PROTECTION OF THE INFANT DIET: GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-657
Author(s):  
Charles U. Lowe ◽  
David B. Coursin ◽  
George N. Donnell ◽  
Felix P. Heald ◽  
Robert Kaye ◽  
...  

Only a very small percentage of American and Canadian families produce all their own food. Under the circumstances, over 200 million people and close to 5 milion infants are dependent, to a greater or lesser extent, upon codes, ordinances, and laws enacted to insure that produce in the market place is sound, wholesome, and free of noxious or toxic contaminants. In most instances, neither the consuming public nor the medical profession is aware of the complex and comprehensive nature of the regulatory network which controls the quality of the food supply. Various governmental agencies, federal, state, provincial in Canada, and municipal, provide minimum standards of quality for food and nutritional products and promulgate codes governing manufacturing procedures. Some codes have the force of law whereas others are prepared as guides, particularly for those industries manufacturing food which does not enter interstate commernce, and compliance may be voluntary unless local legislation exists to enforce these codes. Compliance with these standards is determined both by governmental agencies and manufacturers using selective sampling and assay of products at various stages prior to marketing. However, governmental agencies are able to spot check only a small number of the many lots of products and foods under their jurisdiction. The high quality of today's commodity foods and nutritional products has resulted in large part from widespread compliance, self-policing, and desire by industry to surpass the minimum requirements set by law and to provide the consumer with superior products. Through the full co-operation of industry with governmental agencies, a great number and variety of food and nutrition products of high quality and uniformity is available to the consumer, and especially to the infant.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Lionel Espinasse ◽  
Vincent Le Palud ◽  
Julie Prévot ◽  
Gwenna ël Solard ◽  
Lucile Vanotti

The French population census method evolved in the early 2000s. Few studies have been published on the quality of the population estimates produced by this new method, apart from a few observing sample variance resulting from the introduction of a survey in large municipalities. However, the French census is subject to numerous quality controls throughout the process: development of a housing register, preparation of the collection, the collection itself and the post-collection, adjustment and estimation operations. The extensive involvement of stakeholders (municipalities and INSEE) in the preparation and conduct of the census leads to a very good understanding of the process. The many checks carried out throughout the process guarantee that the estimates produced are of a high quality. In addition, the census benefits from a very low non-response rate (3.9% in 2019). However, some features are not yet well known. Although many instructions are included in questionnaires, the answers given by enumerated persons are imperfect due to misunderstandings, an inability to adapt questions to real-life situations, or deliberately incorrect answers.


Author(s):  
A.V. Yanchenko ◽  
A.M. Menshikh ◽  
M.I. Azopkov ◽  
V.S. Golubovich

С развитием технологий производства и внедрением автоматизированных технологических процессов возникают повышенные требования к качеству посевного материала. Посевные качества семян, отвечающие требованиям ГОСТ 32592-2013 Семена овощных, бахчевых культур, кормовых корнеплодов и кормовой капусты. Сортовые и посевные качества. Общие технические условия , не всегда удовлетворяют требованиям, предъявляемым к семенам и их качеству. Для автоматизации посева семена должны быть выровнены по размеру, иметь высокие показатели энергии и лабораторной всхожести. Один из способов повышения посевных качеств семян перца сладкого доработка семян на пневмосортировальном столе с сепарацией семян по их удельной плотности, выполненности. Работа проводилась на экспериментальной базе ВНИИО филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО и цеха доработки семян Агрохолдинга Поиск . В опытах изучались возможности подготовки семян с использованием пневмосортировального стола ПСС-1, изготовленного на Воронежском ОАО ГСКБ Зерномаш . Исследования проводили на семенах перца сладкого. При обработке выделяются и направляются в приемники пять фракций семян, условно легкие примеси, промежуточная фракция, две основных фракции очищенного материала и тяжелые примеси, в т.ч. минеральные частицы (камешки, песчинки, которые имеют одинаковый размер с семенами, но значительно их тяжелее). Для более качественного разделения фракций в приемниках предусмотрены разделительные заслонки, которые можно смещать относительно поступаемых семян с деки. В конструкции машины предусмотрена возможность изменения: угла продольного наклона деки от 0 до 8 град., угла поперечного наклона деки от 0 до 9 градусов, частоты колебаний деки от 300 до 500 кол/мин., и амплитуды позиционно 3 и 5 мм. Доработка семенного вороха на пневмосортировальном столе ПСС-1 дает возможность выделить семена с более высокими посевными качествами, пригодные для современных интенсивных точных технологий в овощеводстве. Основное направление реализации высококачественного семенного материала товарные производители. Несмотря на то, что стоимость высококачественных семян на порядок выше, положительно на экономический эффект влияет отказ от пикировки, высев семян перца напрямую в кассеты, и более качественная рассада, так как за счет энергии прорастания рассада растет более равномерно и дружно.With the development of production technologies and the introduction of automated technological processes, there are increased requirements for the quality of seed. Sowing quality of seeds that meet the requirements of GOST 32592-2013 Seeds of vegetables, melons, fodder root crops and fodder cabbage. Varietal and sowing qualities. General technical conditions do not always satisfy the requirements for seeds and their quality. To automate sowing, seeds must be aligned in size and have high energy and laboratory germination rates. One of the ways to improve the sowing qualities of seeds of sweet pepper is to refine the seeds on a pneumatic sorting table with separation of seeds according to their specific gravity, performance. The work was carried out on the experimental basis of ARRIVG branch Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Center and the seed finishing shop of the Poisk agroholding. In the experiments, we studied the possibilities of preparing seeds using the PSS-1 pneumatic sorting table manufactured at the Voronezh GSKB Zernomash. During processing, five fractions of seeds, conditionally light impurities, an intermediate fraction, two main fractions of the purified material and heavy impurities are isolated and sent to the receivers, including mineral particles (pebbles, grains of sand, which are the same size with seeds, but they are much heavier). For a better separation of fractions, separators are provided in the receivers, which can be shifted relative to the incoming seeds from the deck. The design of the machine provides for the possibility of changing: the angle of the longitudinal inclination of the deck from 0 to 8 degrees., The angle of the transverse inclination of the deck from 0 to 9 degrees, the oscillation frequency of the deck from 300 to 500 counts/min., аnd the amplitude positionally 3 and 5 mm. Completion of the seed pile on the PSS-1 pneumatic sorting table makes it possible to select seeds with higher sowing qualities that are suitable for modern intensive precision technologies in vegetable growing. The main direction of the sale of high-quality seed material is commodity producers. Despite the fact that the cost of high-quality seeds is an order of magnitude higher, the positive effect on the economic effect is the refusal to pick, sowing pepper seeds directly into cassettes, and better seedlings, since seedling grows more uniformly and amicably due to the germination energy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2284
Author(s):  
Fernando Fernandez-Llimos

Scholarly publishing is in a crisis, with the many stakeholders complaining about different aspects of the system. Authors want fast publication times, high visibility and publications in high-impact journals. Readers want freely accessible, high-quality articles. Peer reviewers want recognition for the work they perform to ensure the quality of the published articles. However, authors, peer reviewers, and readers are three different roles played by the same group of individuals, the users of the scholarly publishing system—and this system could work based on a collaborative publishing principle where “nobody pays, and nobody gets paid”.


Author(s):  
Evan W. Duggan ◽  
Han Reichgelt

Business organizations are still struggling to improve the quality of information systems (IS) after many research efforts and years of accumulated experience in delivering them. The IS community is not short on prescriptions for improving quality; however the utterances are somewhat cacophonous as proponents of quality-enhancing approaches hyperbolize claims of their efficacy and/or denigrate older approaches, often ignoring the importance of context. In this chapter we undertake an extensive review of the IS quality literature to balance the many perspectives of stakeholders in this heterogeneous community with the necessarily varied prescriptions for producing high-quality systems. We develop an IS quality model, which distills determinants of IS product quality into effects attributable to people, processes, and practices and denote that IS success results from the combination of discernible IS quality and stakeholders’ perceptions of IS quality. This chapter serves as a general introduction to the detailed analyses of topics that follow in subsequent chapters but also provides insights that are not covered elsewhere in the book.


2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 550-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tange ◽  
H. J. van den Herik ◽  
A. Hasman ◽  
A. Latoszek-Berendsen

Summary Background: Guidelines are among us for over 30 years. Initially they were used as algorithmic protocols by nurses and other ancillary personnel. Many physicians regarded the use of guidelines as cookbook medicine. However, quality and patient safety issues have changed the attitude towards guidelines. Implementing formalized guidelines in a decision support system with an interface to an electronic patient record (EPR) makes the application of guidelines more personal and therefore acceptable at the moment of care. Objective: To obtain, via a literature review, an insight into factors that influence the design and implementation of guidelines. Methods: An extensive search of the scientific literature in PubMed was carried out with a focus on guideline characteristics, guideline development and implementation, and guideline dissemination. Results: We present studies that enable us to explain the characteristics of high-quality guidelines, and new advanced methods for guideline formalization, computerization, and implementation. We show how the guidelines affect processes of care and the patient outcome. We discuss the reasons of low guideline adherence as presented in the literature and comment upon them. Conclusions: Developing high-quality guidelines requires a skilled team of people and sufficient budget. The guidelines should give personalized advice. Computer-interpretable guidelines (CIGs) that have access to the patient’s EPR are able to give personal advice. Because of the costs, sharing of CIGs is a critical requirement for guideline development, dissemination, and implementation. Until now this is hardly possible, because of the many models in use. However, some solutions have been proposed. For instance, a standardized terminology should be imposed so that the terms in guidelines can be matched with terms in an EPR. Also, a dissemination model for easy updating of guidelines should be established. The recommendations should be based on evidence instead of on consensus. To test the quality of the guideline, appraisal instruments should be used to assess the guideline as a whole, as well as checking the quality of the recommendations individually. Only in this way optimal guideline advice can be given on an individual basis at a reasonable cost.


2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 918-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Murakami

Of the many vital functions that political parties serve in American democracy, selecting candidates for public office is near the top of the list. Giovanni Sartori (1976) cites this purpose as their chief defining element—claiming that, at a minimum, a party is a “political group that presents at elections, and is capable of placing through elections, candidates for public office” (64). Moreover, understanding how parties vet, groom, select, and promote candidates is central to empirically evaluating the strength of political party organizations, the quality of elected policymakers, and ultimately the effectiveness of government. For scholars of American politics, this has led to fruitful lines of research on the processes that the Democratic and Republican Parties use to select their candidates—namely the conventions, primaries, and caucuses that nominate individuals for various federal, state, and local offices. For example, many have investigated the effects of reforms to the presidential nomination process in the early 1970s (Aldrich 1993; Hagen and Mayer 2000; Reiter 1985; Wayne 2000), some arguing that it took power of choosing candidates away from the party organizations and towards other institutions like the press, interest groups, and small ideological factions (Polsby 1983) with potentially negative consequences for governance.


Author(s):  
A. T. Kunakbaeva ◽  
A. M. Stolyarov ◽  
M. V. Potapova

Free-cutting steel gains specific working properties thanks to the high content of sulfur and phosphorus. These elements, especially sulfur, have a rather high tendency to segregation. Therefore, segregation defects in free-cutting steel continuously cast billets can be significantly developed. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the chemical composition of freecutting steel and casting technological parameters on the quality of the macrostructure of continuously cast billets. A metallographic assessment of the internal structure of cast metal made of free-cutting steel and data processing by application of correlation and regression analysis were the research methods. The array of production data of 43 heats of free-cutting steel of grade A12 was studied. Steel casting on a five-strand radial type continuous casting machine was carried out by various methods of metal pouring from tundish into the molds. Metal of 19 heats was poured with an open stream, and 24 heats – by a closed stream through submerged nozzles with a vertical hole. High-quality billets had a cross-sectional size of 150×150 mm. The macrostructure of high-quality square billets made of free-cutting steel of A12 grade is characterized by the presence of central porosity, axial segregation and peripheral point contamination, the degree of development of which was in the range from 1.5 to 2.0 points, segregation cracks and strips – about 1.0 points. In the course of casting with an open stream, almost all of these defects are more developed comparing with the casting by a closed stream. As a result of correlation and regression analysis, linear dependences of the development degree of segregation cracks and strips both axial and angular on the sulfur content in steel and on the ratio of manganese content to sulfur content were established. The degree of these defects development increases with growing of sulfur content in steel of A12 grade. These defects had especially strong development when sulfur content in steel was of more than 0.10%. To improve the quality of cast metal, it is necessary to have the ratio of the manganese content to the sulfur content in the metal more than eight.


2020 ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Eryomenko ◽  
N. V. Rostunova ◽  
S. A. Budagyan ◽  
V. V. Stets

The experience of clinical testing of the personal telemedicine system ‘Obereg’ for remote monitoring of patients at the intensive care units of leading Russian clinics is described. The high quality of communication with the remote receiving devices of doctors, the accuracy of measurements, resistance to interference from various hospital equipment and the absence of its own impact on such equipment were confirmed. There are significant advantages compared to stationary patient monitors, in particular, for intra and out-of-hospital transportation of patients.


2018 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Z. A. Agaeva ◽  
K. B. Baghdasaryan

The transthoracic echocardiography made by multifrequency probes with support of the mode of the second harmonic imaging, is a competitive method for visualization of the main coronary arteries and allows to estimate coronary blood flow with high quality. Of course, the method has considerable restrictions, most important of which is the low spatial resolution of a method, due to small acoustic window. Because of this the transthoracic visualization of coronary arteries perhaps will not become the leading method of anatomic reconstruction of separately taken coronary artery and especially all coronary arteries system. However uniqueness and indisputable advantage of this method is an opportunity to noninvasively estimate a coronary blood flow both once, and in dynamics.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Sadykov

Subject. This article deals with the issues of social justice and a high quality of life, creating favorable economic and social conditions. Objectives. The article aims to assess the rate and changes in poverty in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan and develop complementary measures to reduce it. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, comparative, economic and statistical analyses, the results of sociological studies, and official statistics. Results. The article highlights additional measures to reduce poverty in the region, including the establishment of a minimum social standard of living in each particular region that determines the poverty rate. Conclusions. Various factors, such as economic sanctions, economic slowdowns, territorial and regional imbalances, lead to living standards decline and poverty rise.


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