scholarly journals The contribution of Kharkiv enterprises to the rocket and space industry development

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
A.A. Larin ◽  
◽  
M.V. Gutnyk ◽  
S.S. Tkachenko ◽  
S.O. Horielova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Launch Vehicles ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Central State ◽  
Design Bureau ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Ballistic Missiles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

The article reviews the contribution of Ukrainian enterprises to the development of the rocket and space industry. The most important part of a space or combat ballistic missile is the control system (CS), on which the success of its application depends. Kharkov (Kharkiv) enterprises – the “Kommunar” plant and the Design Bureau “Electropriborostroenia” (SDB-692, now the RPA “Khartron”) were the largest manufacturers of control systems not only in Ukraine but throughout the Soviet Union. These systems were not only produced serially but also developed at these enterprises. The formation and development of Kharkov enterprises of the space industry is the most important page in the history of the development of not only cosmonautics but also science and technology. Despite the large number of works devoted to the development of rocket and space technology in Ukraine, the history of the development and production of control systems has not been sufficiently studied. Due to the secrecy of work in the field of rocket and space technology (RST), there are very few sources for studying the history of its creation. Therefore, the most important part of the work was interviewing the leading experts of SDB-692 in the field of the rocket and spacecraft control systems, which included A. M. Kalnoguz, Yu. A. Kuznetsov, V. Ya. Makarenko, V. G. Sukhorebrov and V. A. Uralov. Based on these interviews, a special fund was created in the Central State Scientific and Technical Archive of Ukraine. Control systems for many combat ballistic missiles, including P-7, P-7A, P-12, P-16, as well as the most powerful missile in the world P-36M2, which was named in the USA “Satana” (SS-18 “Satan”), “Proton”, “Zenith”, “Energia”, and “Cyclone” launch vehicles, “Kvant”, “Kvant-2”, “Crystal”, “Priroda”, “Spectrum” orbital modules, more than 150 satellites of the “Cosmos” series, and other objects were developed and serially produced at Kharkov enterprises. In the 1970s, SDB-692 created the USSR’s first onboard digital electronic computer. On its basis, a test and launch complex “Electronic launch” was developed, designed for pre-launch testing of control systems for ballistic missiles and launch vehicles.

Cold War consumption and the marketing of childhood in the Soviet Union and the United States, 1950-1960

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
The Cold War

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the relationship between childhood, consumption and the Cold War in 1950s America and the Soviet Union. The author argues that Soviet and American leaders, businessmen, and politicians worked hard to convince parents that buying things for their children offered the easiest way to raise good American and Soviet kids and to do their part in waging the economic battles of the Cold War. The author explores how consumption became a Cold War battleground in the late 1950s and suggests that the history of childhood and Cold War consumption alters the way we understand the conflict itself. Design/Methodology/Approach – Archival research in the USA and the Russian Federation along with close readings of Soviet and American advertisements offer sources for understanding the global discourse of consumption in the 1950s and 1960s. Findings – Leaders, advertisers, and propagandists in the Soviet Union and the USA used the same images in the same ways to sell the ethos of consumption to their populations. They did this to sell the Cold War, to bolster the status quo, and to make profits. Originality/Value – This paper offers a previously unexplored, transnational perspective on the role that consumption and the image of the child played in shaping the Cold War both domestically and abroad.

scholarly journals History of a children’s home

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Alexander Ivanovich Repinetskiy
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Remote Rural Area ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Children's Home ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Union Local ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Conditions

The paper is devoted to history of childrens home 25 established in 1946 on the territory of the Kuibyshev Region. Children of Russian emigrants living in Austria were accommodated there. These children were transferred to representatives of the Soviet authorities by the American administration. Under the terms of the agreements between the USSR, the USA and Great Britain signed at the Yalta conference (1945) people with the Soviet nationality were transferred to the Soviet Union. Children of Russian emigrants born in Austria didnt belong to this category but despite it they were transferred to the Soviet Union. Local authorities didnt know what to do with repatriated children. That is why the childrens home was established in a remote rural area; life and material conditions of its inhabitants were heavy: there was no necessary furniture or school supplies. Its tutors and staff were in a more difficult situation. Some of them lost their jobs. Some children were returned to parents. Unfortunately, available documents do not allow tracking the future of the children from this childrens home.

scholarly journals Emigration of Jews from the Soviet Union in the 1960-1970s through the eyes of the American press

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Antoshin ◽  
Dmitry L. Strovsky
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
American Press ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time

The article analyzes the features of Soviet emigration and repatriation in the second half of the 1960s through the early 1970s, when for the first time after a long period of time, and as a result of political agreements between the USSR and the USA, hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews were able to leave the Soviet Union for good and settle in the United States and Israel. Our attention is focused not only on the history of this issue and the overall political situation of that time, but mainly on the peculiarities of this issue coverage by the leading American printed media. The reference to the media as the main empirical source of this study allows not only perceiving the topic of emigration and repatriation in more detail, but also seeing the regularities of the political ‘face’ of the American press of that time. This study enables us to expand the usual framework of knowledge of emigration against the background of its historical and cultural development in the 20th century.

scholarly journals Astral Karate as a Phenomenon of Late-Soviet Esoteric Underground

Open Theology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Panin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Leader ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Eastern Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Spiritual Movement

AbstractThe article concentrates on the history of Astral Karate, its doctrine and sources. Astral Karate was a late-Soviet eclectic spiritual movement based on esoteric interpretations of martial arts and yoga. The term “Astral Karate” had spread in the 1980s thanks to spiritual leader and underground esoteric author Valery Averianov who called himself Guru Var Avera. On one hand, the movement reflected global tendencies, such as growing interest in Eastern cultures and spirituality, that characterized esoteric groups in the USSR as well as in the USA and Europe during this period. On the other hand, esoteric groups in the Soviet Union developed in isolation from European and American esoteric currents and under unique ideological and legal pressures. The combination of these factors contributed to the originality of late-Soviet esoteric currents and therefore makes Astral Karate an important object of academic inquiry, which helps us to understand the specifics of Soviet spirituality and its further developments in post- Soviet states

scholarly journals The Development of Bandura Music Art Between the 1920s and 1940s

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-66
Author(s):  
Maryna Berezutska
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War

AbstractBandura art is a unique phenomenon of Ukrainian culture, inextricably linked with the history of the Ukrainian people. The study is dedicated to one of the most tragic periods in the history of bandura art, that of the 1920s–1940s, during which the Bolsheviks were creating, expanding and strengthening the Soviet Union. Art in a multinational state at this time was supposed to be national by form and socialist by content in accordance with the concept of Bolshevik cultural policy; it also had to serve Soviet propaganda. Bandura art has always been national by its content, and professional by its form, so conflict was inevitable. The Bolsheviks embodied their cultural policy through administrative and power methods: they created numerous bandurist ensembles and imposed a repertoire that glorified the Communist Party and the Soviet system. As a result, the development of bandura art stagnated significantly, although it did not die completely. At the same time, in the post-war years this policy provoked the emigration of many professional bandurists to the USA and Canada, thus promoting the active spread of bandura art in the Ukrainian Diaspora.

Work of the International Air Commission of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain in September 1941: Records of the Negotiations

2018 ◽  
pp. 1175-1187
Author(s):  
Karina A. Merzhanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Aircraft Industry ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Record

The publication introduces into scientific use and analyses a unique document on the work of the international aviation commission (Moscow, September 1941) that worked at the conference of representatives of the USSR, the USA, and England on the issue of military deliveries to the Soviet Union. The published document has been found when preparing ‘History of creation and development of the defense industry complex of Russia and the USSR. 1900–1963. Documents and materials.’ Presently the fifth volume of the series covering the period of the Great Patriotic War is being prepared. The document published here precedes the publication of that volume. The question of military lend-lease deliveries of planes to the Soviet Union considered by the commission was of great importance to Soviet aviation industry. Evacuation of aircraft manufacturing facilities led to a decrease in production. For a time the aircraft industry continued to work on mobilization stocks and lend-lease deliveries. The aviation commission of the Soviet Union was to secure the necessary quantity of warplanes from the USA and England, which for that end had to curtail their own arms contracts. The published document shows the process of negotiations and its result – how fully the Soviet delegation managed to solve the tasks set before it. In the introduction, the situation in Soviet and American aviation industry at the start of negotiations is analyzed. The published document is stored in the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Economy. It is a typewritten original record of negotiations of even date. It expands source base on lend-lease, shows how the Soviet delegation tried to obtain newest American and English military aircraft equipment, and allows to understand the nuances of interactions of the allies, to analyze their positions and approaches to negotiations.

MATERIALS OF THE COLLECTION OF SOVIET UNION HEROES(THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVES OF MOSCOW): L.A. BUTKOV, THE PARTICIPANT OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Sergei S. Voytikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central State ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives

The work introduces into scientific circulation the documents (autobiography and memoirs) from the personal file of L.A. Butkov, the Soviet Union Hero; his dossier being deposited inside the collection of Soviet Union Heroes (the Central State Archives of Moscow, F. P-8682). If the autobiography is an extremely formalized text, the memoirs mentioning the author’s hatred towards the Nazi invaders are written in easy language, reflecting the impressions of those ordinary fighters who, to a large extent, won the Great Patriotic War. The title of the Soviet Union Hero was awarded to the company commander of the 164th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 55th Guards Rifle Division of the 56th Guards Army senior lieutenant L.A. Butkov on May 16, 1944, for his distinction in the Kerch-Eltigen military operation. The company was the first to land on the shore occupied by the enemy and managed to hold the bridgehead, ensuring the successful landing of the entire division. During the battle, the company commander personally destroyed the machine gun with the gunners and 11 more enemy soldiers. The documentary collection, which holds L.A. Butkov’s file, was collected after the war by the Institute of Party History of the MC and MGK VKP(b), headed by the director of the Institute G.D. Kostomarov

History of Relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in Documents from Serbian and Russian Archives

2018 ◽  
pp. 630-639
Author(s):  
Irina A. Konoreva ◽  
◽  
Igor N. Selivanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Far East ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Master Program ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

The review characterizes two collections of archival documents published in Belgrade and Moscow. They contain materials on the history of Yugoslavo-Soviet relations in 1964-1980s from the Archive of Yugoslavia and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History. The reviewed collections continue the series of publications of the Archive of Yugoslavia (‘Documents on Yugoslavia Foreign Policy’) and of the International Fund ‘Democracy’ (‘Russia: The 20th century’). The collections contain over 100 documents, most of which are published for the first time. They address problems of international relations and domestic policy of the two countries. These problems were discussed by the leaders of Yugoslavia and the USSR at their one-on-one meetings. These discussions allow to trace the process of establishment of mutually beneficial relations. There are materials on general problems of international relations, as well as regional issues: estimation of the role of the USA in the international affaires; impact of the Non-Aligned Movement; European problems; political situation in the Near, Middle, and Far East, and in the Southeast Asia; etc. The chronological framework include events of the Second Indo-Chinese War. The 2-volume collection includes I. B. Tito’s and L. I. Brezhnev’s assessments of the operations in Vietnam and their characterization of the American policy in the region. Its name index and glossary of abbreviations simplify working with documents. The materials of these collections may be of interest to professional historians, Master Program students specializing in history and international relations, who may use them as an educational resource, and post-graduate students researching issues of World and East-European history.

scholarly journals To the 60th anniversary of the fl ight of Yu. A. Gagarin into outer space The fl ight of the fi rst experimental satellite «Vostok-1P» as a key moment in the formation of the Soviet manned astronautics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.Ю. Щербинин
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Organizational Issues ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Events

В истории становления советской ракетно-космической техники мож- но выделить ряд ключевых событий, повлиявших на развитие отечественной космо- навтики. К таким событиям в середине ХХ в. относится пуск экспериментального корабля-спутника «Восток-1П», состоявшийся 15 мая 1960 г. Этому предшествовал период решения уникальных для 1950–60 гг. научно-технических задач и организа- ционных вопросов на уровне взаимодействия государственных предприятий и орга- низаций. Результаты полета определили дальнейшую программу испытательных полетов пилотируемых и беспилотных кораблей-спутников в СССР. Состоявшийся экспериментальный полет корабля-спутника показал правильность основных теоретических положений и инженерно-конструкторских решений, приня- тых при создании ориентируемого космического корабля. В дальнейшем на базе ко- рабля-спутника «Восток» были разработаны пилотируемые корабли «Восток-3А», «Восход» и спутники-разведчики «Зенит». В истории науки и техники разработка спутников «Восток» является ярким приме- ром решения фундаментальной задачи, способствовавшей укреплению научно-тех- нического потенциала Советского Союза в интересах освоения космоса. In the history of Soviet rocket and space technology we can identify a number of key events that infl uenced it’s development. Such events in the middle of the 20th century include the launch of the experimental satellite «Vostok-1P», which took place on May 15, 1960. This was preceded by a period of decisions that were unique for the 1950-60s scientifi c and technical problems and organizational issues at the level of interaction between state enterprises and organizations. The fl ight results determined the further program of test fl ights of manned and unmanned satellite ships in the USSR. The experimental fl ight of the satellite spacecraft has shown the correctness of the basic theoretical provisions and engineering design decisions taken when creating an oriented spacecraft. Later, on the basis of the «Vostok» satellite ship, the «Vostok-3A» and «Voskhod» manned spacecraft and «Zenit» reconnaissance satellites were developed. In the history of science and technology, the development of «Vostok» satellites is a vivid example of solving a fundamental problem that contributed to the strengthening of the scientifi c and technical potential of the Soviet Union in the interests of space exploration.

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