Persistence of Antibody After the Administration of Influenza Vaccine to Children with Cancer

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-229
Author(s):  
Ciro Valent Sumaya ◽  
Thomas E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Children With Cancer ◽  
Antibody Levels

Children with cancer who received an intramuscular injection of inactivated split or whole bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza virus vaccine during the fall of 1976 were tested up to 18 months later for the persistence of antibody. Titers of antibody [Unknown]10 to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus were present in the sera of 34 children two weeks after immunization. The geometric mean titer was 40.0. Eighteen months later a titer [Unknown]10 was present in 13 (38%) children; the geometric mean titer was 8.5. Of 36 children with a titer of antibody [Unknown]10 to A/Victoria/75 virus two weeks after immunization, 34 still had a detectable titer in the later examination. The geometric mean titer declined from 65.3 to 25.6. Titers of antibody to B/Hong Kong/72 virus (not included in the vaccine) remained relatively stable. In 11 children the usual chemotherapy was discontinued during the study. The shorter persistence of antibody to A/New Jersey/76 virus, in contrast to that of the other two influenza viruses tested, was associated with a lack of prior exposure to the virus and the absence of subsequent natural infection with this virus or an antigenicaily related subtype. The potential effect of cancer chemotherapy on the persistence of antibody levels is unclear.

scholarly journals ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN BEINGS FOLLOWING VACCINATION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUSES

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Hirst ◽  
E. R. Rickard ◽  
Loring Whitman ◽  
F. L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Levels

Eleven different preparations of influenza virus were used to vaccinate large groups of human beings. The antibody response to these vaccines was measured by means of the in vitro agglutination inhibition test, and the geometric mean titers of sera taken 2 weeks after vaccination were compared. From these comparisons the following conclusions were drawn: 1. There was a wide individual variation in the antibody response of human beings to the same preparation of influenza virus administrated subcutaneously. The amount of antibody produced by a group with a low prevaccination antibody level was very nearly the same as the amount produced by groups that had higher initial levels. 2. The use of the X strain of distemper virus in the preparation of an influenza vaccine did not enhance the antigenicity of the influenza virus present. 3. Within certain limits the mean antibody response of human beings increased as the amount of virus injected was increased. When large amounts of influenza A virus were given, the antibody response was of the same order of magnitude as that which occurred following actual infection by this virus. 4. When the vaccine was prepared from allantoic fluid, there was no significant difference in the antibody response of human beings given active virus, formalin-inactivated virus, heat-inactivated virus, or virus inactivated by the drying process. 5. Ground infected chick embryos, when diluted with infected allantoic fluid, gave a greater antibody response than allantoic fluid alone (when the virus remained active). The antigenicity of such a preparation was diminished when the virus was inactivated by formalin. 6. Antibody levels 6 and 9 weeks after vaccination showed a marked drop from the 2-week postvaccination levels. In a small group the antibody levels at 5 months were still further reduced. Those individuals who possessed the higher titers tended to lose their antibodies faster than did those at a lower level.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin-specific radioimmunoprecipitation assays for quantitation of nasal secretory antibodies to hemagglutinin of type A influenza viruses

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
J A Kasel ◽  
H R Six ◽  
C J Oborn ◽  
G R Dreesman
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Type A ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Viral Neutralization ◽  
Antibody Levels

Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were developed to selectively quantitate class-specific antibodies to purified hemagglutinins (HA) of type A influenza virus in nasal secretions. Rabbit anti-human secretory piece of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and rabbit anti-human IgG were used as second antibodies. A third antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG, was incorporated into the system to separate immune complexes formed between iodinated HA, nasal wash test specimen, and second antibody. The utilization of this reagent avoided the need for large quantities of IgA and IgG antibody-negative carrier secretions. Nasal was specimens obtained from 14 adults immunized with an inactivated type A influenza virus vaccine were evaluated by RIP and viral neutralization assays. Significant homologous postvaccination secretory IgA and IgG antibody levels were demonstrable in 13 (93%) of individuals by RIP, whereas only 5 (36%) exhibited rises by viral neutralization tests. Moreover, the geometric mean IgA and IgG antibody levels were at least 20- and 37-fold greater than the neutralizing antibody titer. The pattern of heterologous immunoglobulin-specific antibody responses tended to be similar to those observed with the homologous HA subunit.

scholarly journals Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against four prototype strains of influenza A virus in different age groups

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Terzin ◽  
S. Djurišić ◽  
B. Vuković ◽  
V. Vujkov
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Lower Antibody Response

SUMMARYSera of 197 apparently well persons were tested for residual haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against live Hong Kong/68, A/FM/47 and A/PR/34 strains. Sera of 62 well persons, regularly exposed to contacts with swine, were tested against an inactivated A/New Jersey/76 antigen.Those born some time before and during a certain influenza era showed a significantly greater proportion of homologous residual titres against the subtype prevailing in that influenza era, than those born after the termination of the same era.In each of the seven age groups tested both the percentage of positives and the geometric mean titres were usually highest against the Hong Kong strain (representing the most recent era); the next highest were those against the FM1 strain and the lowest were those against the PR8 strain (representing the most distant of these three influenza eras).The serological involvement of donors exposed to regular contacts with swine was relatively stronger against the New Jersey antigen than the response of other serum donors shown against the other three, more recent, prototypes of influenza virus A. The oldest age groups showed significantly lower antibody response against the PR8, FM1 and Hong Kong strains (but not against the New Jersey antigen) than the next one or two of the younger age groups.

scholarly journals Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Influenza Virus Antibodies: Enhancement of Neutralizing Potency in Polyclonal Mixtures and IgA Backbones

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 3610-3618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqian He ◽  
Caitlin E. Mullarkey ◽  
J. Andrew Duty ◽  
Thomas M. Moran ◽  
Peter Palese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Variable Regions

ABSTRACTCurrent influenza virus vaccines rely upon the accurate prediction of circulating virus strains months in advance of the actual influenza season in order to allow time for vaccine manufacture. Unfortunately, mismatches occur frequently, and even when perfect matches are achieved, suboptimal vaccine efficacy leaves several high-risk populations vulnerable to infection. However, the recent discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain has renewed hope that the development of “universal” influenza virus vaccines may be within reach. Here, we examine the functions of influenza A virus hemagglutinin stalk-binding antibodies in an endogenous setting, i.e., as polyclonal preparations isolated from human sera. Relative to monoclonal antibodies that bind to the HA head domain, the neutralization potency of monoclonal stalk-binding antibodies was vastly inferiorin vitrobut was enhanced by several orders of magnitude in the polyclonal context. Furthermore, we demonstrated a surprising enhancement in IgA-mediated HA stalk neutralization relative to that achieved by antibodies of IgG isotypes. Mechanistically, this could be explained in two ways. Identical variable regions consistently neutralized virus more potently when in an IgA backbone compared to an IgG backbone. In addition, HA-specific memory B cells isolated from human peripheral blood were more likely to be stalk specific when secreting antibodies of IgA isotypes compared to those secreting IgG. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that HA stalk-binding antibodies perform optimally when in a polyclonal context and that the targeted elicitation of HA stalk-specific IgA should be an important consideration during “universal” influenza virus vaccine design.IMPORTANCEInfluenza viruses remain one of the most worrisome global public health threats due to their capacity to cause pandemics. While seasonal vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of pandemic strains, a new class of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been recently discovered and may be the key to developing a “universal” influenza virus vaccine. While much has been learned about the biology of these antibodies, most studies have focused only on monoclonal antibodies of IgG subtypes. However, the study of monoclonal antibodies often fails to capture the complexity of antibody functions that occur during natural polyclonal responses. Here, we provide the first detailed analyses of the biological activity of these antibodies in polyclonal contexts, comparing both IgG and IgA isotypes isolated from human donors. The striking differences observed in the functional properties of broadly neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal contexts will be essential for guiding design of “universal” influenza virus vaccines and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Interferon mediated prophylactic protection against respiratory viruses conferred by a prototype live attenuated influenza virus vaccine lacking non-structural protein 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raveen Rathnasinghe ◽  
Mirella Salvatore ◽  
Hongyong Zheng ◽  
Sonia Jangra ◽  
Thomas Kehrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Human Influenza Virus

AbstractThe influenza A non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is known for its ability to hinder the synthesis of type I interferon (IFN) during viral infection. Influenza viruses lacking NS1 (ΔNS1) are under clinical development as live attenuated human influenza virus vaccines and induce potent influenza virus-specific humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses. Attenuation of ΔNS1 influenza viruses is due to their high IFN inducing properties, that limit their replication in vivo. This study demonstrates that pre-treatment with a ΔNS1 virus results in an antiviral state which prevents subsequent replication of homologous and heterologous viruses, preventing disease from virus respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Our studies suggest that ΔNS1 influenza viruses could be used for the prophylaxis of influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and other human respiratory viral infections, and that an influenza virus vaccine based on ΔNS1 live attenuated viruses would confer broad protection against influenza virus infection from the moment of administration, first by non-specific innate immune induction, followed by specific adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Establishment of Vero cell RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics for Influenza A virus and its application for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus vaccine production

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1230-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Suk Song ◽  
Yun Hee Baek ◽  
Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua ◽  
Hyeok-il Kwon ◽  
Su-Jin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vero Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Polymerase I

The constant threat of newly emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential requires the need for prompt vaccine production. Here, we utilized the Vero cell polymerase I (PolI) promoter, rather than the commonly used human PolI promoter, in an established reverse-genetics system to rescue viable influenza viruses in Vero cells, an approved cell line for human vaccine production. The Vero PolI promoter was more efficient in Vero cells and demonstrated enhanced transcription levels and virus rescue rates commensurate with that of the human RNA PolI promoter in 293T cells. These results appeared to be associated with more efficient generation of A(H1N1)pdm09- and H5N1-derived vaccine seed viruses in Vero cells, whilst the rescue rates in 293T cells were comparable. Our study provides an alternative means for improving vaccine preparation by using a novel reverse-genetics system for generating influenza A viruses.

scholarly journals Alternative Strategy for a Quadrivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Wan ◽  
Stivalis Cardenas Garcia ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Jefferson Santos ◽  
Silvia Carnaccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Virus

ABSTRACT Influenza virus infections continue to pose a major public health threat worldwide associated with seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Vaccination is considered the first line of defense against influenza. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) may provide superior responses compared to inactivated vaccines because the former can better elicit a combination of humoral and cellular responses by mimicking a natural infection. Unfortunately, during the 2013–2014, 2014–2015, and 2015–2016 seasons, concerns emerged about the effectiveness of the only LAIV approved in the United States that prevented the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) from recommending its use. Such drawbacks open up the opportunity for alternative LAIV strategies that could overcome such concerns. Previously, we developed a combined strategy of temperature-sensitive mutations in the PB2 and PB1 segments and an epitope tag in the C terminus of PB1 that effectively attenuates influenza A viruses of avian and mammalian origin. More recently, we adopted a similar strategy for influenza B viruses. The resulting attenuated (att) influenza A and B viruses were safe, immunogenic, and protective against lethal influenza virus challenge in a variety of animal models. In this report, we provide evidence of the potential use of our att strategy in a quadrivalent LAIV (QIV) formulation carrying H3N2 and H1N1 influenza A virus subtype viruses and two antigenic lineages of influenza B viruses. In naive DBA/2J mice, two doses of the QIV elicited hemagglutination inhibition (HI) responses with HI titers of ≥40 and effectively protected against lethal challenge with prototypical pandemic H1N1 influenza A and influenza B virus strains. IMPORTANCE Seasonal influenza viruses infect 1 billion people worldwide and are associated with ∼500,000 deaths annually. In addition, the never-ending emergence of zoonotic influenza viruses associated with lethal human infections and of pandemic concern calls for the development of better vaccines and/or vaccination strategies against influenza virus. Regardless of the strategy, novel influenza virus vaccines must aim at providing protection against both seasonal influenza A and B viruses. In this study, we tested an alternative quadrivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (QIV) formulation whose individual components have been previously shown to provide protection. We demonstrate in proof-of principle studies in mice that the QIV provides effective protection against lethal challenge with either influenza A or B virus.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Mucosal Vaccine in Preventing Infection with Avian Influenza A Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 862
Author(s):  
Tong Wang ◽  
Fanhua Wei ◽  
Jinhua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Infection Route ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Mucosal Vaccines

Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs), as a zoonotic agent, dramatically impacts public health and the poultry industry. Although low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) incidence and mortality are relatively low, the infected hosts can act as a virus carrier and provide a resource pool for reassortant influenza viruses. At present, vaccination is the most effective way to eradicate AIVs from commercial poultry. The inactivated vaccines can only stimulate humoral immunity, rather than cellular and mucosal immune responses, while failing to effectively inhibit the replication and spread of AIVs in the flock. In recent years, significant progresses have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the vaccine antigen activities at the mucosal surfaces and the development of safe and efficacious mucosal vaccines that mimic the natural infection route and cut off the AIVs infection route. Here, we discussed the current status and advancement on mucosal immunity, the means of establishing mucosal immunity, and finally a perspective for design of AIVs mucosal vaccines. Hopefully, this review will help to not only understand and predict AIVs infection characteristics in birds but also extrapolate them for distinction or applicability in mammals, including humans.

scholarly journals 151. The Use of Dried Blood Spot Cards to Assess Serologic Responses of Individuals Vaccinated Against Measles, Hepatitis A, Tetanus, Influenza and Varicella Zoster

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S205-S206
Author(s):  
Janine R Danko ◽  
Robert Taylor ◽  
Brian Reinhardt ◽  
Nora L Watson ◽  
Taylor Banks
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Blood Spot

Abstract Background Traditional blood sampling by venipuncture is cumbersome and expensive. Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling is desirable because of its ease of sample collection, transportation and storage. It has been used in clinical diagnosis but not been thoroughly studied for the potential use to assess the immune status of individuals following natural infection or preventive vaccination. The goal of this study is to compare DBS to traditional blood samplings in detection of antibodies in individuals vaccinated against measles, hepatitis A, tetanus, influenza and varicella zoster. Methods Blood from 220 vaccinated individuals were collected by venipuncture into serum separation tubes and by fingerstick onto Whatman 903® protein saver cards. ELISA was used to test DBS eluates and serum samples for antibodies against measles, varicella, tetanus and hepatitis A. Sensitivities, specificities, and correlation coefficients were evaluated to compare optical density (OD) values of paired serum and DBS samples. Hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization assay (MNA) were used to determine anti-influenza antibody in serum and DBS samples. The long term stability of DBS samples at different temperatures was assessed using simulated immune measles blood. Results DBS OD was highly correlated with serum OD for antibodies to measles (r = 0.93), varicella (r = 0.82), and tetanus (r = 0.91) (Fig.1). Sensitivities of DBS OD ranged from 86–99% and specificities ranged from 96–100% using cut-offs established by each assay. By contrast, the hepatitis A data showed a low sensitivity (31%) and a weak correlation (r = 0.14) between DBS and serum samples. HAI and MNA assays showed a broad range of anti-influenza A (H1N1 and H3N1) antibody titers in serum samples but failed to detect the antibodies in DBS eluates. The stability data indicated that DBS samples were stable for 4 weeks when stored at room temperature and for 6 months at 4°C (Fig. 2). Figure 1. Correlation of antibody levels detected by DBS sampling to the antibody levels detected by serum sampling for measles, hepatitis A, tetanus and varicella zoster. Figure 2. Stability of the blood samples on DBS cards stored under various temperatures for 25 weeks as measured by the titers of anti-measles antibody (IgG) at various time points. Conclusion DBS sampling was sensitive, specific, and highly correlated with traditional venipuncture sampling in detection of antibodies against measles, tetanus and varicella zoster, but not hepatitis A and influenza. Thus, the success of using DBS sampling to assess the antibody levels in immunized individuals may be dependent on the pathogens and the type of assay used. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Evaluation of Influenza Virus A/H3N2 and B Vaccines on the Basis of Cross-Reactivity of Postvaccination Human Serum Antibodies against Influenza Viruses A/H3N2 and B Isolated in MDCK Cells and Embryonated Hen Eggs

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Kishida ◽  
Seiichiro Fujisaki ◽  
Masaru Yokoyama ◽  
Hironori Sato ◽  
Reiko Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Influenza Virus A ◽  
The Cross

ABSTRACTThe vaccine strains against influenza virus A/H3N2 for the 2010-2011 season and influenza virus B for the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons in Japan are a high-growth reassortant A/Victoria/210/2009 (X-187) strain and an egg-adapted B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) strain, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests with postinfection ferret antisera indicated that the antisera raised against the X-187 and egg-adapted B/Brisbane/60/2008 vaccine production strains poorly inhibited recent epidemic isolates of MDCK-grown A/H3N2 and B/Victoria lineage viruses, respectively. The low reactivity of the ferret antisera may be attributable to changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of production strains during egg adaptation. To evaluate the efficacy of A/H3N2 and B vaccines, the cross-reactivities of postvaccination human serum antibodies against A/H3N2 and B/Victoria lineage epidemic isolates were assessed by a comparison of the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of HI and neutralization (NT) tests. Serum antibodies elicited by the X-187 vaccine had low cross-reactivity to both MDCK- and egg-grown A/H3N2 isolates by HI test and narrow cross-reactivity by NT test in all age groups. On the other hand, the GMTs to B viruses detected by HI test were below the marginal level, so the cross-reactivity was assessed by NT test. The serum neutralizing antibodies elicited by the B/Brisbane/60/2008 vaccine reacted well with egg-grown B viruses but exhibited remarkably low reactivity to MDCK-grown B viruses. The results of these human serological studies suggest that the influenza A/H3N2 vaccine for the 2010-2011 season and B vaccine for the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons may possess insufficient efficacy and low efficacy, respectively.

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