Milk Protein Quantity and Quality in Low-Birthweight Infants: I. Metabolic Responses and Effects on Growth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels C. R. Räihä ◽  
Kirsti Heinonen ◽  
David K. Rassin ◽  
Gerald E. Gaull
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Crown Rump Length

The optimal quantity and quality of protein for low-birthweight infants is undefined. In this study, 106 well, appropriate-for-gestational age, low-birthweight infants weighing 2,100 gm or less were grouped in three gestational age categories: T1 = 28 to 30 weeks; T2 = 31 to 33 weeks; T3 = 34 to 36 weeks. Each group was assigned randomly to either banked human milk (BM) or to one of four isocaloric formulas varying in quantity and quality of protein but not in mineral content or in fat content: formula 1 = 1.5 gm of protein per 100 ml, 60 parts bovine whey proteins to 40 parts bovine caseins: formula 2 = 3.0 gm of protein per 100 ml, 60:40; formula 3 = 1.5 gm of protein per 100 ml, 18:82; formula 4 = 3.0 gm of protein per 100 ml, 18:82. Caloric intake was 117 kcal/150 ml/kg/day for the formulas. Human milk was fed at 170 ml/kg/day in order to attain a caloric intake approximately equal to that of the formulas. No significant differences were found in the rate of growth in crown-rump length, in femoral length, in head circumference, or in rate of gain in weight from time of regaining birthweight to time of discharge at 2,400 gm. Blood urea nitrogen, urine osmolarity, total serum protein, serum albumin, aiud serum globulin varied directly with the quantity of protein in the diet: F2, F4 > F1, F3 > BM. Blood ammonia concentration varied with both quantity and qualtiy of protein in the diet: F2, F3, F4 > F1, BM. Metabolic acidosis was more frequent, more severe, and more prolonged in the infants fed the casein-predominant formulas (F3, F4) than in those fed the whey protein-predominant formulas (Fl, F2).

Feeding the Low-Birth-Weight Infant: I. Taurine and Cholesterol Supplementation of Formula Does Not Affect Growth and Metabolism

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Liisa Järvenpää ◽  
Niels C. R. Räihä ◽  
David K. Rassin ◽  
Gerald E. Gaull
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
General Metabolism ◽  
Urine Concentrations ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Cholesterol Supplementation

Taurine and cholesterol are constituents of human milk that are present in smaller amounts in infant formulas. Infants fed such formulas have lower plasma and urine concentrations of taurine and of serum total cholesterol. In the present investigation, in infants of 31 to 36 weeks gestational age, the effects of supplementing a 1.5 g/100 mL whey-predominant formula with taurine alone or with taurine plus cholesterol were examined. Infants fed the supplemented formula were compared with infants fed the unsupplemented formula and with infants fed pooled, expressed human milk (185 mL/kg/d). Approximately 45% of the human milk provided to each infant was that of the infant's mother (35% pasteurized and 10% fresh). From the time of reaching a weight of 2,400 g to 4 months of age the last group of infants was fed ad libitum. No consistent statistically significant differences in growth, as measured by rate of gain in crown-rump length, crown-heel length, or head circumference, were observed. There was a tendency, however, for the formula-fed infants to gain weight more slowly before reaching 2,400 g and to gain weight more quickly after a weight of 2,400 g was attained to 4 months of age. No differences in concentrations of BUN, total serum proteins or acid-base status were observed among the formula-fed groups. The concentration of BUN increased in the formula-fed groups compared with the group fed human milk during the last half of the study. The formula-fed infants tended to have higher total serum proteins and to be slightly more acidotic than the infants fed human milk prior to discharge at a weight of 2,400 g but not thereafter. Thus, infants fed 185 mL/kg/d gained weight at rates comparable to those for fetuses of the same gestational age. Supplementation of formulas with taurine or taurine plus cholesterol did not produce changes in growth or general metabolism discernible under the present experimental conditions.

Automated Procedure for Simultaneously Measuring Total Globulin and Total Protein in Serum

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Savory ◽  
M Geraldine Heintges ◽  
Robert E Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Serum Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
A Minor

Abstract An automated continuous-flow procedure has been developed for simultaneously measuring total serum protein and globulin. The method for total protein is a minor modification of an existing automated method in which the biuret reagent is used. Total globulin is measured by reaction with glyoxylic acid, and standardized with N-acetyltryptophan. An empirical factor relating concentration of N-acetyltryptophan to human globulin has been derived. Values for total serum globulin obtained by this new automated procedure correlate closely with values obtained by electrophoresis, but do not agree with values obtained by use of procedures involving binding of anionic dye. Recovery of gamma globulin added to serum is essentially quantitative; the day-to-day precision (CV) is 4.31%.

scholarly journals Food safety and quality of distribution of raw human milk from a University Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-556
Author(s):  
Marina Aparecida da Silva MORENO ◽  
Lucíola Sant’Anna de CASTRO ◽  
Ana Cristina Freitas de Vilhena ABRÃO ◽  
Kelly Pereira COCA
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Milk Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital of the city of São Paulo. Methods A cross-sectional study with raw human milk samples from mothers who attended the Human Milk Collection Station of a University Hospital, analyzed between May 2016 and January 2017, excluding mothers of twins. The quality of the raw human milk was assessed by verifying the presence of dirt, the coloration of the milk, the titratable acidity using the Dornic method, and through its energy content. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for the analysis of the energy profile and the degree of Dornic acidity, according to the stage of the raw human milk and the gestational age of the child. Results The study was composed of 40 samples of 40 different women, with a mean age of 27 years, an average of 11.8 years of education, most of them were multiparous and with a partner. Regarding milk analysis, 55.0% was classified as colostrum, 27.5% as mature milk and 17.5% as transitional milk. All samples presented negative results for dirt and normal coloration. The mean milk acidity was 3.24º Dornic and most of the samples were classified as hypercaloric energy content. There was no association between the lactation stage and gestational age with the acidity value and energy content. Conclusion The quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the institution evaluated was considered adequate and the samples analyzed had a high energy content and excellent Dornic acidity.

scholarly journals Quality of bovine colostrum and its relation to genetics, management, physiology and its freezing

2020 ◽  
pp. e1465
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Schogor ◽  
Patricia Glombowsky ◽  
Fabiana Both ◽  
Beatriz Danieli ◽  
Fernanda Rigon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Process Material

Objective. The aims of this study were to assess whether colostrum quality is modified by genetic, physiological and management characteristics in the pre-partum period, as well as evaluate whether quality and composition of colostrum is altered in the freezing process. Material and methods. In the experiment I, colostrum and blood samples of 35 cows (18 Holstein and 17 Jerseys) were collected. In the experiment II, six colostrum samples of Holstein cows were collected and frozen during 60 days. Results. The mean immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was 77.65 mg/ml to Jersey and 82.77 mg/ml to Holstein. The genetic, parturition order, and the interaction between these factors were no significant on IgG concentration in the colostrum. Also, it was observed an effect genetic of cow in the weight on calf at birth and on three days of age (p<0.0001). Regarding transmission of calf passive immunity, no effects of cow breed and calving order were observed on plasma protein concentration of calf, as well as after three days of freezing. Calves of Holstein (83%) and Jersey (82%) breed showed total serum protein levels above 5.5 g/dL. Holstein cows housed in individual paddocks with diet supplementation provided better quality of colostrum (93.57 mg Ig/mL). Over time, the percentage of fat reduced at freezing, that reduced over time (p<0.05) in Experiment II. Conclusions. The pre-partum management exerts influence on colostrum quality, and the freezing not interfere on centesimal and immunological quality of colostrum, with exception the fat, that decrease along the time.

scholarly journals Plasma ammonia concentrations in extremely low birthweight infants in the first week after birth: secondary analysis from the ProVIDe randomized clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Cormack ◽  
Yannan Jiang ◽  
Jane E. Harding ◽  
Caroline A. Crowther ◽  
Adrienne Lynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Plasma Ammonia ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Birth Characteristics ◽  
Extremely Low Birthweight

Abstract Background Little is known about normative ammonia concentrations in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) babies and whether these vary with birth characteristics. We aimed to determine ammonia concentrations in ELBW babies in the first week after birth and relationships with neonatal characteristics and protein intake. Methods Arterial blood samples for the measurement of plasma ammonia concentration were collected within 7 days of birth from ProVIDe trial participants in six New Zealand neonatal intensive care units. Results Three hundred and twenty-two babies were included. Median (range) gestational age was 25.7 (22.7–31.6) weeks. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) ammonia concentration was 102 (80–131) µg/dL. There were no statistically significant associations between ammonia concentrations and birthweight or sex. Ammonia concentrations were weakly correlated with mean total (Spearman’s rs = 0.11, P = 0.047) and intravenous (rs = 0.13, P = 0.02) protein intake from birth, gestational age at birth (rs = −0.13, P = 0.02) and postnatal age (rs = −0.13, P = 0.02). Conclusions Plasma ammonia concentrations in ELBW babies are similar to those of larger and more mature babies and only weakly correlated with protein intake. Currently, recommended thresholds for investigation of hyperammonaemia are appropriate for ELBW babies. Protein intake should not be limited by concerns about potential hyperammonaemia.

Serum Protein Values in Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-26
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

The present investigations were stimulated by an interest in the effect of feeding larger amounts of protein to premature infants than provided by human milk. Twenty-one premature infants between 1500 and 2400 gm in weight and 1 and 56 days of age were studied. The total serum protein and the serum-protein components were determined by paper electrophoresis. During an initial 8 weeks of the experiment the infants received human milk; later 10 of them received additional protein from a skimmed-milk preparation containing 89% casein. During the first 8 weeks the concentration of total protein in the serum decreased from 5.63 to 4.03 gm/100 ml. The decrease was in the albumin fraction (from 3 to 2 gm/100 ml) and the gammaglobulin fraction (from 1 to 0.5 gm/100 ml). The other globulin fractions remained constant. Casein added to the diet resulted in concentrations of total serum protein and serum albumin at higher levels, but the decrease with increasing age was not prevented. The decrease in gamma globulin, concurrent with increasing age, was not prevented by additional casein, on the contrary resulted in a further decrease. The author relates this to other studies in which a lower frequency of infection was found in premature infants fed on human milk than in infants fed on human milk with additional protein.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МЯСНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ БЫЧКОВ РАЗНЫХ ПОРОД

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.F. GORLOV ◽  
A.V. RANDELIN ◽  
M.I. SLOSHENKINA ◽  
A.A. MOSOLOV ◽  
D.A. RANDELIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Meat Productivity

Приведены результаты изучения роста, мясной продуктивности и качества говядины, полученной от молодняка русской комолой (I группа), казахской белоголовой (II группа) и калмыцкой (III группа) пород. Установлено, что при постановке на опытв 8-месячном возрасте животные II подопытной группы превосходили по живой массе сверстников I и III групп, соответственно, на 4,1 кг и 23,9 кг, в 17 мес — на 16,2 кг и 49,8 кг.Бычки I группы превосходили по живой массе сверстников III группы в возрасте 8 мес на 19,8 кг, в 17 мес— на 33,6 кг. По результатам контрольного убоя бычки казахской белоголовой породы превосходили сверстников I и III групп по массе туш на 6,88 кг, или 2,7% (Р<0,05) и 35,81 кг, или 14,0% (Р<0,001). Убойный выход был более высоким у животных русской комолой породы (I группа). Их превосходство по этому показателю над сверстниками II и III групп составило1,07 и 2,29%. На основании результатов обвалки установлено, что выход мякоти в тушах бычков I группы был выше, чем у сверстников II и III групп — на 0,77 и 2,00%. Индекс мясности у бычков I группы в сравнении со сверстниками был выше на 0,24 и 0,70. Выход мякоти в тушах на 100 кг живой массы у бычков I группы был также превышал данный показатель у сверстников на 1,09 кг, или 2,44% и на 2,52 кг, или 5,83%. Наиболее ценных отрубов было получено больше от бычков I группы (русская комолая) по сравнению со сверстниками II и III групп. Установлена положительная корреляционная связь между живой массой бычков в начале и конце откорма с общим белком в сыворотке крови — в I группе 0,54—0,64, во II — 0,50—0,67, в III группе — 0,67—0,69; убойной массой и общим белком в сыворотке крови — в I группе она составила 0,47—0,50, во II — 0,49—0,51, в III группе — 0,51—0,53.The results of the study of growth, meat productivity and quality of beef obtained from young stock by Russian comola (I group), Kazakh white-headed (II group) and Kalmyk (III group) breeds are presented. It was established that when setting up the experiment at 8 months of age animals II experimental groups surpassed live weight of their peers I and III groups, respectively, by 4.1 kg and 23.9 kg, at 17 months - by 16.2 kg and 49.8 kg. Gobies of group I exceeded in live weight of their peers of group III at the age of 8 months by 19.8 kg, at 17 months - by 33.6 kg. According to the results of the control slaughter, Kazakh white-headed breed bullies exceeded their peers of groups I and III by carcass weight by 6.88 kg, or 2.7% (P <0.05) and 35.81 kg, or 14.0% (P <0.001). Slaughter yield was higher in animals of the Russian comola breed (I group). Their superiority over this indicator over their peers of groups II and III was 1.07 and 2.29%. Based on the results of deboning, it was found that the pulp yield in bull carcasses of group I was higher than that of peers of groups II and III — by 0.77 and 2.00%. The index of meatiness in bulls of group I in comparison with peers was higher by 0.24 and 0.70. The yield of pulp in carcasses per 100 kg of live weight in the first group of bulls I was also higher than that of their peers by 1.09 kg, or 2.44% and 2.52 kg, or 5.83%. The yield of the most valuable cuts was higher in bulls of Group I (Russian comola) compared with peers of Groups II and III. In the process of research, a positive correlation was established between the body weight of animals at the beginning and end of fattening with the total protein in the blood serum in group I; it was 0.54—0.64; in II — 0.50—0.67; in group III — 0.67—0.69, between the slaughter mass with total serum protein in group I it was 0.47—0.50; in II — 0.49—0.51; in group III — 0.51—0.53.

Intestinal Ammonia in Uraemia: The Effect of a Urease Inhibitor, Acetohydroxamic Acid

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Swales ◽  
J. D. Tange ◽  
D. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Treated Group ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Acetohydroxamic Acid ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Ammonia Content

1. The effects of intestinal ammonia in uraemia have been studied by administering a urease inhibitor, acetohydroxamic acid, to bilaterally nephrectomized rats. 2. Ammonia concentration was significantly decreased in the colon although it remained slightly higher than in normal animals. Caecal ammonia concentration was not altered. Total ammonia content was decreased in both colon and caecum. 3. A study in vitro indicated that ammonia production could be totally inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid. This suggests that the failure to suppress ammonia production in vivo is due to failure of the inhibitor to reach the site of urease production in sufficient concentration. 4. The animals treated with high doses of acetohydroxamic acid survived for a shorter time. Blood urea was higher and total serum protein lower in the treated group. The incidence of colitis was not affected.

Is the Quality of Care in Twins and in Singletons Related?

1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
P. Buekens ◽  
R. Derom ◽  
M. Dramaix ◽  
M. Kavadias ◽  
M. Thiery
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
Cesarean Sections

AbstractWe investigated if it is possible to use the data collected in twins to identify areas with high rates of operative deliveries, preterm deliveries and low birthweight infants in singletons. Our data correspond to all deliveries registered in Belgium in 1983. A significant correlation was found between the rates of cesarean sections in twins and in singletons. A significant correlation was also found between the rate of deliveries at a gestational age of less than 32 weeks in twins and the rate of deliveries at less than 37 weeks in singletons. However, correlations between other preterm rates, low birthweight rates and vacuum extraction or forceps rates, were nonsignificant. We conclude that the use of twins as tracers of the quality of care in singletons is of limited value.

scholarly journals Millet-based supplement restored gut microbial diversity of acute malnourished pigs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250423
Author(s):  
Xuejing Li ◽  
Yan Hui ◽  
Bingfeng Leng ◽  
Junli Ren ◽  
Yanni Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathology ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
Tight Association

The tight association between malnutrition and gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis enables microbiota-targeting intervention to be a promising strategy. Thus, we used a malnourished pig model to investigate the host response and GM alterations under different diet supplementation strategies. Pigs at age of 4 weeks were fed with pure maize diet to induce malnutrition symptoms, and followed by continuous feeding with maize (Maize, n = 8) or re-feeding using either corn-soy-blend (CSB+, n = 10) or millet-soy-blend based (MSB+, n = 10) supplementary food for 3 weeks. Meanwhile, 8 pigs were fed on a standard formulated ration as control (Ref). The effect of nutritional supplementation was assessed by the growth status, blood chemistry, gastrointestinal pathology, mucosal microbiota composition and colon production of short-chain fatty acids. Compared with purely maize-fed pigs, both CSB+ and MSB+ elevated the concentrations of total protein and globulin in blood. These pigs still showed most malnutrition symptoms after the food intervention period. MSB+ had superior influence on the GM development, exhibiting better performance in both structural and functional aspects. MSB+ pigs were colonized by less Proteobacteria but more Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Lachnospira spp. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a strong correlation between the abundance of mucosal e.g., Faecalibacterium and Lachnospira spp. and body weight, crown-rump length and total serum protein. In conclusion, the malnutrition symptoms were accompanied by an aberrant GM, and millet-based nutritional supplementation showed promising potentials to restore the reduced GM diversity implicated in pig malnutrition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document