-based crafts; the institutionalization of seniority; and in resisting both de-skilling and the “premium bonus”. The strength and vitality of shop culture, based on craft control of the labour process, also survived and modified the Government's vigorous attempt to introduce “scientific management”. In brief the article concludes that productive processes do not inevitably determine social relations of production, that capitalism has been neither homogeneous nor uniform, and that mechanization never inevitably results in de-skilling.

scholarly journals Energy release and conversion by reconnection in the magnetotail

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 3365-3373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Birn ◽  
M. Hesse
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Energy Release ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Ohmic Dissipation ◽  
Particle Simulations ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Reconnection Site ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. Magnetic reconnection is the crucial process in the release of magnetic energy previously stored in the magnetotail in association with substorms. However, energy transfer and dissipation in the vicinity of the reconnection site is only a minor part of the energy conversion. We discuss the energy release, transport, and conversion based on large-scale resistive MHD simulations of magnetotail dynamics and more localized full particle simulations of reconnection. We address in particular, where the energy is released, how it propagates and where and how it is converted from one form into another. We find that Joule (or ohmic) dissipation plays only a minor role in the overall energy transfer. Bulk kinetic energy, although locally significant in the outflow from the reconnection site, plays a more important role as mediator or catalyst in the transfer between magnetic and thermal energy. Generator regions with potential auroral consequences are located primarily off the equatorial plane in the boundary regions of the plasma sheet.

scholarly journals New Findings on Evolution of Metal Homeostasis Genes: Evidence from Comparative Genome Analysis of Bacteria and Archaea

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 7083-7091 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Coombs ◽  
T. Barkay
Keyword(s):  
Metal Binding ◽  
Metal Homeostasis ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Atpase Gene ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Multiple Loss

ABSTRACT In order to examine the natural history of metal homeostasis genes in prokaryotes, open reading frames with homology to characterized PIB-type ATPases from the genomes of 188 bacteria and 22 archaea were investigated. Major findings were as follows. First, a high diversity in N-terminal metal binding motifs was observed. These motifs were distributed throughout bacterial and archaeal lineages, suggesting multiple loss and acquisition events. Second, the CopA locus separated into two distinct phylogenetic clusters, CopA1, which contained ATPases with documented Cu(I) influx activity, and CopA2, which contained both efflux and influx transporters and spanned the entire diversity of the bacterial domain, suggesting that CopA2 is the ancestral locus. Finally, phylogentic incongruences between 16S rRNA and PIB-type ATPase gene trees identified at least 14 instances of lateral gene transfer (LGT) that had occurred among diverse microbes. Results from bootstrapped supported nodes indicated that (i) a majority of the transfers occurred among proteobacteria, most likely due to the phylogenetic relatedness of these organisms, and (ii) gram-positive bacteria with low moles percent G+C were often involved in instances of LGT. These results, together with our earlier work on the occurrence of LGT in subsurface bacteria (J. M. Coombs and T. Barkay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:1698-1707, 2004), indicate that LGT has had a minor role in the evolution of PIB-type ATPases, unlike other genes that specify survival in metal-stressed environments. This study demonstrates how examination of a specific locus across microbial genomes can contribute to the understanding of phenotypes that are critical to the interactions of microbes with their environment.

scholarly journals TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Transit Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ivan The Terrible

The history of Russian-Dutch relations dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when Dutch merchants first appeared in Arkhangelsk. Subsequently, at the end of the XVII centuryPeter I sent to European countries, including Netherlands, the Great Embassy, the results and experience of which played a recognized historical role in his large-scale socio-economic reforms in Russian Empire. At the present stage, Netherlands for Russia is one of the key suppliers of high-tech goods, services, competencies and management technologies mostly in all sectors of national economy, a transit country and a logistics hub for Russian exports, as well as an important partner in the field of cross-border investments. The article also analyzes the features of the Kingdom's economy, its place in global trade and key competitiveness rankings. In recent decades, Netherlands has confidently occupied one of the leading positions in European and world trade, ahead of many major economic partners and competitors. The author concludes that the importance of the progressive development of trade and economic relations with countries such as the Netherlands, cooperation with which has a generally positive impact on the transformation of the Russian economy, contributes to the diversification of exports, investments, attracting advanced competencies and innovations.

scholarly journals LIMINAL CRAFT, EXCEPTIONAL LAW: PRELIMINARY NOTES ON MIDWIVES IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC WRITINGS

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 202a-202a ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Giladi
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
The Moment ◽  
A Minor

In this article, the first fruit of an ongoing research on the sociocultural history of midwifery in medieval Muslim societies, I trace the attitudes toward midwives as revealed in Arabic biographical, medical, and legal texts. These texts, the product of male scholars, mirror an ambivalent attitude toward midwives: a mixture of repressed admiration, open repulsion, and fear. Thus, midwives are almost totally absent from Islamic scriptures, and Muslim writers make them play only a minor role in biographical and hagiographic literature, where the midwives of the Prophet's family are consciously or unconsciously “blocked” from becoming mythological figures. Women, sometimes hesitatingly identified as midwives, nevertheless played a role through their very presence at the moment of the Prophet's birth. In a storylike manner, they set an example for the implication of the legal rules concerning the midwife's exceptional status as a witness in court, rules that were formulated and consolidated in the formative period of Islamic law side by side with the traditions on the Prophet Muhammad's birth.

scholarly journals Flow Topology of Three-Dimensional Spherical Flame in Shock Accelerated Flows

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yuejin Zhu ◽  
Lei Yu ◽  
Gang Dong ◽  
Jianfeng Pan ◽  
Zhenhua Pan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Reflected Shock Wave ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Flow Topology ◽  
Reflected Shock ◽  
Compression And Expansion ◽  
Scale Turbulence ◽  
A Minor

The flow topologies of compressible large-scale distorted flames are studied by means of the analysis of the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor (VGT). The results indicate that compressibility plays a minor role in the distorted flame zone. And the joint probability density function (p.d.f.) of the Q-R diagram appears as a teardrop shape, which is a universal feature of turbulence. Therefore, the distorted flame exhibits the characteristic of large-scale turbulence combustion, especially behind the reflected shock wave, while the p.d.f. of the QS⁎-QW diagram implies that the dissipation is enhanced in the compression and expansion regions, where it is higher than that when P=0. Furthermore, we identify that the flame evolution is dominated by rotation by means of a quantitative statistical study, and the SFS topology is the predominant flow pattern. Not surprisingly, negative dilatation could suppress the unstable topologies, whereas positive dilatation could suppress the stable topologies.

scholarly journals Multiple large-scale gene and genome duplications during the evolution of hexapods

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (18) ◽  
pp. 4713-4718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Li ◽  
George P. Tiley ◽  
Sally R. Galuska ◽  
Chris R. Reardon ◽  
Thomas I. Kidder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Gene Retention ◽  
Insect Phylogeny ◽  
Genome Duplications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gene Age

Polyploidy or whole genome duplication (WGD) is a major contributor to genome evolution and diversity. Although polyploidy is recognized as an important component of plant evolution, it is generally considered to play a relatively minor role in animal evolution. Ancient polyploidy is found in the ancestry of some animals, especially fishes, but there is little evidence for ancient WGDs in other metazoan lineages. Here we use recently published transcriptomes and genomes from more than 150 species across the insect phylogeny to investigate whether ancient WGDs occurred during the evolution of Hexapoda, the most diverse clade of animals. Using gene age distributions and phylogenomics, we found evidence for 18 ancient WGDs and six other large-scale bursts of gene duplication during insect evolution. These bursts of gene duplication occurred in the history of lineages such as the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, and Odonata. To further corroborate the nature of these duplications, we evaluated the pattern of gene retention from putative WGDs observed in the gene age distributions. We found a relatively strong signal of convergent gene retention across many of the putative insect WGDs. Considering the phylogenetic breadth and depth of the insect phylogeny, this observation is consistent with polyploidy as we expect dosage balance to drive the parallel retention of genes. Together with recent research on plant evolution, our hexapod results suggest that genome duplications contributed to the evolution of two of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes on Earth.

Talking about MOTION in Old English

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Huber
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
English Version ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Text Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Analysis Of Motion ◽  
Manner Verbs

The analysis of the 189 Old English motion verbs shows that Old English has a large manner vocabulary and various non-motion verbs attested in motion readings, which are discussed in this chapter. It is argued that although there are Old English path verbs, hardly any of them can be considered as pure path verbs (except nēahlǣcan, genēahian ‘to approach’), a diagnosis which is supported by an investigation of how Latin path verbs are translated in the Old English version of the gospels. The analysis of motion expression in different texts reveals that Old English can be seen as strongly satellite-framing, with the proportion of manner verbs as opposed to neutral verbs depending on text type. The chapter also addresses the changing realization of satellites in the history of English: In the Old English texts analysed, satellites are typically realized by prepositional phrases and adverbs, while true prefixes only play a minor role.

Vadose Zone, Part II : Transport

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Gravitational Flow ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Mc Simulation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Data Requirements

This chapter is an extension of our discussion on transport in chapters 7 to 10. Our goal here is to explore a few aspects of the transport problem which are unique to variably saturated soils. The heterogeneity of soils affects transport of solutes in the vadose zone in different ways. It leads to irregular and hard-to-predict spreading of the solutes. The solutes may be channeled through highly conductive flow channels where diffusion plays only a minor role. This may lead to concentrations which are high and travel times which are fast compared to what one may anticipate by assuming that the medium is homogeneous. Evidence for such behavior was found in field experiments (cf. Wierenga et al., 1991; Ellsworth et al., 1991; Ritsema et al., 1998; Sassner et al., 1994) and in large-scale laboratory experiments (Dagan et al., 1991). Hence, the effects of heterogeneity must be recognized and modeled. The effects of heterogeneity can be modeled by employing the stochastic concepts discussed in earlier chapters. The approach for modeling contaminant transport which is the least restrictive in terms of assumptions introduced is the MC simulation. This approach will be reviewed briefly in section 12.1. Modeling of the mean concentration along our discussion in chapter 8 is computationally less demanding compared to MC simulations, yet is less informative since the concentration in the field can hardly be expected to be equal to its expected value. Applications along that line are limited since deriving the macrodispersion coefficients needed for such an undertaking is difficult. Nonetheless, we shall discussed this approach in section 12.2, for the insight into the transport processes it provides. A few simple models are available for gravitational flow through shallow depths. These methods are of course limited in applications, yet they are less demanding in terms of data requirements and the computational efforts involved. Such methods are the focus of the last section in this chapter. The concept of MC simulation was discussed in earlier chapters.

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