scholarly journals Economics and Politics of the Great Change: Mikhail Gorbachev versus Deng Xiaoping

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kołodko
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Economics And Politics

In the history of mankind, there has never been a case where, in a brief episode of the life of one generation, mutual economic relations have changed on such a large scale for so many people as they did in China and Russia in 1989-2020. Both countries are undergoing profound structural and institutional changes, but while the former recorded impressive results in terms of developing and catching up with advanced economies, the latter’s achievements have been very modest. This happened due to many factors – from the traditional cultural heritage to geopolitical conditions, from the legacy from the previous state socialism to different natural resources bases – however, the nature and duration of the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China and Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia were of fundamental importance. Without taking into account the influence of the thoughts and actions of these two statesmen, it is impossible to understand the essence of tectonic changes that have occurred in the world economy recently.

scholarly journals Economics and politics of the great change: Mikhail Gorbachev versus Deng Xiaoping

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kolodko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Previous State ◽  
A Minor

In the history of mankind, there has never been a case where, in a brief episode of the life of one generation, mutual economic relations have changed on such a large scale for so many people as they did in China and Russia in 1989-2020. Both countries are undergoing profound structural and institutional changes, but while the former recorded impressive results in terms of developing and catching up with advanced economies, the latter’s achievements have been very modest. While China has multiplied production to become a world economic power, Russia's economy has grown modestly and plays a minor role in the globalization process. In just a few years, the level of production and the standard of living of the Chinese population will first equalize and then exceed the level achieved by Russia. This happened due to many factors – from the traditional cultural heritage to geopolitical conditions, from the legacy from the previous state socialism to different natural resources bases – however, the nature and duration of the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China and Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia were of fundamental importance. Without taking into account the influence of the thoughts and actions of these two statesmen, it is impossible to understand the essence of tectonic changes that have occurred in the world economy recently. While Deng Xiaoping prioritized pro-growth-oriented economic reforms, while doing little in the realm of political liberalization, Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to combine political and economic liberalization, but failed to do so. The effects of decisions made several decades ago are still felt today. Evidently, Deng Xiaoping's approach proved to be more effective than Gorbachev's reforms. In the latter case, they took Russia and other post-Soviet republics in a completely different direction than that assumed by their architect.

scholarly journals TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Transit Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ivan The Terrible

The history of Russian-Dutch relations dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when Dutch merchants first appeared in Arkhangelsk. Subsequently, at the end of the XVII centuryPeter I sent to European countries, including Netherlands, the Great Embassy, the results and experience of which played a recognized historical role in his large-scale socio-economic reforms in Russian Empire. At the present stage, Netherlands for Russia is one of the key suppliers of high-tech goods, services, competencies and management technologies mostly in all sectors of national economy, a transit country and a logistics hub for Russian exports, as well as an important partner in the field of cross-border investments. The article also analyzes the features of the Kingdom's economy, its place in global trade and key competitiveness rankings. In recent decades, Netherlands has confidently occupied one of the leading positions in European and world trade, ahead of many major economic partners and competitors. The author concludes that the importance of the progressive development of trade and economic relations with countries such as the Netherlands, cooperation with which has a generally positive impact on the transformation of the Russian economy, contributes to the diversification of exports, investments, attracting advanced competencies and innovations.

The history of evaluation in accounting as a reflection of the causal relationships between its evolution and the stages of the world economy development

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1383-1403
Author(s):  
T.Yu. Druzhilovskaya ◽  
E.S. Druzhilovskaya
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
World Community ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Subject. This article explores the issues related to the history of valuation as an element of the accounting method. Objectives. The article aims to identify cause and effect relationships between the development stages of approaches to the assessment of accounting objects and the most significant events and developments in the world economy. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of critical analysis, synthesis, comparison, observation, and analogy. Results. The article systematizes and describes the stages of evolution of approaches to evaluation in the process of historical accounting development, and also identifies and substantiates the cause and effect relationships between qualitatively different stages of the evolution of the evaluation of accounting objects and the most significant events and developments in the world economy. Conclusions and Relevance. The gradual complication of economic relations in society, the expansion and complexity of production and commodity exchange processes complicate approaches to the evaluation of accounting objects and the extension of the range of assessments used. This leads the world community to seek the best estimates for different accounting objects and items, and develop a methodological justification for approaches to their definition. The results obtained have both applied and theoretical applications in the field of financial accounting.

The Vaitupu Company Revisited: Reflections and Second Thoughts on Methodology and Mindset

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Munro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
The Moment

It has been said that “Old movies seen again after many years seem different not because they have altered but because we have.” For the same reason, a rereading of older historical texts will convey different meanings, and reveal deficiencies and perhaps even profundities that were not initially apparent. In this paper, these observations are applied to a piece of research that was special to me at the time. I now see more clearly the extent to which my methods and mindset were a product of time, of place, and of my own training and preferences. So I will retrace my footsteps—insofar as is possible after all these years—and consider how the preconceptions and expectations of the moment affected the outcome. In other words, to reflect on the nature of thinking and writing.My research was not concerned with African but Pacific Islands history. From the mid 1970s through to the early 1980s I engaged in dissertation work in the nineteenth-century history of Tuvalu, formerly the Ellice Islands. Older maps will identify Tuvalu as the southern portion of a British dependency, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (astride the equator and just east of the International Date Line). The nine Tuvalu islands are tiny even by the standards of coral atolls; by far the largest is Vaitupu at about six square kilometers, and the group remains economically unimportant and strategically insignificant. During the nineteenth century Tuvalu was incorporated into the world economy through the whaling industry and the copra trade, and further exposed to Western influences by missionization. The paucity of exploitable resources, however, coupled with an inhospitable environment and smallness of scale, rendered the islands unsuitable for large-scale European settlement and muted the potential disruptions of outside contacts. But there were aberrant events, such as the Vaitupu Company, which placed individual island communities under strain from time to time.

scholarly journals Economic Studies

2014 ◽  
pp. 171-181
Author(s):  
A. V. Kholopov
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Studies

The establishment of the School of Economic Science at MGIMO was due to the necessity of the world economy research, and the need to prepare highly skilled specialists in international economics. The school is developing a number of areas, which reflect the Faculty structure. - Economic theory is one of the most important research areas, a kind of foundation of the School of Economic Science at MGIMO. Economic theory studies are carried out at the chair of Economic theory. "The course of economic theory" textbook was published in 1991, and later it was reprinted seven times. Over the past few years other textbooks and manuals have been published, including "Economics for Managers" by Professor S.N. Ivashkovskaya, which survived through five editions; "International Economics" - four editions and "History of Economic Thought" - three editions. - International Economic Relations are carried out by the Department of International Economic Relations and Foreign Economic Activity. Its establishment is associated with the prominent economist N.N. Lyubimov. In 1957 he with his colleagues published the first textbook on the subject which went through multiple republications. The editorial team of the textbook subsequently formed the pride of Soviet economic science - S.M. Menshikov, E.P. Pletnev, V.D. Schetinin. Since 2007, the chair of Foreign Economic Activities led by Doctor of Economics, Professor I. Platonova has been investigating the problems of improving the architecture of foreign economic network and the international competitiveness of Russia; - The history of the study of problems of the world economy at MGIMO begins in 1958 at the chair baring the same name. Since 1998, the department has been headed by Professor A. Bulatov; - The study of international monetary relations is based on the chair of International Finance, and is focused on addressing the fundamental scientific and practical problems; - The chair "Banks, monetary circulation and credit" was created in February 2012. It is head by Professor G.S. Panova. The members of the chair are experienced bank employees; - The field of practical application of research results in the field of accounting, statistics and auditing has been expanding in recent years. The research in the field is conducted at the synonymous chair; - An important direction of development of economic studies at MGIMO is a risk management and insurance. Established in 1993, the Department of Risk Management and Insurance is headed by Professor R.T. Yuldashev.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON WORLD ECONOMY: THE FIRST SUMMARY OF 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateryna Sydorenko ◽  
◽  
Olha Sheremet ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World

The purpose of article is to comprehensively assess the consequences of COVID-19 for global economy, regions, industries and different forms of international economic relations. In early 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. To save the lives of citizens and the integrity of the health care system, countries were forced to resort to radical measures: lockdowns, which included the complete or partial cessation of international traffic and the reduction of economic activity. Such actions had a negative impact on the world economy: a drop in world production, a decrease in international demand, an increase in unemployment and poverty, a decline in FDI flows. The situation has reached the level of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The COVID-19 crisis has affected regions in different ways. The research methodology combines general and special methods of scientific knowledge: descriptive-analytical, analysis and synthesis, methods of quantitative and qualitative comparisons. The information basis of the article is research and periodical publications of foreign economists, materials and analytical reports of international organizations. The results of the study revealed that the global economic crisis caused by COVID-19 started with China, which applied extremely strict quarantine restrictions and already at the end of 2020 showed economic growth. And gradually spread to Europe, North America and the rest of the world. The negative impact of COVID-19 on developed countries with a high proportion of the older people among the population most vulnerable to the disease has been most noticeable. Europe is the region that has suffered the most. For Latin America, Africa and parts of developing Asia, the COVID-19 crisis has been burdened by permanent economic problems and natural disasters: the weakness of the financial system, large public debt, high dependence on commodity prices, locust infestations etc. Developed countries had a margin of stability, so they conducted large-scale programs to support business and households, especially effective were credit guarantee and job preservation state programs. While developing countries were less affected by the spread of the disease but did not have the financial resources to deploy large-scale government assistance programs. New imbalances have emerged in the structure of the world economy. Some industries suffered huge losses and found themselves on the brink of survival (tourism, hotel and restaurant business, entertainment, etc.), unemployment rose significantly; others, on the contrary, worked at full capacity 24/7 and workers were forced to work overtime. FDI flows fell below the level of 2008-2009. The least FDI came to developed countries. Most FDI accounted for mergers and acquisitions in 2020, while investment in existing production assets suffered the most. This trend is expected to continue in 2021. According to the forecast, 2021 should mark the beginning of economic recovery, but it is unlikely to reach the level of 2019. The results of this study could be used in further research, also as in development, planning and implementation of state crisis strategies.

scholarly journals Research on development of nanotechnology in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2022 ◽  
Vol 320 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
A.A. Nauryzbayeva ◽  
◽  
A.B. Rakhmatulina ◽  
A.E. Uderbayeva ◽  
А.K. Zhunusova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Policy ◽  
Research Production ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Science Production

In the history of civilization, materials and technology that defined the face of the era have appeared more than once. It is enough to recall the “age” of bronze and iron, steam and electricity, the atomic “age” and the computer age. Nanomaterials (NM) are undoubtedly among such materials, and the 21st century opens the era of nanotechnology. Most experts in the field of science and technology policy, strategic planning and investment are confident that in the next decade nanorevolution is expected in all areas of science, production, defense, medicine, mode of life, recreation and entertainment. Its consequences will be more extensive than the consequences of the computer revolution in the last third of the 20th century, i.e., a large-scale and systematic invasion of nanostructured materials, products and methods of their production will literally come to all spheres of life. The paper analyzes the ways of nanotechnology development and the use of various nanomaterials and nanoproducts in various sectors of the world economy and environmental protection. Nanotechnology is a field of fundamental and applied science that provides theoretical justification for practical methods of research, production, and products application with an atomic structure by manipulating atoms and molecules. The aim of the work is to study the development of nanotechnology and its role in the modern economy. The article considers the ways of development of nanotechnology in Kazakhstan, as well as promising directions of their development and application in the field of mechanical engineering and industry in general.

Materials for the history of the gospel-Baptist movement in Ukraine

1996 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
S. Golovaschenko ◽  
Petro Kosuha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Evangelical Christians ◽  
Evangelical Christian ◽  
First Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fruitful Cooperation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The report is based on the first results of the study "The History of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists in Ukraine", carried out in 1994-1996 by the joint efforts of the Department of Religious Studies at the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Odessa Theological Seminary of Evangelical Christian Baptists. A large-scale description and research of archival sources on the history of evangelical movements in our country gave the first experience of fruitful cooperation between secular and church researchers.

Traditions of foreign countries studies in modern russian economic expertise

2015 ◽  
pp. 116-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Modern Application ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
World Development

The article deals with Russian traditions of studies of foreign countries which have become an intellectual pillar for Russian economic expertise. The modern application of experience of Soviet scientific schools in international studies is shown, especially in the fields of world development forecasts, analysis of Russian foreign economic relations and research of economic policy abroad. The article is based on open sources with publications, reports and presentations about expert and analytical activities of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and other institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, VNIKI-Institute, MGIMO-University and some other centers. It is explained that results of international studies have become a necessary element for consulting of governmental bodies and businessmen in the epoch of globalization.

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