TEACHING ABOUT MENTAL SUBNORMALITY TO THE MEDICAL STUDENT AND PHYSICIAN: A CONFERENCE REPORT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
Hilda Knobloch
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Conference Report ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physician Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mental Subnormality

MENTAL SUBNORMALITY is defined officially by the World Health Onganization as incomplete or insufficient general development of the mental capacities. It has two components: mental deficiency and mental retardation. Mental retardation is present when the social and educational performance is lower than that expected from a knowledge of intellectual abilities. Mental deficiency is diminution of the mental capacities themselves as a result of pathological processes. Individuals with organic disease of the brain may have additional impairment of intellectual functioning as the result of adverse environmental circumstances. It seems clean that advances in medical care have resulted in increasing survival of infants with brain damage, and more attention is being paid to the problem of subnormal mental functioning as well as to other neuropsychiatric disabilities. The American Academy of Pediatrics has reflected this increased interest by organizing a Section on Child Development and appointing a group to study formation of a separate Committee on Mental Retardation. The forthcoming report of the President's Panel on Mental Retardation will undoubtedly include consideration of the role of the official pediatric organizations as well as that of the individual pediatrician. In 1957 a conference on Teaching Mental Retardation in Medical Education was held. As its name implies, it was restricted to the problems of physician education. However, the relationship between physicians and other professionals concerned with providing services to the mentally subnormal was not considered. The report represents the consensus of members of the conference as to the most fruitful approach to engaging the interest of the physician, from the time he starts as a medical student, and mobilizing it in the most constructive fashion.

Inclusion of Tallented Children (Pupils) In the Current Czech Education System

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-68
Author(s):  
Lenka Gulová ◽  
Stanislav Střelec
Keyword(s):  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Cognitive Dimension ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Educational Potential ◽  
Insight Into

When searching for an educational space allowing a deeper insight into the issue of inclusion in the Czech Republic, we chose a gifted pupil during his compulsory school education among the inclusion users. We are primarily interested in pupils with extraordinary intellectual abilities. In many aspects, the status of these pupils is comparable to the situation of other groups of pupils with special educational needs (SEN), as confirmed by relevant findings of both our and foreign researchers. Our focus is primarily on the broader, rather than just cognitive, issue of inclusive education. Using the example of the risks associated with the unequal social development of the gifted child, we attempt to point out the complexity and interconnectivity of the social and cognitive dimension of the child’s development. We assume that the goal of inclusion is a healthy and developed personal social competence, allowing the individual to overcome the obstacles resulting from his/her diversity and enabling him/her to develop his/her educational potential, to participate fully in society and to have access to all its resources.

scholarly journals Cognitive Activity and Creativity of Junior Schoolchildren with the High Intellectual Abilities in the Different Educational Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
N.V. Timoshenko
Keyword(s):  
Personality Development ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Formative Experiment ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Individual

The social situation of personality development is the starting point for all dynamic changes. The analysis of the literature of authors who worked before, and continue working on the subject, has been carried out. The range of questions raised by them that have points of intersection with this study was outlined. The article analyzes the preliminary results of the formative experiment, which is taking place over the course of two years at Art-Zebra creative studio of the Moscow Zoo Training Center. Changes in the creative works of twenty children from four to ten years old reflected in the individual sheets, giving an idea of how the means of expression of images of animals and birds created by children grew up. The article contains three individual characteristics-one of the most vivid examples of the unique way of forming creative features in each child in the social environment of the sculpture classes. Particular attention is paid to the experience that runs like a red thread through all stages of children's creative activity. Preliminary results showed that initially the children owned no more than two means of expression. During the experiment, most children mastered four to five means of expression, adding two more in the process of growth. It is argued that the mastery of creative strategies as means for the transformation of the psyche is the key to unlocking the creative potential of each child.

The Genetic, Metabolic and Developmental Aspects of Mental Retardation, by Robert F. Murray, Jr., M.D., M.S., F.A.C.P., and Pearl Lockhart Rosser, M.D., F.A.A.P. Springfield Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1972, 343 pp., $16.75

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-632
Author(s):  
Edwin H. Kolodny
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Cultural Deprivation ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Mental Subnormality

At first glance, I expected this text to be another in the growing list of recently published atlases of mental retardation. If so, then the authors would probably have neglected to include the numerically most common causes of mental subnormality, namely, malnutrition and cultural deprivation. The emphasis in this text, however, is not in cataloguing. Rather, it is in providing an overview of the full range of diagnostic and educational possibilities for the child with mental deficiency.

scholarly journals The Evolution Of Disability Among Surveys In Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Meseguer-Santamaria ◽  
Manuel Vargas-Vargas ◽  
Jose Mondejar Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Empirical Measurement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

The definition of the word disability is controversial, due to his complexity and multidimensionality. The successive disability models and their empirical measurement in the diverse health national surveys vary greatly. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (World Health Organization, 2001), known as the ICF, sees disability as the outcome of interactions between the features of the individual and the physical, social, and attitudinal world. This approach has the dual advantage of stressing the social context in which individuals are enabled or excluded while not ruling out the roles of bodies and medicine. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of the measurement of disability among three health national surveys in Spain.

Language in mental retardation: Individual and syndromic differences, and neurogenetic variation 1Based on a keynote presentation at the Third European Conference on Psychological Theory and Research in Mental Retardation, Geneva, September 1st, 2000.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean A. Rondal
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Genetic Syndromes ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Keynote Presentation ◽  
Genetic Origins ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Individual

Predominantly non-etiological conceptions have dominated the field of mental retardation (MR) since the discovery of the genetic etiology of Down syndrome (DS) in the sixties. However, contemporary approaches are becoming more etiologically oriented. Important differences across MR syndromes of genetic origin are being documented, particularly in the cognition and language domains, differences not explicable in terms of psychometric level, motivation, or other dimensions. This paper highlights the major difficulties observed in the oral language development of individuals with genetic syndromes of mental retardation. The extent of inter- and within-syndrome variability are evaluated. Possible brain underpinnings of the behavioural differences are envisaged. Cases of atypically favourable language development in MR individuals are also summarized and explanatory variables discussed. It is suggested that differences in brain architectures, originating in neurological development and having genetic origins, may largely explain the syndromic as well as the individual within-syndrome variability documented. Lastly, the major implications of the above points for current debates about modularity and developmental connectionism are spelt out.

Liberté d'opinion et limite normative dans une représentation sociale: le développement de l'intelligence 1Ce texte reprend l'essentiel d'un exposé présenté en juin 1998 à la Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education de Genève, à l'occasion de la collation du Doctorat Honoris Causa de l'Université de Genève à l'auteur.

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Flament
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

This paper is concerned by a possible articulation between the diversity of individual opinions and the existence of consensus in social representations. It postulates the existence of consensual normative boundaries framing the individual opinions. A study by questionnaire about the social representations of the development of intelligence gives support to this notion.

A Moment to Come Together: Personal Reflections on Trayvon Martin

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Roxanne Christensen ◽  
LaSonia Barlow ◽  
Demetrius E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Professional Psychology ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
Professional Responses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
Unique Individual

Three personal reflections provided by doctoral students of the Michigan School of Professional Psychology (Farmington Hills, Michigan) address identification of individual perspectives on the tragic events surrounding Trayvon Martin’s death. The historical ramifications of a culture-in-context and the way civil rights, racism, and community traumatization play a role in the social construction of criminals are explored. A justice orientation is applied to both the community and the individual via internal reflection about the unique individual and collective roles social justice plays in the outcome of these events. Finally, the personal and professional responses of a practitioner who is also a mother of minority young men brings to light the need to educate against stereotypes, assist a community to heal, and simultaneously manage the direct effects of such events on youth in society. In all three essays, common themes of community and growth are addressed from varying viewpoints. As worlds collided, a historical division has given rise to a present unity geared toward breaking the cycle of violence and trauma. The authors plead that if there is no other service in the name of this tragedy, let it at least contribute to the actualization of a society toward growth and healing.

Late Antique Letter Collections

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
The Social ◽  
Letter Writer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Letter Collection ◽  
Latin Letter

This volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the extant Greek and Latin letter collections of late antiquity (ca. 300-600 C.E.). Bringing together an international team of historians, classicists, and scholars of religion, it illustrates how letter collections advertised an image of the letter writer and introduces the social and textual histories of each collection. Nearly every chapter focuses on the letter collection of a different late ancient author—from the famous (or even infamous) to the obscure—and investigates its particular issues of content, arrangement, and publication context. On the whole, the volume reveals how late antique letter collections operated as a discrete literary genre with its own conventions, transmission processes, and self-presentational agendas while offering new approaches to interpret both larger letter collections and the individual letters contained within them. Each chapter contributes to a broad argument that scholars should read letter collections as they do representatives of other late antique literary genres, as single texts made up of individual components, with larger thematic and literary characteristics that are as important as those of their component parts.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ СУПРОВІД СТАНОВЛЕННЯ УСПІШНОЇ ОСОБИСТОСТІ У ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ В УМОВАХ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ТА ОСВІТНІХ РЕФОРМ

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Олена Горова
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Support Worker ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Професійне   становлення   особистості   супроводжує   всі   етапи  соціально-вікового   розвитку  особистості.  Трудова  діяльність  є  основним  видом  суспільної  активності,  який  дозволяє  працівнику  задовольняти  основні  потреби,  особливо  у  процесі  постійних  соціальних,  освітніх  реформ.  Важливим  завданням психологічного супроводу працівника у процесі виконання професійної діяльності є забезпечення  сприятливих  умов  формування  професійно  важливих  якостей.  Соціальна  успішність  є  результатом  ефективного  розв’язання  виробничих  завдань, які  мають  суспільно корисну  важливість  та  пов’язані  з  потребами інших людей. Якісний прогресивний розвиток працівника можливий лише за умови збереження  стійкого  позитивного  ставлення  до  професії.  Позитивна  професійна  самоідентифікація  пов’язана  з  ототожненням  та  персоналізацією  працівником  особистісних  рис  працівників,  які  досягли  успіху  у  професії,  мають  суспільно  визнані  результати  діяльності.  Таким  чином,  професійна  успішність  як  суб’єктне  новоутворення  у  якості  відчуття  гордості  за  власні  результати  діяльності  забезпечує  реалізацію традиції наставництва і  передачі позитивного професійного досвіду.    Професійно  успішний  працівник  усвідомлює  необхідність  та  важливість  результатів  своєї  діяльності  для  інших,  що  вимагає,  відповідно,  від  соціального  середовища  усвідомлення  необхідності  визнання  результатів  діяльності  фахівців.  Знехтуваний  суспільством  працівник,  або  той,  результати  діяльності  якого  позиціонуються  як  меншовартісні,  дистанціюється  від  професії  та  має  негативний  потенціал розвитку. Professional formation of the person accompanies all phases of social and age of the individual. Gainful  employment is the main form of social activity that allows the employee to realize the basic needs. An important task  of psychological support worker in the course of professional activity is to provide favorable conditions for the  formation  of  professionally  important  qualities.  Professional  success  is  the  result  of  an  effective  solution  of  industrial jobs that are socially useful and important related to the needs of others. High-quality progressive  development of an employee is only possible while maintaining a stable positive attitude towards the profession.  Positive  professional  identity  associated  with  the  identification  and  personalization  of  employee  personality traits of employees who have been successful in the profession, who have publicly acknowledged  performance. Thus professional success as the subjective feeling of a lump in the pride of their own results of  operations  ensures  the  implementation  of  the  tradition  of  mentoring  and  of  positive  transfer  of  professional  experience.  Professionally successful employees aware of the need and the importance of the results of its operations  for the other, which requires, respectively, from the social environment - awareness of the need to recognize the  performance of specialists. Unclaimed society worker, or the results of operations, which are positioned as less  important, is moving away from the profession and has a negative potential. 

SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIAL QUALITY AS INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE POLICY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Valeriy HEYETS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Social Quality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Individual

Self-realization of the individual in the conditions of using the policy of “social quality” as a modern tool of public administration in a transitional society is largely related to overcoming the existing limitations of the individual in acting in such a society and economy transitioning to a market character. Given that, in particular, in Ukraine the market is hybrid (and this is especially important), the existing limitations in self-realization of the individual must be overcome, including, and perhaps primarily, through transformations in the processes of socialization, which differ from European practices and institutions that ensure its implementation. Thus, it is a matter of overcoming not only and not so much the natural selfish interests of the individual, but the existing gap in skills, which are an invisible asset to ensure the endogenous nature of economic growth. It is shown that there is an inverse relationship between the formation of socialization and the policy of “social quality”, which is characterized by the dialectic of interaction between the individual and the group and which is a process of increasing the degree of socialization. The latter, due to interdependence, will serve to increase the effectiveness of interaction between the individual and the group, which expands the possibilities of self-realization of the individual in terms of European policy of “social quality” as a tool of public administration, whose successful application causes new challenges and content of the so-called secondary sociology. The logic of Ukraine's current development shows that new approaches are needed to achieve the social development goals set out in the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and to minimize the potential risks and threats that accompany current reforms in Ukrainian society. They should introduce new forms of public administration to create policy interrelationships of all dimensions, as proposed, in particular, by the social quality approach to socialization, the nature of which has been revealed in the author's previous publications. As a result, the socio-cultural (social) dimension will fundamentally change, the structure of which must include the transformational processes of socialization of a person, thanks to which they will learn the basics of life in the new social reality and intensify their social and economic interaction on the basis of self-realization, thereby contributing to the success of state policy of social quality and achieving stable socio-economic development.

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