Parental Use of "Positive Contact" in Child-Rearing: Its Relationship to Child Behavior Patterns and Other Variables

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-773
Author(s):  
Robert W. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Child Behavior ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Child Care Workers ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Families ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Contact

In an investigation of child-rearing styles maternal use of "positive contact" was measured by asking the mother how often she played with the child, praised the child, and the like, and combining the responses into a score. Home observations on a sample of families revealed that mothers scoring above the mean used fewer communications in the form of directives and "unmodified power" and more communication in the form of praise and social conversation than mothers scoring below the mean. The mother's use of positive contact was related to her educational level, the birth order of the child and number of children in the family, the father's use of positive contact, and to a friendly outgoing pattern of child behavior. There was no relation to the mother's use of physical punishment, her protectiveness, her tendency to comply with the child's demands, or her child-rearing ideology and other attitudes. Child care workers are in a strategic position to educate parents about the importance of this kind of contact, especially with later-born children in large families.

Mommy-Nanny as Principal-Agent in The Nanny Diaries

Public Voices ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Robert Maranto ◽  
April Gresham Maranto
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Child Care Workers ◽  
Principal Agent Theory ◽  
Agent Theory ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Paid Caregivers ◽  
Classroom Use

Considerable research applies principal-agent theory to administration. Though previous analysts have not applied it to child rearing, we argue that the changing character of the family and accordingly increased use of paid caregivers for children illustrate some of the issues catalogued in principal-agent theory. We will outline the basic assumptions of principal-agent theory and apply these to childcare as presented in the darkly comic bestseller The Nanny Diaries, based in part on actual events. In particular, our discussion suggests the difficulties of monitoring child-care workers due to information asymmetries and the likelihood of what Brehm and Gates (1997) refer to as “shirking and sabotage.” As with the bureaucrats discussed by Brehm and Gates, in The Nanny Diaries, the most dedicated child-care workers, those least likely to shirk, are also least likely to obey the principals’ (parents’) orders, since they have deeply held values and significant knowledge regarding child care. We suggest The Nanny Diaries for classroom use in illustrating principal-agent concepts.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Ann E. Dickerson ◽  
E. Perry Crump ◽  
Carrell P. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Toilet Training ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Family ◽  
Recent Edition ◽  
Mother's Educational Level ◽  
Social Area

Within the framework of a project designed to study the growth and development of Negro children, a longitudinal study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the child-training practices of a group of mothers whose children were subjects of the project, and comparing these findings with those from related investigations. The study was focused upon the child-training practices of 144 mothers in the areas of toileting, feeding, and dressing when their children were between 15 and 30 months of age. The data for this study were obtained when the psychologist interviewed the mothers during the administration of the Gesell Developmental Schedules. Assessment of progress in the areas of toileting, feeding and dressing is included in the personal-social area of the Gesell Schedules. It is apparent from the results of this study that mothers encouraged self-help and independence in the areas of dressing and feeding, with the exception of the use of a bottle. However, in the category of toileting this was not true, inasmuch as emphasis upon self-management in daily toilet habits seemed to be at a minimum. These findings indicate that the mothers were permissive with regard to toilet-training and weaning. These practices and their patterns of breast-feeding agree with those practices advocated by the most recent edition of Infant Care. The mother's educational level, the sex of the child, or the number of children in the family were not found to be significantly related to the child-training practices used by the mothers in this study. The data in this study are in agreement with White's finding that there is "a need for revising our ideas about social class differences in child-rearing practices." It is, of course, recognized that the lack of significant differences or relationships in this study does not prove that no such differences or relationships exist. It does, however, indicate that none can be recognized for this population from the available data. Differences in attitude as well as practice, on the part of the mothers, may well be prevalent; but they apparently are not reflected in the development of the children in the areas of toiletry, feeding and dressing as measured by the Gesell Schedules.

Family Size from the Child's Point of View

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Langford
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data

SummaryThe mean size of sibship in which children are reared is greaterthan the mean number of children born to those children's parents' generation. In this paper, family size is considered from the child's point of view, and estimates made of how many siblings (and some other relatives) children have, using data from a survey carried out in Great Britain in the late 1960s. The size of the ‘family’ experienced by children is largerthan may at first sight appear. For example, women who married in the period 1941–55 onaverage had 2·2 children, but these women's children grew up, on average, in sibships of3·5 children; 38% of them grew up in a family with four children or more. Moreover, on average, these women's children had six uncles and aunts and possibly twice that number of first cousins. More than half of the children had at least one parent who was brought up in a family with six children or more and almost one in five had at least one parent who came from a family with ten children or more.

scholarly journals Experimental study of the influence of family structure on the development of creativity of children of preschool age

HUMANITARIUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Iryna Zozulia ◽  
Yaroslava Vasylkevych
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Families ◽  
General Indicator

The article presents theoretical substantiation and empirical research of the problem of the influence of the family structure on the development of creativity of children of preschool age. The relationship between creativity and family type, number of children in the family, birth order, and intervals between births is analyzed. Peculiarities of influence of family structure (by the number of children) for the development of creativity of children of preschool age are researched. The absence of significant differences in partial (productivity, flexibility, originality) and a general indicator of verbal creativity of children with one child, small and large families has been experimentally established. Research of figurative creativity allowed to identify significant differences in partial indicators of productivity and originality, and the general indicator of figurative creativity: the highest arithmetic mean values are determined in the group of children from small families, and the lowest - in the group of children from large families. In children brought up in single children families, the highest arithmetic mean value is revealed by the partial indicator of the name, and the lowest - in children from large families. In children of preschool age from single, small, and large families no significant differences by partial indicators of the development and resistance to the closure were found. The heterogeneity of verbal and figurative creativity structure is determined in children of preschool age in all types of families. Significant differences were found in the general indicators of creativity: the highest arithmetic mean value was determined in the group of children from small families, and the lowest - in children from large families. Conclusions are made that children from small families are the most creative, and children from large families - the least.

scholarly journals ”I kjærlighedens tjeneste”: Straffens legitimitet i oppdragelse og undervisning

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Øystein Skundberg ◽  
Harald Thuen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
The Family ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Children And Childhood

“In the Service of Love:” The legitimacy of punishment in child rearing and educationThe article attempts to show that the Norwegian attitude towards punishment as a method of child rearing and education changed character during the last half of the nineteenth century. Legal sanctions regulating and prohibiting the use of physical punishment of children was introduced, primarily in schools but much later also in the family. The article suggests that this was the result of an ideological and political development towards valorising the integrity and humanity of children, but that it was controversial to impose restrictions on parents. It also outlines four models or perspectives on the nature of children and childhood that is discernible in handbooks and manuals for parents and educators, and how these models conveyed a particular understanding of the reasoning for and the consequences of punishing children as a part of rearing practices. This influenced both parents’ values and public and political debate.

STUDIES OF FAMILY RELATIONS TEST PATTERNS. II: MOST-MENTIONED FAMILY MEMBERS AND INTER-SIBLING INVOLVEMENT

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lockwood ◽  
Barry P. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Family Members ◽  
School Problems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Families ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sibling Involvement ◽  
Group D

This paper analyses the Family Relations Test protocols of 197 eleven-year-old boys with respect to the dimension of “most-mentioned family member” and of 141 of these boys with respect to “choice of sibling”. The sample was drawn from boys referred for school problems. The results show that (a) the mean and frequency methods of calculating the most-mentioned family member do not differ greatly; however, the latter is to be preferred on grounds of greater psychological meaning; (b) in this sample of referred boys, a sibling is the most-mentioned family member; (c) there is a significant difference between the mean number of items given to Mother and Father by eleven-year-old boys in the referred group as compared with a normative group; (d) subjects from small families are not more involved with their parents than are subjects from large families; (e) boys from large families do not give more items to their next oldest and/or their next youngest siblings as compared with siblings in other ordinal positions.

Does family affect feeling of pain and coping strategies in people with chronic motor organ pain?

Ból ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Monika Bąk-Sosnowska, ◽  
Magdalena Gruszczyńska ◽  
Monika Biernat ◽  
Beata Pytlik
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Partner Status ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Behavior Strategies ◽  
Large Families ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Remedial Strategies

Many factors, including psychological ones, affect the feeling of pain and coping with it. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between family status, and the subjective intensity of pain and coping strategies, in people suffering from chronic motor organ pain. 176 adults were examined. The diagnostic survey was used as well as the following tools: 10-point visual analogue scale to assess the severity of pain, Questionnaire on the Strategy of Coping with Pain (CSQ), the authors’own questionnaire. The mean pain intensity was 5.71 ± 1.97 points. The most cognitive coping strategy was the declared coping (61.81 ± 20.25). The most frequently used behavior strategies were: analgesics (72.97%), parapharmaceuticals (45.27%), physiotherapy (57.43%). It has been shown that people with a partner are more likely to use physiotherapy than singles (p<0.01). People who do not have children: feel less pain than people with one child (p<0.05), pray less frequently than people with two children (p<0.05), use catastrophic thinking less often than people with one child (p<0.05) or two children (p<0.05). People with two children significantly more often than childless people or parents of large families use painkillers (p<0.001), parapharmaceuticals (p<0.05), and physiotherapy (p<0.01). In conclusion, the number of children is related to the severity of feeling pain and the use of specific cognitive and behavioral coping strategies in people with chronic motor organ pain. Partner status is not related to the intensity of pain or the remedial strategies, except for the use of physiotherapy.

Family and Parenting Analogies in Australian Residential Child Care: A Time for Change

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Hansen ◽  
Frank Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Child Care Workers ◽  
Residential Child Care ◽  
Parent Role ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Development Workers ◽  
Child Care Personnel

In Australia the family is often used as a model for provision of residential care for children. Associated with this model is an acceptance of the parent role as the appropriate one for residential child care workers. This article explores these ideas, outlining the positive and negative aspects of the family model and the parenting function. The alternative put forward is that of identifying residential child care personnel as child development workers.

The management of behaviour problems in children

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Sara Williams
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Child Care Workers ◽  
Running Away ◽  
Biological Family ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Increasing Demand

It is unlikely that the services of child care workers will cease to be needed during the next decade. The figures tend to show a steadily increasing demand for help with children who cannot live with their biological families for a number of different reasons. This seems to be a reflection of:—Firstly, an increased awareness of the meaning of unusual behaviour in children, i.e., that the child who does something unacceptable like running away, stealing or failing to perform well in school is really showing signs of emotional stress, and secondly, in part due to an increase in social disruption of the family and a change in the values of a significant proportion of middle class parents. There is no way we can expect that all children can spend all their young lives living with a family, either their biological family or an alternative one.

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