Trends in Bicycle Helmet Use by Children: 1985 to 1990

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80
Author(s):  
Barry D. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Middle Schools ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
School Level ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Project Staff ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
The University

Research has demonstrated that helmets protect against head injury during bicycle crashes. Several investigators have shown that large-scale, community-wide programs can increase the rate of helmet use by children. The objective of this research was to determine whether helmet use had changed over a 5-year period in a community with no formal programs designed to increase the use of helmets. In 1985 and again in 1990, project staff observed student bicyclists arriving at four elementary schools, three middle schools, three high schools, and one university campus. The same schools were used both years. There was no significant increase in the percentage of students who used helmets at the middle schools (0 both years), the high schools (1.85% vs 1.45%), or the university (10.0% vs 4.0%). At the four elementary schools, helmet use increased from 1.85% in 1985 to 17.1% in 1990. Much of this increase was attributable to one school at which helmet use increased from 4.4% to 21.4%. This school, and no others, had begun teaching about helmet use in the classroom. The results suggest that (1) helmet use will not increase at the middle school level or higher without specific interventions and (2) slmple, low-cost, classroom interventions can increase helmet use by elementary school children.

Using Covariates to Improve Precision for Studies That Randomize Schools to Evaluate Educational Interventions

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Bloom ◽  
Lashawn Richburg-Hayes ◽  
Alison Rebeck Black
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Middle Schools ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Urban School Districts ◽  
School Level ◽  
Baseline Covariates

This article examines how controlling statistically for baseline covariates, especially pretests, improves the precision of studies that randomize schools to measure the impacts of educational interventions on student achievement. Empirical findings from five urban school districts indicate that (1) pretests can reduce the number of randomized schools needed for a given level of precision to about half of what would be needed otherwise for elementary schools, one fifth for middle schools, and one tenth for high schools, and (2) school-level pretests are as effective in this regard as student-level pretests. Furthermore, the precision-enhancing power of pretests (3) declines only slightly as the number of years between the pretest and posttests increases; (4) improves only slightly with pretests for more than 1 baseline year; and (5) is substantial, even when the pretest differs from the posttest. The article compares these findings with past research and presents an approach for quantifying their uncertainty.

Bicycle Helmet Use by Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-679
Author(s):  
Barry D. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Bicycle Helmets

Children are the most frequent victims of bicycling accidents. Among fatal accidents, head injury is the most common cause of death. Because bicycling helmets may reduce the risk of serious head injury, this study was undertaken to determine the frequency with which children and adolescents in various age groups use bicycle helmets. Students were observed arriving at four elementary schools, three junior high schools, three senior high schools, and one university campus. The number of students riding bicycles and the percentage wearing helmets were noted. Of 108 elementary schools bicyclists, only two (1.85%) wore helmets. None of 103 junior high bicyclists and only two of 107 (1.86%) senior high bicyclists wore helmets. Ten percent (15/150) of university bicyclists wore helmets; this is a significantly higher rate than in the other age groups (χ2 = 10.27, P < .01). The failure of school-aged children to wear bicycling helmets represents a potentially serious health hazard. Pediatricians and family physicians have a unique opportunity to provide education to families and communities about the importance of using helmets.

scholarly journals Converting to Online Course and Program Delivery: The University of South Australia Case Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce King ◽  
Holly McCauslan ◽  
Ted Nunan
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Online Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning Environment ◽  
The University

The University of South Australia's (UniSA) approach to converting its distance education programs to online delivery is to manage it as a part of establishing an online teaching and learning environment for all of its programs. UniSA's move to online teaching and learning derives from a clear vision of its future, is informed and directed by a comprehensive framework for teaching and learning, and enabled by appropriate structures, processes and resources. The institution has chosen to develop a relatively low-cost, easy to use online teaching and learning environment that has facilitated large-scale conversion to the online mode for all teaching and learning, including traditional distance education.

Low Cost VoIP Architecture Using Open Source Software Component in Tertiary Institutions

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Ebtesam Najim AlShemmary ◽  
Bahaa Qasim Al-Musawi
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Enterprise Network ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Data Services ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The University

Governments and their agencies are often challenged by high cost and flexible telephonic, Web based data services. Emerging technologies, such as those of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) that allow convergent systems where voice and Web technologies can utilize the same network to provide both services, can be used to improve such services. This paper describe VoIP system for the enterprise network (e.g. company, university) that have been developed based on Asterisk which is a kind of open source software to implement IP-PBX system. Through the development and evaluation, we have confirmed that VoIP system based on Asterisk is very powerful as a whole and most PBX functions to be required for the enterprise network can be realized. Interesting findings include that the University of Kufa has a potential to implement the project. By connecting multiple Asterisk servers located in different sites based on IAX2, large scale enterprise network can be developed. Since the software recommended for installation is open source, the project could be used as a source of valuable information by students who specialize in real-time multi-media systems.

scholarly journals Design and Simulation of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Computer Network for 3×3 Km Universal Sample of Building Campus

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ammar O. Hasan ◽  
Firas Muhammad Zeki Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Campus Network ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Wireless Signal ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Hardware Component ◽  
The University ◽  
Wimax Network

The aim of this study to design a wireless computer network of a particular network as a large-scale company or university to improve mobility and to let the teachers and students of the university, for example, stay interacted and connected at any time in any campus location or site. Therefore, This study needed to cover the overall area of this campus with efficient wireless coverage that exceeds the university boundaries to maintain wireless signal strength. To do that, the researchers thought that it is very significant to design a Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) computer network with the most powerful and advanced hardware component capabilities to full fit teachers’ and students’ requirements of fast net browsing and files’ download. After designing the university campus of computer network, simulation has done by OPNET 14 Modular to determine the WiMax network design parameters. The purpose of the current research is to find if the design of the campus network is efficient or not and also to determine the performance of theimplemented network.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Infections Following Physical School Reopening

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Miron ◽  
Kun-Hsing Yu ◽  
Rachel Wilf-Miron ◽  
Isaac S. Kohane ◽  
Nadav Davidovitch
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
School Level ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Incidence Increase

AbstractBackgroundSchool reopened in August-September 2020 and their effect on COVID-19 infections is unclear.MethodsWe examined Coronavirus Disease-19 incidence following school reopening in Florida.ResultsWe found that counties teaching physically had 1.2-fold incidence increase in elementary schools and 1.3-fold increase in high schools, while counties teaching remotely had no increase.ConclusionsOur results suggest that counties teaching physically could consider teaching remotely, especially in high school, until it is safe to teach physically.What was knownSchools reopened in August-September 2020, with some teaching remotely, since the effect of physical reopening on COVID-19 infections is unclear.What we addedcounties teaching physically had 1.2-fold incidence increase in elementary schools and 1.3-fold increase in high schools. This suggests that counties teaching physically could consider teaching remotely instead, especially at the high school level.

Putting sustainability research into practice on the university campus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Maarten B. Eppinga ◽  
Jenny Lozano-Cosme ◽  
Tobia de Scisciolo ◽  
Patrick Arens ◽  
Maria J. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Small Island ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The University

Purpose Despite increasing efforts to incorporate sustainability in curricula and practices of institutions of higher education, effective implementation remains challenging. The purpose of this study is to present an approach to incorporate sustainability into a practice-oriented research skills course, which was implemented at a small island state university in the Caribbean. Design/methodology/approach First-year university students followed a four-week course module, starting with the introduction of the sustainable development goals, and culminating in a symposium in which the students present the findings of their research projects to the campus community. Pre-course module and post-course module surveys measured the students’ knowledge and perceptions regarding sustainability. These survey results were also compared with the result of a similar survey held for the university’s employees. Findings The survey results suggested that following the course module increased students’ knowledge about sustainable development, as well as their support for the university campus and its community putting more emphasis on teaching, practicing and encouraging sustainability. Interestingly, university employees scored significantly higher on the latter component than students, suggesting that in this case a lack of interest of the staff is not a barrier toward a sustainable campus. Originality/value The presented course module offers a novel and low-cost approach to introducing sustainability into a broad range of academic curricula, specifically tailored to the needs of institutes of higher education in small island states. The survey results suggest that this type of education may not only ensure reaching academic goals but also increase students’ interest in sustainable development within their local environment.

scholarly journals Towards Designing Profitable Courses: Predicting Student Purchasing Behaviour in MOOCs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alshehri ◽  
Ahmed Alamri ◽  
Alexandra I. Cristea ◽  
Craig D. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Purchasing Behaviour ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The University

AbstractSince their ‘official’ emergence in 2012 (Gardner and Brooks 2018), massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been growing rapidly. They offer low-cost education for both students and content providers; however, currently there is a very low level of course purchasing (less than 1% of the total number of enrolled students on a given online course opt to purchase its certificate). The most recent literature on MOOCs focuses on identifying factors that contribute to student success, completion level and engagement. One of the MOOC platforms’ ultimate targets is to become self-sustaining, enabling partners to create revenues and offset operating costs. Nevertheless, analysing learners’ purchasing behaviour on MOOCs remains limited. Thus, this study aims to predict students purchasing behaviour and therefore a MOOCs revenue, based on the rich array of activity clickstream and demographic data from learners. Specifically, we compare how several machine learning algorithms, namely RandomForest, GradientBoosting, AdaBoost and XGBoost can predict course purchasability using a large-scale data collection of 23 runs spread over 5 courses delivered by The University of Warwick between 2013 and 2017 via FutureLearn. We further identify the common representative predictive attributes that influence a learner’s certificate purchasing decisions. Our proposed model achieved promising accuracies, between 0.82 and 0.91, using only the time spent on each step. We further reached higher accuracy of 0.83 to 0.95, adding learner demographics (e.g. gender, age group, level of education, and country) which showed a considerable impact on the model’s performance. The outcomes of this study are expected to help design future courses and predict the profitability of future runs; it may also help determine what personalisation features could be provided to increase MOOC revenue.

Researching and Enabling Youth Geographies in the Digital and Material City

2019 ◽  
pp. 221-247
Author(s):  
Giacomo Pettenati ◽  
Egidio Dansero ◽  
Alessia Calafiore
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Community Mapping ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

This contribution presents the methodologies and the results of an action-research project called Teencarto carried out by the University of Turin and the City of Turin. The project involved more than 600 teenagers from 16 high schools, in a massive process of community mapping aiming at producing a representation of their urban geography. Data collected has been analyzed to make evident the way teenagers use the city as well as how they imagine a better city. The mapping process is based on First Life, a map-based social network, which aims at reconnecting digital and real spaces, using cartographic representations and crowdsourcing. The teenagers' geographies emerging from this large-scale mapping activity reveal the crucial role of four types of “piazza” (Italian word for square) as meeting points: real squares, green squares, commercial hybrid squares, and nightlife squares.

scholarly journals Expected impact of reopening schools after lockdown on COVID-19 epidemic in Île-de-France

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Di Domenico ◽  
Giulia Pullano ◽  
Chiara E. Sabbatini ◽  
Pierre-Yves Boëlle ◽  
Vittoria Colizza
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
School Level ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
School Age ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Bed Capacity ◽  
The One ◽  
Primary School Age

ABSTRACTAs several countries around the world are planning exit strategies to progressively lift the rigid social restrictions implemented with lockdown, different options are being chosen regarding the closure or reopening of schools. We evaluate the expected impact of reopening schools in Île-de-France region after the withdrawal of lockdown currently scheduled for May 11, 2020. We explore several scenarios of partial, progressive, or full school reopening, coupled with moderate social distancing interventions and large-scale tracing, testing, and isolation. Accounting for current uncertainty on the role of children in COVID-19 epidemic, we test different hypotheses on children’s transmissibility distinguishing between younger children (pre-school and primary school age) and adolescents (middle and high school age). Reopening schools after lifting lockdown will likely lead to an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in the following 2 months, even with lower transmissibility of children, yet protocols exist that would allow maintaining the epidemic under control without saturating the healthcare system. With pre-schools and primary schools in session starting May 11, ICU occupation would reach at most 72% [55,83]% (95% probability ranges) of a 1,500-bed capacity (here foreseen as the routine capacity restored in the region post-first wave) if no other school level reopens before summer or if middle and high schools reopen one month later through a progressive protocol (increasing attendance week by week). Full attendance of adolescents at school starting in June would overwhelm the ICU system (138% [118,159]% occupation). Reopening all schools on May 11 would likely lead to a second wave similar to the one recently experienced, except if maximum attendance is limited to 50% for both younger children and adolescents. Based on the estimated situation on May 11, no substantial difference in the epidemic risk is predicted between progressive and prompt reopening of pre-schools and primary schools, thus allowing full attendance of younger children mostly in need of resuming learning and development. Reopening would require however large-scale trace and testing to promptly isolate cases, in addition to moderate social distancing interventions. Full attendance in middle and high schools is instead not recommended. Findings are consistent across different assumptions on the relative transmissibility of younger children and for small increase of the reproductive number possibly due to decreasing compliance to lockdown.

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