scholarly journals Mycotoxin Analysis: New Proposals for Sample Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares ◽  
José F. Huertas-Pérez ◽  
Ana M. García-Campaña ◽  
Laura Gámiz-Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Food Commodities

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, with different chemical structures. Mycotoxins contaminate food, feed, or raw materials used in their production and cause diseases and disorders in humans and livestock. Because of their great variety of toxic effects and their extreme heat resistance, the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is considered a high risk to human and animal health. In order to ensure food quality and health consumers, European legislation has set maximum contents of some mycotoxins in different matrices. However, there are still some food commodities susceptible to fungal contamination, which were not contemplated in this legislation. In this context, we have developed new analytical techniques for the multiclass determination of mycotoxins in a great variety of food commodities (some of them scarcely studied), such as cereals, pseudocereals, cereal syrups, nuts, edible seeds, and botanicals. Considering the latest technical developments, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been chosen as an efficient, fast, and selective powerful analytical technique. In addition, alternative sample treatments based on emerging methodologies, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, have been developed, which allow an increased efficiency and sample throughput, as well as reducing contaminant waste.

Archaeometry of ceramic materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Eramo ◽  
Annarosa Mangone
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Production Technologies

Abstract Ceramics are among the most studied findings, one of the best markers for providing technological and functional information in archaeological contexts. Their chemical-mineralogical characterization allows to answer a large number of historical-archaeological questions about classification, provenance, production technologies, trade routes, economic exchange, etc. The best methodological approach not only integrates morphological-stylistic studies to the archaeometric ones, but also includes a synergic instrumental strategy aimed both to take advantage of each different analytical technique to the best of its potentiality and to over step the problems connected to the preciousness and uniqueness of the objects. As far as the mineralogical and petrographical composition of preindustrial ceramics is concerned, its determination is crucial to answer provenance and technological issues like raw materials procurement and the production processes in this respect, equivalent firing temperature, redox atmosphere during firing are important factors that help in understanding the relevant mineralogical and micro-structural transformations. In this paper, we illustrate how an integrated approach of analytical techniques, tested on different classes of ceramics – pottery with spathic calcite, Apulian red figure pottery and technical ceramics – can provide answers to archaeological questions.

scholarly journals The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins’ Detection

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3981
Author(s):  
Edyta Janik ◽  
Marcin Niemcewicz ◽  
Marcin Podogrocki ◽  
Michal Ceremuga ◽  
Leslaw Gorniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Food Commodities

Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre- or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. The risk that is posed to public health have prompted the need to develop methods of analysis and detection of mycotoxins in food products. Mycotoxins wide range of structural diversity, high chemical stability, and low concentrations in tested samples require robust, effective, and comprehensible detection methods. This review summarizes current methods, such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as novel, alternative approaches like biosensors, electronic noses, or molecularly imprinted polymers that have been successfully applied in detection and identification of various mycotoxins in food commodities. In order to highlight the significance of sampling and sample treatment in the analytical process, these steps have been comprehensively described.

scholarly journals Técnicas analíticas para el control de la contaminación ambiental / Analytical techniques for environmental pollution control

Ciencia Unemi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Sagrario Hernández Domínguez ◽  
Patricio Alvarez Muñoz ◽  
Juliana Karina Zapa Cedeño
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
Satisfactory Analysis

En el control de la contaminación ambiental, es esencial realizar un muestreo adecuado, con el siguiente tratamiento de muestra, para continuar con el análisis de los posibles contaminantes. Para lograr un análisis satisfactorio es esencial emplear la técnica analítica más conveniente para cada tipo de muestra, tipo de análisis, etc. En esta contribución se ha realizado una revisión exhaustiva de las técnicas de análisis más importantes para el control de la contaminación medioambiental en función del tipo de muestra, si ésta es orgánica o inorgánica y del estado físico en que se encuentra. ABSTRACTIn the control of environmental pollution, it is essential to make adequate sampling, the following sample treatment, to continue the analysis of possible contaminants. To achieve a satisfactory analysis is essential to use the most suitable analytical technique, for each type of sample, type of analysis, etc. This contribution has made a thorough review of the most important analytical techniques for the control of environmental pollution depending on the type of sample, whether it is organic or inorganic and in which physical state the sample is.

scholarly journals Chromatographic Techniques for Estimation of Aflatoxins in Food Commodities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateen Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Qualitative Detection ◽  
Food Commodities

Aflatoxins, produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus parasiticus, have been documented as one of the major food contaminants throughout the world. Because of their toxic nature, these food contaminants have acknowledged considerable attention in recent years. Among the different types of Aflatoxins, the most prevalent and predominant Aflatoxins are AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AFM2 which are considered the more lethal as compared to others. Several analytical and immunological methods are available for testing and estimating aflatoxins in different food commodities. However, chromatographic techniques have been considered superior regarding the estimation of aflatoxins both qualitatively and quantitatively. Chromatographic techniques have numerous applications for the separation and identification of chemical and biological compounds in food industry. It has grown to be the most popular and versatile of all analytical techniques in laboratories used for the analysis of multiple components in different matrices. For preliminary qualitative detection of Aflatoxins, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is considered the best analytical technique which is being used broadly in food industry. However, liquid chromatographic techniques including High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid chromatography-mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) are the best analytical techniques developed so far for the quantification of Aflatoxins in food commodities.

Change of quality indexes of premixes in the storage process

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Oksana Bitlian ◽  
Oksana Kravchenko ◽  
Tetiana Kodak ◽  
Andrii Onyshchenko ◽  
Tetiana Konks
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
Chelating Compounds ◽  
Quality Indexes

The analysis of literature sources shows that the type and material from which the packaging is made has an important place in the system of factors which influence on the storage of feed products and also prevents reducing the quality of raw materials and finished products. Therefore, the purpose of our research is the technological justification of changing the quality indexes of premix samples with salts of trace elements of different chemical nature in the process of storage. For the solution of the tasks, common zootechnical and statistical methods of the research were used. The use of premixes in feeding pigs is based on the fact that they should be used taking into account the biogeochemical properties of the region for which they are calculated. Foods depending on regional properties have a special biochemical composition and excess or lack of individual substances should be offset by the composition of premix. Ignoring this provision necessarily leads to the inappropriate use of BAR, the misbalance of the diet in relation to the physiological needs and inefficiency of the industry. In turn, it requires the purchase and conservation of products for the period of use. Various chemical structures and structures of BAR during the storage process react differently and change qualitative indexes, which leads to a decrease in the productive activity of active substances. It was determined that the humidity of premixes varied within the limits of 12.0-13.0 %, which exceeded the normative, but was not critical, the highest acidity had premix with sulfuric acid salts (6.9 units), the least - premix with lysates (5.7 unit). According to the results of the study, positive qualitative responses were found for the presence of vitamins A, D and B2, macro- and micronutrients: potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine. The above facts of changes in the properties of premixes in the process of storage must be taken into account when providing technological bases for feeding pigs in order to obtain high gains and the quality of manufactured products. Key words: premix, micro-and macro elements, combined fodders, fodder mixes, chelating compounds, feeding, using, pigs' livestock.

Оrganic Meat Production of Broiler Chickens Hubbard Redbro Cross

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe ("organic") poultry meat products.

Recent Developments in CE-MS Based Metabolomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Çelebier ◽  
Merve Nenni
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ionic Compounds ◽  
Recent Sample ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Background: Metabolomics has gained importance in clinical applications over the last decade. Metabolomics studies are significant because the systemic metabolome is directly affected by disease conditions. Metabolome-based biomarkers are actively being developed for early diagnosis and to indicate the stage of specific diseases. Additionally, understanding the effect of an intervention on a living organism at the molecular level is a crucial strategy for understanding novel or unexpected biological processes. Results: The simultaneous improvements in advanced analytical techniques, sample preparation techniques, computer technology, and databank contents has enabled more valuable scientific information to be gained from metabolomics than ever before. With over 15,000 known endogenous metabolites, there is no single analytical technique capable of analyzing the whole metabolome. However, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a unique technique used to analyze an important portion of metabolites not accessible by liquid chromatography or gas chromatography techniques. The analytical capability of CE, combined with recent sample preparation techniques focused on extracting polar-ionic compounds, make CE-MS a perfect technique for metabolomic studies. Conclusion: Here, previous reviews of CE-MS based metabolomics are evaluated to highlight recent improvements in this technique. Specifically, we review papers from the last two years (2018 and 2019) on CE-MS based metabolomics. The current situation and the challenges facing metabolomic studies are discussed to reveal the high potential of CE-MS for further studies, especially in biomarker development studies.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Microstructure Analysis for Characterization and Provenance of Ceramic Artifacts from Late Helladic Kastrouli Settlement, Delphi (Central Greece)

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Vayia Xanthopoulou ◽  
Ioannis Iliopoulos ◽  
Ioannis Liritzis
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Ceramic Assemblage ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Local Geology

The present study deals with the characterization of a ceramic assemblage from the Late Mycenaean (Late Helladic III) settlement of Kastrouli, at Desfina near Delphi, Central Greece using various analytical techniques. Kastrouli is located in a strategic position supervising the Mesokampos plateau and the entire peninsula and is related to other nearby coeval settlements. In total 40 ceramic sherds and 8 clay raw materials were analyzed through mineralogical, petrographic and microstructural techniques. Experimental briquettes (DS) made from clayey raw materials collected in the vicinity of Kastrouli, were fired under temperatures (900 and 1050 °C) in oxidizing conditions for comparison with the ancient ceramics. The petrographic analysis performed on thin sections prepared from the sherds has permitted the identification of six main fabric groups and a couple of loners. The aplastic inclusions recognized in all fabric groups but one confirmed the local provenance since they are related to the local geology. Fresh fractures of representative sherds were further examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) helping us to classify them into calcareous (CaO > 6%) and non-calcareous (CaO < 6%) samples (low and high calcium was noted in earlier pXRF data). Here, the ceramic sherds with broad calcium separation are explored on a one-to-one comparison on the basis of detailed mineralogical microstructure. Moreover, their microstructure was studied, aiming to estimate their vitrification stage. The mineralogy of all studied samples was determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), permitting us to test the validity of the firing temperatures revealed by the SEM analysis. The results obtained through the various analytical techniques employed are jointly assessed in order to reveal potters’ technological choices.

scholarly journals Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzhen Ren ◽  
Pengqing Bi ◽  
Jianqi Zhang ◽  
Jiao Liu ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Stable Conformation ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Aggregation Effect ◽  
Industrialization Process

Abstract Developing photovoltaic materials with simple chemical structures and easy synthesis still remains a major challenge in the industrialization process of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, an ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative, PTVT-T, was designed and synthesized in very few steps by adopting commercially available raw materials. The ester groups on the thiophene units enable PTVT-T to have a planar and stable conformation. Moreover, PTVT-T presents a wide absorption band and strong aggregation effect in solution, which are the key characteristics needed to realize high performance in non-fullerene-acceptor (NFA)-based OSCs. We then prepared OSCs by blending PTVT-T with three representative fullerene- and NF-based acceptors, PC71BM, IT-4F and BTP-eC9. It was found that PTVT-T can work well with all the acceptors, showing great potential to match new emerging NFAs. Particularly, a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 16.20% is achieved in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device, which is the highest value among the counterparts based on PTV derivatives. This work demonstrates that PTVT-T shows great potential for the future commercialization of OSCs.

Exploiting the beneficial properties of microalgae for food and feed use

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 3634-3648
Author(s):  
Erika Koppányné Szabó ◽  
Krisztina Takács
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Food And Feed

By 2050, 9.8 billion people are projected to live on Earth, which means that we need to double our current food production to keep pace with such a large population increase. In addition, rising greenhouse gas emissions and the associated climate change are placing a significant strain on the planet’s ability to sustain itself. However, in order to increase the quantity of proteins of plant origin, it is necessary to increase crop production areas, harvesting frequencies and the quantity of crops produced. Unfortunately, the optimization of these factors is already very close to the available maximum in the current situation. The developed cultivation systems and maximum utilization of the soil power leads to very serious environmental problems, soil destruction, loss of biodiversity and serious environmental pollution through the transport of the produced plant raw materials. This poses a serious challenge to food security and further increases the risk of hunger. There is therefore a need for agricultural practices that can lead to the cultivation of food and feed crops that have better sustainability indicators and are more resilient to climate change, which can be used to safely produce health-promoting feeds, as well as novel and value-added foods. Within this group, a particular problem is presented by the protein supply of the population, as currently about one billion people do not have adequate protein intake. However, conventional protein sources are not sufficient to meet growing protein needs. As mentioned above, food and feed proteins are based on plant proteins. In recent years, a prominent role has been played by the research into alternative proteins and the mapping of their positive and negative properties. Among alternative proteins, special attention has been paid to various yeasts, fungi, bacteria, algae, singe cell proteins (SCPs) and insects. In this paper, we focus on the presentation of algae, particularly microalgae, which are of paramount importance not only because of their significant protein content and favorable amino acid composition, but also because they are also sources of many valuable molecules, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, antioxidants, drugs and other biologically active compounds. It is important to learn about microalgae biomass in order to be able to develop innovative health food products.

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