scholarly journals Thermophilic Fungi with Glucosidase and Proteolytic Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
N.V. Borzova ◽  
◽  
O.V. Gudzenko ◽  
K.V. Avdiyuk ◽  
L.D. Varbanets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Culture Liquid ◽  
Glycolytic Enzymes ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Directed Search ◽  
Thermophilic Fungi ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Proteolytic Activities

The directed search for extremophilic producers in order to obtain hydrolytic enzymes with increased thermal stability has an unconditional practical potential for use in the food and feed industry to improve the quality of the final product. The aim of the work was to study the ability of collection strains of thermophilic fungi to show α-L-rhamnosidase, α-galactosidase, cellulase, β-mannanase, keratinase and caseinolytic activity. Methods. Micromycetes were grown under submerged conditions in test tubes at 42°C for 8–14 days. Enzymatic activities were studied in the culture liquid supernatant. p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, naringin, guar gum galactomannan and Na-carboxymethylcellulose were used as substrates to determine α-galactosidase, α-L-rhamnosidase, β-mannanase and cellulase activities, respectively. Casein and crushed defatted feathers were served as substrates for the determination of proteolytic activity. Results. The enzymatic activity of 50 strains of micromycetes belonging to 17 species was investigated. The studied group showed high activity: 94% of the strains had at least one, 34% – two, 26% – from three to five enzyme activities. The most active keratinase producers were Thielavia terrestris 1920 and 62, Rhizomucor tauricus 1909, Chrysosporium thermophilum 2050, Thermoascus thermophilus 92 and Thermoascus aurantiаcus 2052 (10–26 U/mL). The highest α-L-rhamnosidase activity was observed in T. terrestris 62 (0.35 U/mL), and carboxymethylcellulase activity −in Thermomyces lanuginosus 2046. Six strains showed α-galactosidase (0.05–0.2 U/mL) and four strains − β-mannanase (5–130 U/mL) activity. Conclusions. As a result new strains producing proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes were isolated among thermophilic micromycetes. Soil thermophilic micromycetes can be used as producers of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes. Of particular interest are the cultures of Acremonium thermophilum 1963, Corynascus thermophilum 2050, C. sepedonium 1899 and 65068, T. thermophilus 1946, which are capable of producing complexes of proteases and glycosidases in the culture liquid. This indicates that these strains are promising for use as destructors in various technologies processing of complex raw materials.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Analysis: New Proposals for Sample Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares ◽  
José F. Huertas-Pérez ◽  
Ana M. García-Campaña ◽  
Laura Gámiz-Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Food Commodities

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, with different chemical structures. Mycotoxins contaminate food, feed, or raw materials used in their production and cause diseases and disorders in humans and livestock. Because of their great variety of toxic effects and their extreme heat resistance, the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is considered a high risk to human and animal health. In order to ensure food quality and health consumers, European legislation has set maximum contents of some mycotoxins in different matrices. However, there are still some food commodities susceptible to fungal contamination, which were not contemplated in this legislation. In this context, we have developed new analytical techniques for the multiclass determination of mycotoxins in a great variety of food commodities (some of them scarcely studied), such as cereals, pseudocereals, cereal syrups, nuts, edible seeds, and botanicals. Considering the latest technical developments, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been chosen as an efficient, fast, and selective powerful analytical technique. In addition, alternative sample treatments based on emerging methodologies, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, have been developed, which allow an increased efficiency and sample throughput, as well as reducing contaminant waste.

Exploiting the beneficial properties of microalgae for food and feed use

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 3634-3648
Author(s):  
Erika Koppányné Szabó ◽  
Krisztina Takács
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Food And Feed

By 2050, 9.8 billion people are projected to live on Earth, which means that we need to double our current food production to keep pace with such a large population increase. In addition, rising greenhouse gas emissions and the associated climate change are placing a significant strain on the planet’s ability to sustain itself. However, in order to increase the quantity of proteins of plant origin, it is necessary to increase crop production areas, harvesting frequencies and the quantity of crops produced. Unfortunately, the optimization of these factors is already very close to the available maximum in the current situation. The developed cultivation systems and maximum utilization of the soil power leads to very serious environmental problems, soil destruction, loss of biodiversity and serious environmental pollution through the transport of the produced plant raw materials. This poses a serious challenge to food security and further increases the risk of hunger. There is therefore a need for agricultural practices that can lead to the cultivation of food and feed crops that have better sustainability indicators and are more resilient to climate change, which can be used to safely produce health-promoting feeds, as well as novel and value-added foods. Within this group, a particular problem is presented by the protein supply of the population, as currently about one billion people do not have adequate protein intake. However, conventional protein sources are not sufficient to meet growing protein needs. As mentioned above, food and feed proteins are based on plant proteins. In recent years, a prominent role has been played by the research into alternative proteins and the mapping of their positive and negative properties. Among alternative proteins, special attention has been paid to various yeasts, fungi, bacteria, algae, singe cell proteins (SCPs) and insects. In this paper, we focus on the presentation of algae, particularly microalgae, which are of paramount importance not only because of their significant protein content and favorable amino acid composition, but also because they are also sources of many valuable molecules, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, antioxidants, drugs and other biologically active compounds. It is important to learn about microalgae biomass in order to be able to develop innovative health food products.

RESEARCH OF THE POSSIBILITY OF COOKING GLUTEN-FREE COOKIES WITH THE USE OF HYDROCOLLOIDS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.К. СТРЕЛКОВА ◽  
И.Б. КРАСИНА ◽  
К.Н. СТОРЧЕУС ◽  
Е.В. ФИЛИППОВА
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Gum Tragacanth ◽  
Confectionery Products

Необходимость разработки безглютеновых продуктов обусловлена ростом численности людей страдающих целиакией, распространенность которой составляет 1 случай на 100–200 человек населения. Решение проблем, возникающих при производстве безглютеновых мучных кондитерских изделий, делает актуальным поиск новых видов сырья, не содержащего глютен и способного улучшать потребительские свойства изделий. В качестве источника безглютенового сырья была выбрана гречневая мука (ГМ). Получено безглютеновое печенье из ГМ в сочетании с различными гидроколлоидами – камедями акации, трагаканта, гуаровой и ксантановой, которые по отдельности добавляли в образцы ГМ в количестве 1г/100 г, и исследовано его физико-химические и сенсорные свойства в сравнении с аналогичными свойствами печенья из пшеничной муки (ПМ). Установлено, что образцы ГМ с добавкой камедей имеют более высокое содержание влаги, а печенье, полученное из смеси ГМ с камедью по разработанной нами технологии, – большую толщину, массу и сниженную прочность при разрушении по сравнению с ГМ и печеньем, изготовленным из нее. При сенсорной оценке качества изделий, проведенной по девятибалльной гедонистической шкале, установлено, что самые высокие показатели качества имеет печенье из ПМ, самые низкие – печенье, приготовленное из ГМ. Внесение камедей улучшило сенсорные показатели изделий на основе ГМ. Лучшим признан образец печенья на основе ГМ с добавлением ксантановой камеди. Таким образом, использование гидроколлоидов улучшает водосвязывающую способность муки и сенсорные показатели изделия – цвет, аромат, вкус и дает возможность получить безглютеновое печенье достаточно высокого качества, сопоставимого с качеством печенья из пшеничной муки. The need to develop gluten-free products is due to the growing number of people suffering from celiac disease, the prevalence of which is 1 case per 100–200 people of the population. Solving the problems that arise in the production of gluten-free flour confectionery products makes it relevant to search for new types of raw materials that do not contain gluten and can improve the consumer properties of products. Buckwheat flour (BF) was chosen as a source of gluten-free raw materials. Gluten-free cookies from BF were obtained in combination with various hydrocolloids-acacia, tragacanth, guar and xanthan gums, which were separately added to BF samples in the amount of 1 g/100 g, and its physical and chemical and sensory properties were studied in comparison with similar properties of wheat flour cookies (WF). The purpose of this work is to obtain gluten-free cookies from BF in combination with various hydrocolloids – acacia gum, tragacanth, guar gum and xanthan gum, which were separately added to BF in the amount of 1 g/100 g, and to study its physical, chemical and sensory properties in comparison with similar properties of cookies from WF. It was found that the samples of BF with the addition of gums have higher moisture content, and the cookies obtained from a mixture of BF with gum according to the technology developed by us – a greater thickness, weight and reduced strength at destruction compared to BF and cookies made from it. In the sensory evaluation of the quality of products conducted on a nine-point hedonistic scale, it was found that the highest quality indicators are cookies made from WF, the lowest – cookies made from BF. The introduction of gums improved the sensory performance of BF-based products. A sample of BF-based cookies with the addition of xanthan gum was recognized as the best. Thus, the use of hydrocolloids improves the water-binding ability of flour and the sensory characteristics of the product – color, aroma, taste, and makes it possible to obtain gluten-free cookies of sufficiently high quality, comparable to the quality of cookies made from wheat flour.

The certification of the aflatoxin mass fractions in peanut butter

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
G. Buttinger ◽  
S. Harbeck ◽  
R. Josephs
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Certified Values

In the context of control activities contamination of food and feed with aflatoxins is a frequently observed non compliance. Pistachios, peanuts and products thereof are particularly affected. The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements has therefore produced a peanut butter material certified for its aflatoxin mass fractions. This certified reference material (CRM) allows for the evaluation of analytical method performance and the assessment of the comparability of results from different laboratories. The CRM was produced using naturally contaminated raw materials to ensure equivalent behaviour compared to samples routinely encountered. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were thoroughly tested and certified values were determined in an inter-laboratory study. Furthermore, uncertainties of the certified values were assessed including contributions of the homogeneity, stability and certification studies to the combined uncertainty. This newly prepared CRM allows an assessment of trueness of the analytical method at a concentration level corresponding to the legal limits enforced in the European Union. The material has the following certified properties: aflatoxin B1 1.77±0.29 µg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.48±0.07 µg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.9±0.4 µg/kg, aflatoxin G2 0.31±0.12 µg/kg and total aflatoxins, as sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, 3.5±0.5 µg/kg.

scholarly journals Efficient Plant Biomass Degradation by Thermophilic Fungus Myceliophthora heterothallica

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1316-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost van den Brink ◽  
Gonny C. J. van Muiswinkel ◽  
Bart Theelen ◽  
Sandra W. A. Hinz ◽  
Ronald P. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Thermophilic Fungi ◽  
Biomass Degradation ◽  
Thermostable Enzymes ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTRapid and efficient enzymatic degradation of plant biomass into fermentable sugars is a major challenge for the sustainable production of biochemicals and biofuels. Enzymes that are more thermostable (up to 70°C) use shorter reaction times for the complete saccharification of plant polysaccharides compared to hydrolytic enzymes of mesophilic fungi such asTrichodermaandAspergillusspecies. The genusMyceliophthoracontains four thermophilic fungi producing industrially relevant thermostable enzymes. Within this genus, isolates belonging toM. heterothallicawere recently separated from the well-described speciesM. thermophila. We evaluate here the potential ofM. heterothallicaisolates to produce efficient enzyme mixtures for biomass degradation. Compared to the other thermophilicMyceliophthoraspecies, isolates belonging toM. heterothallicaandM. thermophilagrew faster on pretreated spruce, wheat straw, and giant reed. According to their protein profiles andin vitroassays after growth on wheat straw, (hemi-)cellulolytic activities differed strongly betweenM. thermophilaandM. heterothallicaisolates. Compared toM. thermophila,M. heterothallicaisolates were better in releasing sugars from mildly pretreated wheat straw (with 5% HCl) with a high content of xylan. The high levels of residual xylobiose revealed that enzyme mixtures ofMyceliophthoraspecies lack sufficient β-xylosidase activity. Sexual crossing of twoM. heterothallicashowed that progenies had a large genetic and physiological diversity. In the future, this will allow further improvement of the plant biomass-degrading enzyme mixtures ofM. heterothallica.

scholarly journals Study of wheat straw delignification in a rotary-pulsation apparatus

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Larysa Sablii ◽  
Oleksandr Obodovych ◽  
Vitalii Sydorenko ◽  
Tamila Sheyko
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Pulsation Apparatus ◽  
Rotary Pulsation Apparatus ◽  
Solid Water ◽  
Pre Treatment

This paper presents the results of studies of isolation lignin and hemicelluloses efficiency during the pre-treatment of wheat straw for hydrolysis in a rotary-pulsation apparatus. The pre-treatment of lignocellulosic raw materials for hydrolysis is a necessary step in the second-generation bioethanol production technology. The lignocellulose complex is destroyed during this process, and this allows hydrolytic enzymes access to the surface of cellulose fibers. The pre-treatment is the most energy-consuming stage in bioethanol production technology, since it usually occurs at high temperature and pressure for a significant time. One of the ways to improve the efficiency of this process is the use of energy-efficient equipment that allows intensifying heat and mass transfer. An example of such equipment is a rotary-pulsation apparatus, which are effective devices in stirring, homogenization, dispersion technologies, etc. The treatment of wheat straw in a rotary-pulsation apparatus was carried out under atmospheric pressure without external heat supply at solid/water ratios of 1:10 and 1:5 in the presence of alkali. It was determined that the treatment of the water dispersion of straw at ratio of 1:10 due to the energy dissipation during 70 minutes leads to the release of 42 % of lignin and 25.76 % of easily hydrolyzed polysaccharides. Changing the solid / water ratio from 1:10 to 1:5 leads to an increase in the yield of lignin and easily hydrolyzed polysaccharides to 58 and 33.38 %, respectively.

Valorization of agro-industrial wastes to produce hydrolytic enzymes by fungal solid-state fermentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Marzo ◽  
A.B. Díaz ◽  
I. Caro ◽  
A. Blandino
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Orange Peels ◽  
Enzyme Cocktail ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Nowadays, significant amounts of agro-industrial wastes are discarded by industries; however, they represent interesting raw materials for the production of high-added value products. In this regard, orange peels (ORA) and exhausted sugar beet cossettes (ESBC) have turned out to be promising raw materials for hydrolytic enzymes production by solid state fermentation (SSF) and also a source of sugars which could be fermented to different high-added value products. The maximum activities of xylanase and exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) measured in the enzymatic extracts obtained after the SSF of ORA were 31,000 U·kg-1 and 17,600 U·kg-1, respectively; while for ESBC the maximum values reached were 35,000 U·kg-1 and 28,000 U·kg-1, respectively. The enzymatic extracts obtained in the SSF experiments were also employed for the hydrolysis of ORA and ESBC. Furthermore, it was found that extracts obtained from SSF of ORA, supplemented with commercial cellulase, were more efficient for the hydrolysis of ORA and ESBC than a commercial enzyme cocktail typically used for this purpose. In this case, maximum reducing sugars concentrations of 57 and 47 g·L-1 were measured after the enzymatic hydrolysis of ESBC and ORA, respectively.

Global occurrence of mycotoxins in the food and feed chain: facts and figures

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schatzmayr ◽  
E. Streit
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
High Concentrations

Mycotoxins are ubiquitously present in agricultural commodities, such as cereals and oil seeds. If ingested in sufficiently high concentrations, they exert severe toxic effects in humans and animals. In 2004, a survey programme was launched to assess the extent of mycotoxin contamination in feed and feed raw materials. Since then, over 19,000 samples have been analysed and more than 70,000 individual analyses have been conducted. While it is difficult to infer any long-term trends on a global level, the data confirm that high mycotoxin contamination is often linked to unusual weather. Overall, 72% of the samples contained detectable amounts of aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or ochratoxin A. Co-contamination with two or more mycotoxins was detected in 38% of the samples. In most cases the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with EU guidance values or maximum levels. However, co-contaminated samples with concentrations below guidance and maximum values might still exert adverse effects due to synergistic interactions of the mycotoxins. Emerging mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins may also contribute to the overall toxicity of the feed and their presence is frequently detected with multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS. Since by-product feeds, such as distillers dried grain with solubles, often concentrate the mycotoxins of the original substrate, they contribute excessively to the overall contamination of feed rations and therefore need special attention. Regarding food the situation is quite similar: low level contamination is frequently observed in official controls but maximum levels are rarely exceeded in developed countries. As it is very difficult to remove mycotoxins from contaminated commodities, preventing them from accumulation in agricultural commodities is the most effective strategy to combat the problem. Preventive measures range from crop rotation and resistance breeding to inoculation with microbial antagonists. Nevertheless, excessive mycotoxin levels may occur despite all preventive measures. Therefore, continuous monitoring is essential and efficient detoxification strategies are needed to deal with such outbreaks.

scholarly journals Destructin-1 is a collagen-degrading endopeptidase secreted by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (24) ◽  
pp. 7478-7483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. O’Donoghue ◽  
Giselle M. Knudsen ◽  
Chapman Beekman ◽  
Jenna A. Perry ◽  
Alexander D. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Collagen Degradation ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Peptidase Activity ◽  
Pseudogymnoascus Destructans ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Proteolytic Activities ◽  
The Impact

Pseudogymnoascus destructans is the causative agent of white-nose syndrome, a disease that has caused the deaths of millions of bats in North America. This psychrophilic fungus proliferates at low temperatures and targets hibernating bats, resulting in their premature arousal from stupor with catastrophic consequences. Despite the impact of white-nose syndrome, little is known about the fungus itself or how it infects its mammalian host. P. destructans is not amenable to genetic manipulation, and therefore understanding the proteins involved in infection requires alternative approaches. Here, we identify hydrolytic enzymes secreted by P. destructans, and use a novel and unbiased substrate profiling technique to define active peptidases. These experiments revealed that endopeptidases are the major proteolytic activities secreted by P. destructans, and that collagen, the major structural protein in mammals, is actively degraded by the secretome. A serine endopeptidase, hereby-named Destructin-1, was subsequently identified, and a recombinant form overexpressed and purified. Biochemical analysis of Destructin-1 showed that it mediated collagen degradation, and a potent inhibitor of peptidase activity was identified. Treatment of P. destructans-conditioned media with this antagonist blocked collagen degradation and facilitated the detection of additional secreted proteolytic activities, including aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases. These results provide molecular insights into the secretome of P. destructans, and identify serine endopeptidases that have the clear potential to facilitate tissue invasion and pathogenesis in the mammalian host.

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