scholarly journals In vitro synergy testing of prodigiosin in combination with inhibitors of cell wall synthesis against Mycobacterium smegmatis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
D. A. Ivanchenko ◽  
L. M. Hrytsenko
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Test Culture ◽  
Disk Diffusion Testing ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

The cell wall is not a target of currently used therapeutics as Mycobacterium are considered naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, combinations of conventional antibiotics with antibiotic activity-enhancing compounds offer a productive treatment strategy and address the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. The first area of research was the study of a comparative analysis of disk diffusion testing and the broth dilution method for evaluating the susceptibility of M. smegmatis to antimicrobial agents. A comparative analysis of the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents alone showed that M. smegmatis was the most susceptible to ceftriaxone and kanamycin, and moderately sensitive to vancomycin and prodigiosin. Compared to the susceptibility of the antibacterial combinations, the isolate was not susceptible to antibacterial combinations with prodigiosin in disk diffusion testing. The second area of research was the study of the synergic activity of prodigiosin of S. marcescens and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis manifested by their simultaneous effect on M. smegmatis. The greatest increase in the sensitivity of test-culture of mycobacteria occurred with ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, cephazolin and ceftriaxone in combination with prodigiosin of S. marcescens. The presented combination of antibiotics and prodigiosin reduce the required concentration of the antibiotic and by amplifying the effect of compounds inhibiting cell wall synthesis, thereby giving lower FICI values. These data indicate the possibility of using prodigiosin as a promising candidate for the development of "accompaniment-preparations" for antibiotics for the additional therapy of infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium spp. and can suspend the likelihood of developing resistance to antibiotics. The cell wall is not a target of currently used therapeutics as Mycobacterium are considered naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, combinations of conventional antibiotics with antibiotic activity-enhancing compounds offer a productive treatment strategy and address the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. The first area of research was the study of a comparative analysis of disk diffusion testing and the broth dilution method for evaluating the susceptibility of M. smegmatis to antimicrobial agents. A comparative analysis of the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents alone showed that M. smegmatis was the most susceptible to ceftriaxone and kanamycin, and moderately sensitive to vancomycin and prodigiosin. Compared to the susceptibility of the antibacterial combinations, the isolate was not susceptible to antibacterial combinations with prodigiosin in disk diffusion testing. The second area of research was the study of the synergic activity of prodigiosin of S. marcescens and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis manifested by their simultaneous effect on M. smegmatis. The greatest increase in the sensitivity of test-culture of mycobacteria occurred with ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, cephazolin and ceftriaxone in combination with prodigiosin of S. marcescens. The presented combination of antibiotics and prodigiosin reduce the required concentration of the antibiotic and by amplifying the effect of compounds inhibiting cell wall synthesis, thereby giving lower FICI values. These data indicate the possibility of using prodigiosin as a promising candidate for the development of "accompaniment-preparations" for antibiotics for the additional therapy of infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium spp. and can suspend the likelihood of developing resistance to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods for the determination of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. human and the food chain isolates

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
M. Holasova ◽  
R. Karpiskova ◽  
S. Karpiskova ◽  
V. Babak ◽  
J. Schlegelova
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Agar Dilution

With a microdilution method, using the commercial diagnostic test Sensititre Susceptibility Plates for Campylobacter MIC (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA), disk diffusion and agar dilution method, resistance to six antimicrobial agents were examined in a reference strain <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> ATCC 33560 and 73 thermo-tolerant isolates of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. For the microdilution method and all tested antimicrobial agents, our determined values of microbiological breakpoints of resistant strains were suggested as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC<sub>R</sub>) for ciprofloxacin &ge; 0.5, erythromycin &ge; 4, gentamicin &ge; 4, nalidixic acid &ge; 32 and tetracycline &ge; 4 &mu;g/ml. On the basis of our study results, strains resistant to clindamycin were MIC<sub>R</sub> &ge; 2 &mu;g/ml for the dilution methods and a zone diameter R ≤ 16 mm for the disk diffusion method. Comparison of the results of the resistance examination, a microdilution method and disk diffusion method with the reference agar dilution method, showed that all compared methods yielded identical results with the exception of the resistance determination in erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The errors were mostly the result of the interpretation criteria for MIC<sub>R</sub> of agar dilution method and different conditions of cultivation used. However, the compared methods, provide results comparable with the reference method having greater convenience of measurement.

scholarly journals Isolation and Antimicrobial Activities of Phytochemicals from Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Phillip Mawire ◽  
Winnie Mozirandi ◽  
Matthias Heydenreich ◽  
Godloves Fru Chi ◽  
Stanley Mukanganyama
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Parinari Curatellifolia ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Isolated Compound

The widespread use of antimicrobial agents to treat infectious diseases has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Plants have played a central role in combating many ailments in humans, and Parinari curatellifolia has been used for medicinal purposes. Seven extracts from P. curatellifolia leaves were prepared using serial exhaustive extraction of nonpolar to polar solvents. The microbroth dilution method was used to evaluate antimicrobial bioactivities of extracts. Five of the extracts were significantly active against at least one test microbe. Mycobacterium smegmatis was the most susceptible to most extracts. The methanol and ethanol extracts were the most active against M. smegmatis with an MIC of 25 µg/mL. The hexane extract was the most active against Candida krusei with an MIC of 25 µg/mL. None of the extracts significantly inhibited growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Active extracts were selected for fractionation and isolation of pure compounds using gradient elution column chromatography. TLC analyses was carried out for pooling fractions of similar profiles. A total of 43 pools were obtained from 428 fractions. Pools 7 and 10 were selected for further isolation of single compounds. Four compounds, Pc4963r, Pc4962w, Pc6978p, and Pc6978o, were isolated. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Pc4963r, Pc4962w, and Pc6978p showed that the compounds were most active against C. krusei with MFC values ranging from 50 to 100 µg/mL. Only Pc6978p was shown to be pure. Using spectroscopic analyses, the structure of Pc6978p was determined to be β-sitosterol. The antifungal effects of β-sitosterol were evaluated against C. krusei in vitro and on fabrics. Results showed that β-sitosterol reduced the growth of C. krusei attached to Mendy fabric by 83%. Therefore, P. curatellifolia can be a source of lead compounds for prospective development of novel antimicrobial agents. Further work needs to be done to improve the antifungal activity of the isolated compound using quantitative structure-activity relationships.

scholarly journals Design, Overproduction and Purification of the Chimeric Phage Lysin MLTphg Fighting against Staphylococcus aureus

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Xiaohang Liu ◽  
Zhengyu Deng ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Xinyu Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Phage Lysin ◽  
Shed Light

With the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, it is of great importance to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Here, we report the generation of a chimeric phage lysin, MLTphg, which was assembled by joining the lysins derived from Meiothermus bacteriophage MMP7 and Thermus bacteriophage TSP4 with a flexible linker via chimeolysin engineering. As a potential antimicrobial agent, MLTphg can be obtained by overproduction in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and the following Ni-affinity chromatography. Finally, we recovered about 40 ± 1.9 mg of MLTphg from 1 L of the host E. coli BL21(DE3) culture. The purified MLTphg showed peak activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 between 35 and 40 °C, and maintained approximately 44.5 ± 2.1% activity at room temperature (25 °C). Moreover, as a produced chimera, it exhibited considerably improved bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (2.9 ± 0.1 log10 reduction was observed upon 40 nM MLTphg treatment at 37 °C for 30 min) and also a group of antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared to its parental lysins, TSPphg and MMPphg. In the current age of growing antibiotic resistance, our results provide an engineering basis for developing phage lysins as novel antimicrobial agents and shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to tackle bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Quinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella Isolates Based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Determination

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
Varsha Gupta ◽  
Kritika Pal ◽  
Alisha Bhagat ◽  
Anku Goel ◽  
Jagdish Chander
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Disk Diffusion Testing

Abstract Introduction Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, is a generalized infection with case fatality of about 10%. The symptoms may be severe, with life threatening sequelae of infection in a proportion of cases. Antimicrobial agents are the mainstay of therapy in enteric fever so as to prevent the complications associated with severe illness and mortality in the patients. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are very effective against completely susceptible Salmonella bacteria. However, their efficacy is doubtful once any resistance is detected. Pefloxacin testing has ultimately helped in the accurate identification of quinolone susceptibility for a better therapeutic success rate. In the present study we have tried to evaluate the quinolone susceptibility in Salmonella isolates based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. Materials and Methods The method used in the study is quinolone susceptibility in Salmonella isolates based on MIC determination. Salmonella isolates show intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin using disk diffusion. Both ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin MIC evaluation has been done to corroborate the results with pefloxacin disk diffusion testing. Results There was a positive correlation between the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. However, the isolates with intermediate susceptibility had variations in terms of susceptibility to pefloxacin. MIC values for pefloxacin and our findings suggested that pefloxacin susceptible on disk diffusion as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines showed lower values for MIC using Pefloxacin HICOMB test and pefloxacin resistant isolates showed higher MIC values.

scholarly journals Statistical Methods for Establishing Quality Control Ranges for Antibacterial Agents in Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Susceptibility Testing

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 2483-2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turnidge ◽  
Gerry Bordash
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Diffusion Data ◽  
Disk Diffusion Testing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Normally Distributed

ABSTRACT Quality control (QC) ranges for antimicrobial agents against QC strains for both dilution and disk diffusion testing are currently set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), using data gathered in predefined structured multilaboratory studies, so-called tier 2 studies. The ranges are finally selected by the relevant CLSI subcommittee, based largely on visual inspection and a few simple rules. We have developed statistical methods for analyzing the data from tier 2 studies and applied them to QC strain-antimicrobial agent combinations from 178 dilution testing data sets and 48 disk diffusion data sets, including a method for identifying possible outlier data from individual laboratories. The methods are based on the fact that dilution testing MIC data were log normally distributed and disk diffusion zone diameter data were normally distributed. For dilution testing, compared to QC ranges actually set by CLSI, calculated ranges were identical in 68% of cases, narrower in 7% of cases, and wider in 14% of cases. For disk diffusion testing, calculated ranges were identical to CLSI ranges in 33% of cases, narrower in 8% of cases, and 1 to 2 mm wider in 58% of cases. Possible outliers were detected in 8% of diffusion test data but none of the disk diffusion data. Application of statistical techniques to the analysis of QC tier 2 data and the setting of QC ranges is relatively simple to perform on spreadsheets, and the output enhances the current CLSI methods for setting of QC ranges.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fish-Pathogenic and Environmental Bacteria Associated with Four Danish Rainbow Trout Farms

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 4908-4915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja S. Schmidt ◽  
Morten S. Bruun ◽  
Inger Dalsgaard ◽  
Karl Pedersen ◽  
Jens L. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Fish Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Trout Farms

ABSTRACT Surveillance of bacterial susceptibility to five antimicrobial agents was performed during a 1-year period in and around four freshwater fish farms situated along a stream in western Denmark. Besides assessing the levels of antibiotic resistance among the culturable fraction of microorganisms in fish, water, and sediment samples, two major fish pathogens (88Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates and 134Yersinia ruckeri isolates) and 313 motileAeromonas isolates, representing a group of ubiquitous aquatic bacteria, were isolated from the same samples. MICs were obtained applying a standardized agar dilution method. A markedly decreased susceptibility of F. psychrophilum isolates to most antimicrobial agents presently available for use in Danish aquaculture was detected, while the collected Y. ruckeriisolates remained largely sensitive to all therapeutic substances. Comparing the inlet and outlet samples, the increase of the antibiotic-resistant proportions observed among the culturable microflora was more pronounced and statistically significant among the motile aeromonads. High levels of individual and multiple antimicrobial resistances were demonstrated within the collected flavobacteria and aeromonads, thus indicating a substantial impact of fish farming on several groups of bacteria associated with aquacultural environments.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Gradient Diffusion and Disk Diffusion with Agar Dilution for Susceptibility Testing of Elizabethkingia anophelis

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
Chien-Tung Chiu ◽  
Chung-Hsu Lai ◽  
Yi-Han Huang ◽  
Chih-Hui Yang ◽  
Jiun-Nong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gradient Diffusion ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Agar Dilution

Elizabethkingia anophelis has recently emerged as a cause of life-threatening infections. This study compared the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) conducted for E. anophelis through different methods. E. anophelis isolates collected between January 2005 and June 2019 were examined for their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents by using disk diffusion, gradient diffusion (Etest; (bioMérieux S.A., Marcy l’Etoile, France), and agar dilution methods. The agar dilution method was the reference assay. According to the agar dilution method, the isolates exhibited the highest susceptibility to minocycline (100%), doxycycline (97.6%), rifampin (95.2%), and levofloxacin (78.6%). A very major error rate of >1.5% was observed for nine antibiotics tested using the disk diffusion method. The overall categorical agreement rate between the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods was 74.8%, and ceftazidime, minocycline, levofloxacin, and rifampin met the minimum requirements for discrepancy and agreement rates. The Etest method tended to produce lower log2 minimum inhibitory concentrations for the antibiotics, except for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and rifampin; the method resulted in very major errors for nine antibiotics. The overall essential and categorical agreement rates between the Etest and agar dilution methods were 67.3% and 76.1%, respectively. The Etest method demonstrated acceptable discrepancy and agreement rates for ceftazidime, minocycline, doxycycline, levofloxacin, and rifampin. AST results obtained through the disk diffusion and Etest methods for multiple antibiotics differed significantly from those obtained using the agar dilution method. These two assays should not be a routine alternative for AST for E. anophelis.

scholarly journals A Simplified Method for Testing Bordetella pertussisfor Resistance to Erythromycin and Other Antimicrobial Agents

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1151-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertha C. Hill ◽  
Carolyn N. Baker ◽  
Fred C. Tenover
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Disk Diffusion Testing ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Agar Dilution

Present methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing ofBordetella pertussis are time consuming and require specialized media that are not commercially available. We tested 52 isolates of B. pertussis for resistance to erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and rifampin by agar dilution with Bordet-Gengou agar (BGA) containing 20% horse blood (reference method), Etest using BGA and Regan-Lowe agar without cephalexin (RL−C), and disk diffusion using BGA and RL−C. The organisms tested included four erythromycin-resistant isolates ofB. pertussis from a single patient, a second erythromycin-resistant strain of B. pertussis from an unrelated patient in another state, and 47 nasopharyngeal surveillance isolates of B. pertussis from children in the western United States. The results of agar dilution testing using direct inoculation of the organisms suspended in Mueller-Hinton broth were within ±1 dilution of those obtained after overnight passage of the inoculum in Stainer-Scholte medium, which is the traditional method of testing B. pertussis. The Etest method produced MICs similar to those of the agar dilution reference method for three of the four antimicrobial agents tested; the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole results were lower with Etest, particularly when the direct suspension method was used. Most of the Etest MICs, except for that of erythromycin, were on scale. Disk diffusion testing using RL−C medium was helpful in identifying the erythromycin-resistant strains, which produced no zone of inhibition around the disk; susceptible isolates produced zones of at least 42 mm. Thus, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of B. pertussis can be simplified by using the Etest or disk diffusion on RL−C to screen for erythromycin-resistant isolates of B. pertussis.

scholarly journals The Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana and Paullinia pinnata Linn Exert Inhibitory Effect on Escherichia coli Through Membrane Permeabilization, Loss of Intracellular Material, and DNA Fragmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-S) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Alian Désiré Afagnigni ◽  
Maximilienne Ascension Nyegue ◽  
Janmeda Pracheta ◽  
Vinay Sharma ◽  
François-Xavier Etoa
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Membrane Permeabilization ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Dependent Manner

Background: Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana and Paullinia pinnata Linn are widely used in Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. These plants were found to be a reservoir of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents and have the potential to be used in clinic. Objective: To determine the mechanism of action of the ethanolic leaves extracts of Dissotis multiflora and Paullinia pinnata on Escherichia coli. Methodology: The microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of D. multiflora and P. pinnata ethanolic leaves extracts. The above samples were tested for their rate of killing of E. coli cells at 1 MIC and 2 MICs. Sorbitol protection, outer membrane permeability, loss of 260-nm-absorbing material, fluorescence microscopy, and DNA degradation assay were used to examine the ultrastructural changes in bacteria induced by the extracts. Results: D. multiflora and P. pinnata extracts inhibited bacterial growth with MICs of 390.62 and 781.25 µg/mL respectively, while the MBCs values were found to be 781.25 and 1562.5 µg/mL respectively. Treatment with extracts had shorter kill-time in a time-dependent manner with effect most pronounced at 2 MICs than 1 MIC. The MIC of D. multiflora increased 4x from 390.62 µg/mL after 24 h of incubation to 1562.5 µg/mL after 7 days in the presence of an osmoprotectant indicating the inhibition of synthesis of cell wall constituents. P. pinnata had no effect on cell wall. Both extracts exhibited the greatest leakage and release of DNA materials at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min in concentration-dependent manner. Treated groups had higher values than control. At low concentrations (1/2 MIC and 1 MIC), these extracts effectively permeate the intact outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Both extract were implicated in DNA fragmentation. Moreover, fluorescent cells observed further confirmed its inhibitory effect against the tested pathogen. The antibacterial action involved disruption of membrane potential, increase of membrane permeabilization, leakage of cellular material, and death suggesting them to be an alternative to antibiotics. Conclusion: These findings contribute to the understanding of the antibacterial inhibitory effect of D. multiflora and P. pinnata.  

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Fresh Red and White Onion (Allium cepa) Extract against Some Drug Resistant Bacteria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
K. Zikora Anyaegbunam ◽  
L. Ogara Amaechi ◽  
C. AnyaegbunamTito ◽  
O. Oniwon Wisdom ◽  
C. Ogechukwu Henrietta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Onion Extract

Antibiotics resistance is currently one of the major challenges in the health care system. The antimicrobial properties of some herbs have been used in the treatment of infectious diseases as well as disinfection of surfaces. This in a way helps overcome microbial resistance arising from indiscriminate use of synthetic antimicrobial agents for similar purpose. Some antibiotic resistant bacteria- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from cooking wares in homes were investigated using agar well diffusion and agar dilution method to test for the antibacterial activity of fresh Allium cepa (onion) extract. All were susceptible to the fresh white and red onion extract except Staphylococus aureus which was susceptible to only the white onion extract. The diameter of zones of inhibition ranged from 2 mm-35 mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (M. I. C.) and the Minimum Bacterial Concentration (M. B. C.) values of the fresh onion juices against the test bacteria were low ranging from 3.125% v/v – 25.0% v/v. This study indicates that the fresh raw extracts of Allium cepa possess significant antibacterial potency against these antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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