Infant Cereal Enrichment Controversy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-615
Author(s):  
Robert A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Iron Enrichment ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Bioavailability ◽  
Current Practices

The following comments are offered in criticism of certain conclusions drawn by Rios et al. in their article in Pediatrics. Although we can only agree with the authors that there is a need for definition of the many factors influencing iron absorption, including the precise effect of specific iron sources, we do vigorously protest the presentation of their 1971 studies as representative of current practices in infant cereal enrichment. Changes in the iron enrichment of infant cereals made five and three years ago have not been evaluated and, from their article, one can infer that baby food manufacturers have been derelict in utilizing iron with high bioavailability.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Commerce in the Development of Small Business in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 350-356
Author(s):  
M. Simakina
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Internet Marketing ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Social Commerce ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

The article examines the features of marketing activities of Russian small enterprises. Special attention is paid to the use of low-budget and Internet marketing tools by small businesses, as well as the role of small businesses in the development of the e-economy. Among the many e-commerce tools, a tool called “social commerce” stands out. The definition of this phenomenon is given, the conditions and principles of its implementation, the factors influencing its development are described. On the example of Russian small enterprises, the features of the use of social commerce in modern conditions are determined.

Religious Narrative

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Armin Geertz
Keyword(s):  
Special Issue ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Religious Narrative ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

This introduction to the special issue on narrative discusses various ways of approaching religious narrative. It looks at various evolutionary hypotheses and distinguishes between three fundamental aspects of narrative: 1. the neurobiological, psychological, social and cultural mechanisms and processes, 2. the many media and methods used in human communication, and 3. the variety of expressive genres. The introduction ends with a definition of narrative.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Land Values in the Presence of Suburban Sprawl

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Lindsay ◽  
Cleve E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Suburban Sprawl ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Definition Of

The spread of suburbs into previously rural areas has become commonplace in the United States. A rather striking aspect of this phenomenon has been the discontinuity which results. This aspect is often manifest in a haphazard mixture of unused and densely settled areas which has been described as “sprawl”. A more useful definition of suburban sprawl, its causes, and its consequences, is provided below in order to introduce the econometric objectives of this paper.

scholarly journals Has the Credibility of the Social Sciences Been Credibly Destroyed? Reanalyzing the “Many Analysts, One Data Set” Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110244
Author(s):  
Katrin Auspurg ◽  
Josef Brüderl
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

In 2018, Silberzahn, Uhlmann, Nosek, and colleagues published an article in which 29 teams analyzed the same research question with the same data: Are soccer referees more likely to give red cards to players with dark skin tone than light skin tone? The results obtained by the teams differed extensively. Many concluded from this widely noted exercise that the social sciences are not rigorous enough to provide definitive answers. In this article, we investigate why results diverged so much. We argue that the main reason was an unclear research question: Teams differed in their interpretation of the research question and therefore used diverse research designs and model specifications. We show by reanalyzing the data that with a clear research question, a precise definition of the parameter of interest, and theory-guided causal reasoning, results vary only within a narrow range. The broad conclusion of our reanalysis is that social science research needs to be more precise in its “estimands” to become credible.

scholarly journals Reactivity in social scientific experiments: what is it and how is it different (and worse) than a Placebo effect?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jiménez-Buedo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
In Virtue Of

AbstractReactivity, or the phenomenon by which subjects tend to modify their behavior in virtue of their being studied upon, is often cited as one of the most important difficulties involved in social scientific experiments, and yet, there is to date a persistent conceptual muddle when dealing with the many dimensions of reactivity. This paper offers a conceptual framework for reactivity that draws on an interventionist approach to causality. The framework allows us to offer an unambiguous definition of reactivity and distinguishes it from placebo effects. Further, it allows us to distinguish between benign and malignant forms of the phenomenon, depending on whether reactivity constitutes a danger to the validity of the causal inferences drawn from experimental data.

Bridging the Gap Between "Science" and "Security"

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fighel
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Concept Definition ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Is Security ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

Security is multidimensional in nature and diverse in practice. This diversity leads to difficulty in providing a single all-encompassing definition for the many applied domains of security. Security cannot be considered singular in concept definition, as definition is dependent on applied context. Security incorporates diverse and multi-disciplined actors, originating and practicing across many disciplines. This multidimensional nature of security results unclear understanding of a definition for the concept of security. Bridging the gap between the traditional definitions of science and the undefined definition of what is Security can be achieved through Scientific Security Research methodologies that will be engaged and implemented in the exploration, analysis and conclusions of the systematic and organized body of knowledge.

Reporting altered test results in hemolyzed samples: is the cure worse than the disease?

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1112-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Gianfranco Cervellin ◽  
Mario Plebani
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Performance Specifications ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe management of laboratory data in unsuitable (hemolyzed) samples remains an almost unresolved dilemma. Whether or not laboratory test results obtained by measuring unsuitable specimens should be made available to the clinicians has been the matter of fierce debates over the past decades. Recently, an intriguing alternative to suppressing test results and recollecting the specimen has been put forward, entailing the definition and implementation of specific algorithms that would finally allow reporting a preanalytically altered laboratory value within a specific comment about its uncertainty of measurement. This approach carries some advantages, namely the timely communication of potentially life-threatening laboratory values, but also some drawbacks. These especially include the challenging definition of validated performance specifications for hemolyzed samples, the need to producing reliable data with the lowest possible uncertainty, the short turnaround time for repeating most laboratory tests, the risk that the comments may be overlooked in short-stay and frequently overcrowded units (e.g. the emergency department), as well as the many clinical advantages of a direct communication with the physician in charge of the patient. Despite the debate remains open, we continue supporting the suggestion that suppressing data in unsuitable (hemolyzed) samples and promptly notifying the clinicians about the need to recollect the samples remains the most (clinically and analytically) safe practice.

scholarly journals Participation and the role of Public Space

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gabriel Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Young People ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

This article examines participatory rights as human rights and considers their importance to the lives of children and young people. It argues that a broad definition of participation needs to be used which takes us from 'round tables' to understanding that young people participate in many different ways. It points out that failure to recognise and respect the many varied ways that children and young people choose to participate results in a breach of their human rights. It shows how our socio-legal system operates to permit and support these breaches of the rights of children and young people, resulting in their alienation from civic society.

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