GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Ann E. Dickerson ◽  
E. Perry Crump ◽  
Carrell P. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Toilet Training ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Family ◽  
Recent Edition ◽  
Mother's Educational Level ◽  
Social Area

Within the framework of a project designed to study the growth and development of Negro children, a longitudinal study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the child-training practices of a group of mothers whose children were subjects of the project, and comparing these findings with those from related investigations. The study was focused upon the child-training practices of 144 mothers in the areas of toileting, feeding, and dressing when their children were between 15 and 30 months of age. The data for this study were obtained when the psychologist interviewed the mothers during the administration of the Gesell Developmental Schedules. Assessment of progress in the areas of toileting, feeding and dressing is included in the personal-social area of the Gesell Schedules. It is apparent from the results of this study that mothers encouraged self-help and independence in the areas of dressing and feeding, with the exception of the use of a bottle. However, in the category of toileting this was not true, inasmuch as emphasis upon self-management in daily toilet habits seemed to be at a minimum. These findings indicate that the mothers were permissive with regard to toilet-training and weaning. These practices and their patterns of breast-feeding agree with those practices advocated by the most recent edition of Infant Care. The mother's educational level, the sex of the child, or the number of children in the family were not found to be significantly related to the child-training practices used by the mothers in this study. The data in this study are in agreement with White's finding that there is "a need for revising our ideas about social class differences in child-rearing practices." It is, of course, recognized that the lack of significant differences or relationships in this study does not prove that no such differences or relationships exist. It does, however, indicate that none can be recognized for this population from the available data. Differences in attitude as well as practice, on the part of the mothers, may well be prevalent; but they apparently are not reflected in the development of the children in the areas of toiletry, feeding and dressing as measured by the Gesell Schedules.

Parental Use of "Positive Contact" in Child-Rearing: Its Relationship to Child Behavior Patterns and Other Variables

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-773
Author(s):  
Robert W. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Child Behavior ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Child Care Workers ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Families ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Contact

In an investigation of child-rearing styles maternal use of "positive contact" was measured by asking the mother how often she played with the child, praised the child, and the like, and combining the responses into a score. Home observations on a sample of families revealed that mothers scoring above the mean used fewer communications in the form of directives and "unmodified power" and more communication in the form of praise and social conversation than mothers scoring below the mean. The mother's use of positive contact was related to her educational level, the birth order of the child and number of children in the family, the father's use of positive contact, and to a friendly outgoing pattern of child behavior. There was no relation to the mother's use of physical punishment, her protectiveness, her tendency to comply with the child's demands, or her child-rearing ideology and other attitudes. Child care workers are in a strategic position to educate parents about the importance of this kind of contact, especially with later-born children in large families.

Empowerment of Rural Women through SHGs: A Study in Telangana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Help Group

The self-help group (SHG) is a powerful instrument to empower economically backward women of rural India as the women members under the SHG not only can earn income but they feel empowered also. With the launching of Swarnajaynti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India from April 1999, subsequently rechristened as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) self-help group approach (SHG) has been given utmost importance in India for the development of rural women mainly focusing on below poverty line households. SHG concept is popular in many rural areas of India as through economic development and subsequently empowering, rural women have got a solid platform. This research article has discussed the how rural women after forming SHGs in Ranga Reddy district (R.R. District) of Telangana were not only earning and contributing to the family but felt empowered also. The study was carried out at Gandipet village of Gandipet Mandal, Ranga Reddy (R.R.) district in September 2017. The some women members of 10 different SHGs were contacted and few individual cases are presented here.

Sexual Division in Parenting: A Normative Context That Hinders Co-Responsibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110380
Author(s):  
José María García-de-Diego ◽  
Livia García-Faroldi
Keyword(s):  
Child Rearing ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Sexual Division ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social Images ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Using Data

Recent decades have seen an increase in women’s employment rates and an expansion of egalitarian values. Previous studies document the so-called “motherhood penalty,” which makes women’s employment more difficult. Demands for greater shared child-rearing between parents are hindered by a normative climate that supports differentiated gender roles in the family. Using data from the Center for Sociological Research [Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas] (2018), this study shows that the Spanish population perceives that differentiated social images of motherhood and fatherhood still persist. The “sexual division in parenting” index is proposed and the profile of the individuals who most perceive this sexual division is analyzed. The results show that women and younger people are the most aware of this social normativity that unequally distributes child care, making co-responsibility difficult. The political implications of these results are discussed.

Divorce in the family and its psychological impact on the adolescent

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
M. Iskakova ◽  
◽  
T. Nurzhanova ◽  
A. Sapargaliyeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Strong Shock ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Methodological Considerations

The purpose of this article is to review and describe the psychosocial impact of divorce on children and adolescents facing divorce situations in their lives, as well as to provide psychological intervention for their emotional well- being. Recently, problems related to the family have become increasingly relevant in society. The modern family has undergone major changes: its size and number of children have decreased, the roles of the older brother and sister have not become so great, and the influence of the older generation is not unconditional. But the most important thing is that the number of divorces has increased dramatically — almost every second marriage breaks up. But divorce is a strong shock for all family members, and first of all, for children. High divorce rates recorded in Kazakhstan, especially in cities, are one of the most serious consequences of the imbalance in family relationships. Finally, some suggestions were included regarding methodological considerations in conducting prospective research.

scholarly journals Personal Well-Being and Family Interactions of Working Couples With Preschool Children: A Correlational Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (56) ◽  
pp. 339-348
Author(s):  
Danila Secolim Coser ◽  
Claudia Maria Simoes Martinez ◽  
Renata Christian de Oliveira Pamplin
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Parental Practices ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Working Couples

This study’s objective was to verify potential relationships among personal well-being, parental practices, and interactions between parents and preschool children reported by working fathers and mothers ( n = 120, 60 couples) from a city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected using the Questionnaire on family and professional lives. Three scales were selected for data analysis: well-being; interaction between parents and children; and family life. Statistical tests (One-Way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient) showed negative correlations between child-rearing practices and health problems reported by parents. Positive correlations were also found between reported parental interactions and child-rearing practices. Parental practices and interactions between parents and children varied according to the number of children (one or two).

This Child is Mine!

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Krell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Child Psychiatrist ◽  
Psychiatric Consultation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
The Family

In Canada and the United States there are over one million divorces annually involving at least that number of children. Divorce frequently involves matters of access and custody. Lawyers acting on behalf of their clients may request psychiatric consultation as to the emotional stability of the client. In custody cases, the child or children may be evaluated by a child psychiatrist. In a divorce action between two adults, it may be valid for the psychiatrist to see one party to the dispute and offer a psychiatric opinion. In custody matters, a psychiatrist must see both parties to the dispute as well as the children. If only one parent is seen it is almost impossible to offer expert testimony. Divorce proceedings result from marital incompatibility. The deficits attributed to each spouse in the marital relationship do not necessarily bear upon the ability to be a parent. Yet in custody contests, frequently the two qualities of suitability for marriage and suitability for parenting are confused. When a child psychiatrist is involved, he or she is asked to comment not only on the emotional stability or problems of the child but also on the fitness of the parents. If each parent has a child psychiatrist involved in the evaluation, the adversary position is fortified and the possibilities for compromise are jeopardized. Since the children are invariably traumatized, guilt-ridden and insecure, it is important that the child psychiatrist attempts to minimize the vindictiveness and anger which are inherent in some custody disputes. By acting in the child's interests, and guiding the lawyers to allow one child psychiatrist to perform the total evaluation, some loosening of an adversarial stance is likely, and new possibilities for negotiation and compromise are created. The structuring of such an evaluation must be completed before any member of the family is seen. A case illustration is provided to point out the nature of the requests made of the lawyers and techniques used in negotiations. The child psychiatrist, in remaining child-focused, is in a unique position to avoid representing one side to the conflict and to provide the court with an evaluation which will aid the judge to make an informed decision.

Changing Places: Privilege and Resistance in Contemporary Ireland

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Child Rearing ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Whistle Blowing ◽  
Power And Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Power Base ◽  
Alternative Power

This paper explores the reality of patriarchal privileging and resistance within a society which has undergone dramatic change over the past twenty-five years. Using Foucault's ideas of power and resistance (1980; 1988; 1989) and Connell's ideas of the patriarchal dividend (1995 a and b) it first explores these key concepts. It then draws together a wide range of empirical evidence to document the ongoing reality of patriarchal privileging in the world of paid work and the family in Ireland. It then however identifies and illustrates fourteen analytically different types of resistance including the creation of an alternative power base in the family; facilitating the emergence of new child rearing structures; naming the ‘enemy within’; naming aspects of culture which are not ‘woman friendly’; whistle blowing; targeting key structures; negative power etc. It concludes by suggesting (drawing on Acker, 1998) that although the institutional structures reflect the needs and wishes of powerful men, choices can still be made by individual men and women.

scholarly journals Wybrane rodzinne uwarunkowania tożsamości społeczno-kulturowej studentów w wymiarze religijnym

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Mirosław Sobecki
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Religious Dimension ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Parents Education

The article contains selected results of research from spring 2020 among students of universities in Białystok. The author distinguished 9 types of socio-cultural identity in the religious dimension. He also made an attempt to establish a relationship between these types and selected features of the family environment. The following were used as independent variables: the level of parents’ education, opinions of the surveyed students on the level of parents’ religiosity and the relationship between the respondents and their parents in childhood and adolescence. The relationship between the number of children in the respondent’s family and the type of social and cultural identity in the religious dimension were also analyzed.

scholarly journals Komposisi jenis kelamin anak, program Keluarga Berencana dan fertilitas

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mugia Bayu Raharja ◽  
Robani Catursaptani ◽  
Rahmadewi Rahmadewi
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Sex Preference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Living Children ◽  
The Relationship

The number and sex composition of children are important for some married couples in Indonesia. Having sons in the family is considered as a must since they are argued to be the successor of the family lineage. The presence of daughters is expected to help with household chores and care for their elderly parents. The sex preference for children by the married couples can affect their number of children. This study aims to assess the relationship between the number and sex composition of children, contraceptive use, and the desire to have more children among women in Indonesia. The study employed the data from the 2017 Indonesian Demography and Health Survey (IDHS), with the unit of analysis of currently married women aged 15-49 who have at least one living children. The results show that women with two or more children of the same sex had a higher tendency to have additional children and no use of contraceptives. The Family Planning program's campaign of similar values shared between son and daughter is still hardly accepted, hence, sex preference still exists. It is necessary to reformulate an effective concept for proper socialization of these values as an effort to control the fertility rate in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Sexual and Marital Relationship Satisfaction in Parents of Children With Disabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Kijak
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of sexual satisfaction and type of relationship between spouses, and then to determine the correlation between these variables and independent variables. These include: disability type of the child, the number of children in the family, and the gender of the parents. The hypothesis was that ‘the level of sexual satisfaction in parents is significantly related to the type of disability possessed by their children’ and similarly it was found that disability type significantly affects the type of relationship between parents. The research was conducted using the Matched Marriage Questionnaire (MMQ) and the Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS). The data obtained in the study showed that most spouses experience high and average sexual satisfaction and no particular differences between men and women were observed. The differences appeared when analyzing parents of a child with autism. In this group the results were more diverse in the detailed descriptions of the scale. The results obtained regarding marital relationship satisfaction indicate a not very favorable picture of the relationships of the surveyed subjects.

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