Normal Values for Intercanthal Distances of 5- to 11-Year-Old American Blacks

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
Richard C. Juberg ◽  
F. Glenn Sholte ◽  
W. Joseph Touchstone
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Interpupillary Distance ◽  
White Girls ◽  
American Blacks ◽  
Normal Standards ◽  
Age And Sex

From measurement of the distances between the medial canthi, lateral canthi, and the pupils of 580 black boys and 639 black girls, we present values for these dimensions for 5- to 11-year-old normal subjects. With use of the cranial circumference, we also give normal values for two clinically used indices, the canthal and the circumference-interorbital. Compared with previously published standards, the intercanthal and interpupillary values for black boys significantly exceed those of white boys with only three exceptions involving interpupillary distance, and the values for black girls exceed those of white girls with just two exceptions, one each of the lateral canthal and interpuillary distances. Thus, we suggest that the measurements of a patient be compared with normal standards specific for race as well as age and sex. In contrast, values for neither the canthal nor the circumference-interorbital index of the blacks differed from values available for whites. Consideration of the position of eyes is relevant to the diagnosis of a large number of syndromes.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

scholarly journals Considering Sport Participation as a Source for Physical Activity Among Adolescents

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 930-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Pharr ◽  
Nancy L. Lough
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
National Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Underserved Groups

Background:Studies have shown participation in sport is lower among girls than boys, decreases as students matriculate through high school, is lowest among Black and Hispanic girls and has a positive relationship with SES. With sport recognized as a contributor to physical activity and health in adolescents, consideration of diminishing rates of participation appears warranted. The purpose of this study was to identify patterns related to differences in self-reported sport participation between genders, ethnic groups, grades and SES.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of data collected for a sport interest survey. All students in grades 8–11 attending middle and high schools were provided an opportunity to participate in the survey. Data from 49,832 students were analyzed.Results:Among the participants, Black girls participated more and White girls participated less than expected. Black boys participated more while White and Asian boys participated less than expected. Reported sport participation was high compared with national data when analyzed by gender and ethnic group. Sport participation was higher in low SES schools compared with high SES schools.Conclusion:The importance of sport as a source of physical activity in underserved groups is significant.

HAND VOLUME AND SKIN THICKNESS IN A NORMAL POPULATION AND IN ACROMEGALY

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Bhatia ◽  
D. R. Hadden ◽  
D. A. D. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Hand Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT The mean normal values of right hand volume and skin thickness in both sexes and in each decade (from 20–69 years) in right-handed subjects are presented. These measurements vary with age and sex. Hand volume and skin thickness showed a decrease in normal subjects above 50 years. In acromegaly there is an increase in hand volume and skin thickness, but this does not closely relate to other estimates of activity of the disease.

Computerized method for validating laboratory reference ranges for triiodothyronine and thyroxin immunoassays

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Luttrell ◽  
Sall Watters
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Laboratory Reference ◽  
Euthyroid Status ◽  
Computer Based

Abstract We used a computer-based method to help validate the reference ranges of assays for triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4). A retrospective search of a database of laboratory results for the previous six months identified all patients with apparent euthyroid status, as defined by methods independent of the immunoassay under review. A computer-generated reference group (CGR Group) of 2001 records had a gaussian distribution of T4 values and a reference range (mean +/- 2 SD) of 56-161 nmol/L, compared with the supplier's suggested range for euthyroid subjects (58-148 nmol/L) and an in-house range of 60-144 nmol/L for a group of 97 normal subjects. A similar CGR Group of 1902 records gave a reference range for T3 of 0.7-2.1 nmol/L (manufacturer's range 0.8-2.8; normal subjects 0.8-2.2). An attempt to devise a reference range for thyrotropin failed when we found that its concentration in the population of patients with normal values for thyroid hormones was distributed differently from that in the normal population. The method is intended to be used in addition to conventionally derived ranges based on results for healthy subjects. It allows the laboratory to conveniently verify the reference ranges for T3 and T4 assays at regular intervals by using very large samples with appropriate age, sex, and weight distribution, drawn from the population of patients' samples submitted for analysis.

Trajectories of Body Mass and Self-Concept in Black and White Girls

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Mustillo ◽  
Kimber L. Hendrix ◽  
Markus H. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Body Image Discrepancy

As a stigmatizing condition, obesity may lead to the internalization of devalued labels and threats to self-concept. Modified labeling theory suggests that the effects of stigma may outlive direct manifestations of the discredited characteristic itself. This article considers whether obesity’s effects on self-concept linger when obese youth enter the normal body mass range. Using longitudinal data from the National Growth and Health Study on 2,206 black and white girls, we estimated a parallel-process growth mixture model of body mass linked to growth models of body image discrepancy and self-esteem. We found that discrepancy was higher and self-esteem lower in formerly obese girls compared to girls always in the normal range and comparable to chronically obese girls. Neither body image discrepancy nor self-esteem rebounded in white girls despite reduction in body mass, suggesting that the effects of stigma linger. Self-esteem, but not discrepancy, did rebound in black girls.

Self-Esteem of Adolescent Females as Related to Race, Economic Status, and Area of Residence

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Housley ◽  
Sue Martin ◽  
Harriett Mc Coy ◽  
Phyllis Greenhouse ◽  
Flavelia Stigger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
The Self ◽  
Urban Girls ◽  
White Girls

The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale was used to measure the self-esteem of 109 14- and l6-yr.-old (±6 mo.) girls. The self-esteem scores were categorized by economic status, race, and area of residence. For urban girls mean self-esteem of upper economic status subjects was significantly higher than that of those at the lower economic status. The self-esteem of upper economic status urban girls was significantly higher than the self-esteem of their rural peers. Finally, the self-esteem of the urban black girls was significantly higher than the self-esteem of the urban white girls.

SKIN-FOLD THICKNESS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH ACROMEGALY AND CUSHING'S SYNDROME

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Wright ◽  
G. F. Joplin
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Normal Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT A simple clinical method of determining the skin-fold thickness on the dorsum of the hand has been described using the Harpendon spring-loaded caliper. A normal range for age and sex has been established in 258 normal subjects. The mean skin-fold thickness was greater in men than in women, and in both decreased with age, falling from 2.85 to 1.75 mm in men, and from 2.65 to 1.60 mm in women (aged 15–20 to 70–80). In 48 acromegalic patients, 71 % of the skin-fold measurements were abnormally thick. In 12 patients with Cushing's syndrome, although all measurements were below the normal mean, 42 % only were abnormally thin.

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