scholarly journals Rheological and electrokinetic properties of composite coal-aqueous fuel based on organic wastewater stabilized by carbon microparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
A. S. Makarov ◽  
◽  
R. E. Klishchenko ◽  
A. I. Egurnov ◽  
I. V. Kornienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Dispersion Medium ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Plasma Chemical ◽  
Sedimentation Stability ◽  
Coal Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organic Wastewater

Man-caused load on sources of industrial and domestic water supply, which causes the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater, is one of the great environmental problems in Ukraine. The traditional way of solving this problem, associated with the disposal of such waters by adsorption, membrane or catalytic technologies, has a number of disadvantages associated with large volumes and a wide range of pollutants, traditional methods often require preparatory measures, time-consuming, scarce materials and expensive equipment. It would be ideal to create waste-free circulating water supply technologies, but these options are still far from being mass-produced. A promising way to solve these problems is to organize such production cycles, where the disposal of toxic wastewater will be combined with recovery technologies. Industrial and domestic wastewater often contains a significant proportion of the organic component. These are oil products, by-products of organic synthesis, spent lubricating and cooling suspensions, waste from the food, alcohol and pulp and paper industries, dyes and pigments, etc. All this waste is energy saturated and can be separated and used as fuel. However, due to low concentrations in most wastewater, their separation is economically unprofitable. A method is proposed for neutralizing toxic organic wastewater by using it as a dispersion medium for composite coal-aqueous fuel (CAF). The possibility of priming carbon microparticles obtained by preliminary plasma-chemical treatment of an organic dispersion medium to stabilize composite coal-water fuel were investigated. Waste cutting fluid (JCL) was used as an organic dispersion medium; anthracite served as the dispersed phase. A CAF sample was obtained based on anthracite from Ukrainian deposits with a solid phase (W) content of 70 mass. %, and studied its electrokinetic and rheological properties. It has been found that the preliminary plasma-chemical conversion of organic wastewater used as a dispersion medium for composite water-coal fuel significantly improves the operational properties of CAF. The growth of sedimentation stability and the optimization of the effective viscosity are achieved mainly through the implementation of the structural and mechanical factor by increasing the number of contacts with the introduction of a highly dispersed fraction of carbon microparticles and increasing the electrostatic repulsion of the elements of the suspension structure. Thus, the sedimentation stability of the obtained CAF is significantly improved in comparison with conventional anthracite suspensions in organic wastewater and reaches 2 days without the addition of stabilizers. In the future, it is planned to further improve the properties of CAF by introducing stabilizing reagents and dispersants into its composition.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF WATER-COOLED FUEL (REVIEW)

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Medium ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Sedimentation Stability ◽  
Dispersed System ◽  
Coal Fraction

The perspective of obtaining fuels based on different degrees of metamorphism coals and organic waste has been considered. Coal-water fuel is a highly concentrated dispersed system consisting of a highly dispersed coal fraction and water with additives of plasticizers and stabilizers. Using these additives in the slurry gives possibility to reduce their viscosity, as well as to provide aggregative and sedimentation stability at higher concentrations of the solid phase. To ensure the ecological safety of combustion products in suspension, if it is necessary, products are added such as desulfurizers, corrosion inhibitors. The resulting slurry fuels are highly caloric and environmentally friendly. The suspension fuel caloric content can reach and even exceed the coal energy intensity. Due to this, as one of the components of dispersion medium industrial waste can be used. All harmful organic components decompose and burn at high temperatures (above 1200 °C). Bibl. 25.

Analysis of Aromatic Amines in Industrial Wastewater by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis I. Onuska ◽  
Ken A. Terry ◽  
R. James Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Substituted Anilines ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction Cartridge ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract The analysis of aromatic amines, particularly benzidines, at trace levels in environmental media has been difficult because of the lack of suitable deactivated capillary column stationary phases for gas chromatography. This report describes the use of an improved type of column as well as a method for the analysis of anilines and benzidines in water, wastewater and sewage samples. Extraction procedures are applicable to a wide range of compounds that are effectively partitioned from an aqueous matrix into methylene chloride, or onto a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The extracted analytes are also amenable to separation on a capillary gas chromatographic column and transferable to the mass spectrometer. These contaminants are converted to their N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Aniline and some substituted anilines, and 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and benzidine were determined in 24-h composite industrial water, wastewater, primary sludge and final effluent samples at concentrations from 0.03 up to 2760 µg/L.

Recent Application of Polystyrene-supported Triphenylphosphine in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-678
Author(s):  
Lalthazuala Rokhum ◽  
Ghanashyam Bez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Combinatorial Chemistry ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Recent Application ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
Solid Phase Organic Synthesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Polymer Supported

Recent years have witnessed a fast development of solid phase synthetic pathways, a variety of solid-supported reagent and its applications in diverse synthetic strategies and pharmaceutical applicability’s. Polymer-supported triphenylphosphine is getting a lot of applications owing to the speed and simplicity in the process. Furthermore, ease of recyclability and reuse of polymer-supported triphenylphosphine added its advantages. This review covers a wide range of useful organic transformations which are accomplished using cross-linked polystyrene-supported triphenylphosphine with the aim of giving renewed interest in the field of organic and medicinal-combinatorial chemistry.

scholarly journals Optimal Implementation of Wastewater Reuse in Existing Sewerage Systems to Improve Resilience and Sustainability in Water Supply Systems

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2004
Author(s):  
Aakash Dev ◽  
Timo C. Dilly ◽  
Amin E. Bakhshipour ◽  
Ulrich Dittmer ◽  
S. Murty Bhallamudi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Graywater Reuse ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems

A transition from conventional centralized to hybrid decentralized systems has been increasingly advised recently due to their capability to enhance the resilience and sustainability of urban water supply systems. Reusing treated wastewater for non-potable purposes is a promising opportunity toward the aforementioned resolutions. In this study, we present two optimization models for integrating reusing systems into existing sewerage systems to bridge the supply–demand gap in an existing water supply system. In Model-1, the supply–demand gap is bridged by introducing on-site graywater treatment and reuse, and in Model-2, the gap is bridged by decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse. The applicability of the proposed models is evaluated using two test cases: one a proof-of-concept hypothetical network and the other a near realistic network based on the sewerage network in Chennai, India. The results show that the proposed models outperform the existing approaches by achieving more than a 20% reduction in the cost of procuring water and more than a 36% reduction in the demand for freshwater through the implementation of local on-site graywater reuse for both test cases. These numbers are about 12% and 34% respectively for the implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Hernâni Marques ◽  
Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽  
Tiago Rosado ◽  
Mário Barroso ◽  
Luís A. Passarinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

scholarly journals Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
K. L. Lam ◽  
P. A. Lant ◽  
S. J. Kenway
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Related Energy ◽  
Millennium Drought ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract During the Millennium Drought in Australia, a wide range of supply-side and demand-side water management strategies were adopted in major southeast Australian cities. This study undertakes a time-series quantification (2001–2014) and comparative analysis of the energy use of the urban water supply systems and sewage systems in Melbourne and Sydney before, during and after the drought, and evaluates the energy implications of the drought and the implemented strategies. In addition, the energy implications of residential water use in Melbourne are estimated. The research highlights that large-scale adoption of water conservation strategies can have different impacts on energy use in different parts of the urban water cycle. In Melbourne, the per capita water-related energy use reduction in households related to showering and clothes-washing alone (46% reduction, 580 kWhth/p/yr) was far more substantial than that in the water supply system (32% reduction, 18 kWhth/p/yr). This historical case also demonstrates the importance of balancing supply- and demand-side strategies in managing long-term water security and related energy use. The significant energy saving in water supply systems and households from water conservation can offset the additional energy use from operating energy-intensive supply options such as inter-basin water transfers and seawater desalination during dry years.

Cassava Processing in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Implications for Expanding Cassava Production

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Izu Nweke
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Poor Soil

Cassava makes an important contribution to improving food security and rural incomes in sub-Saharan Africa, as it is tolerant of drought and poor soil and its cultivation does not require much labour. However, the fresh roots are bulky and perishable and need to be processed before they can be marketed; processing also removes the cyanogens which make many varieties poisonous in their raw form. Cassava roots are turned into granules, flours, pastes and chips, with a wide range of flavours and appearances for different areas and markets. Many different processing techniques are used, some of which make intensive use of fuelwood while others require a plentiful water supply. These requirements, as well as the need for a good transport and marketing infrastructure, limit the expansion of cassava production in sub-Saharan Africa, but technical solutions are being found.

scholarly journals A high-throughput and sensitive methodology for the quantification of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine: measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after single solid-phase extraction

2004 ◽  
Vol 380 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Shu LIN ◽  
Andrew M. JENNER ◽  
Choon Nam ONG ◽  
Shan Hong HUANG ◽  
Matthew WHITEMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wide Range

8-Hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) is a widely used biomarker for the measurement of endogenous oxidative DNA damage. A sensitive method for the quantification of 8OHdG in urine by single solid-phase extraction and GC-MS (gas chromatography with MS detection) using selective ion monitoring is described in the present study. After solid-phase extraction, samples are freeze-dried, derivatized by trimethylsilylation and analysed by GC-MS. The urinary 8OHdG was quantified using heavy isotope dilution with [18O]8OHdG. The recovery of 8OHdG after the solid-phase extraction ranged from 70 to 80% for a wide range of urinary 8OHdG levels. Using 1 ml of urine, the limit of quantification was >2.5 nM (2.5 pmol/ml) and the calibration curve was linear in the range 2.5–200 nM. This method was applied to measure 8OHdG in urine samples from 12 healthy subjects. The intra- and inter-day variations were <9%. Urinary 8OHdG levels in spot urine samples from four healthy subjects were also measured for 1 week and, again, the variation was small. The presence of H2O2 in urine did not cause artifactual formation of 8OHdG. Since this assay is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible, it seems suitable to be used as a routine methodology for the measurement of urinary excretion of 8OHdG in large population studies.

scholarly journals Optimization of Plant Extract Purification Procedure for Rapid Screening Analysis of Sixteen Phenolics by Liquid Chromatography

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Petra Ranušová ◽  
Ildikó Matušíková ◽  
Peter Nemeček
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Methoxycinnamic Acid

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for simultaneous monitoring of sixteen different phenolics of various polarity, quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The procedure allowed screening the accumulation of intermediates in different metabolic pathways that play a crucial role in plant physiology and/or are beneficial for human health. Metabolites mostly involved in phenylpropanoid, shikimate, and polyketide pathways comprise chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercetin, epicatechin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, vanillin; two rarely quantified metabolites, 2,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid and 4-methoxycinnamic acid, were included as well. The procedure offered low cost, good overall efficiency, and applicability in laboratories with standard laboratory equipment. SPE recoveries were up to 99.8% at various concentration levels. The method allowed for routine analysis of compounds with a wide range of polarity within a single run, while its applicability was demonstrated for various model plant species (tobacco, wheat, and soybean), as well as different tissue types (shoots and roots).

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