scholarly journals The geographical prerequisites for the identification and prevention of dangerous geomorphological processes in the mountain geosystems of the Alpine-Himalayan belt (on the example of the Major Caucasus of Azerbaijan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Stara A. Tarikhazer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Himalayan Belt ◽  
Himalayan Orogenic Belt ◽  
Geomorphological Processes ◽  
The Stability

Destructive natural phenomena are a serious, sometimes unsolvable, regional and local environmental and socioeconomic problem. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of materials from long-term geomorphological studies in the mountainous areas on the example of the Major Caucasus of Azerbaijan. The dangerous geomorphological processes on the example of the Major Caucasus of Azerbaijan were investigated in detail using large-scale maps, satellite imagery and aerial photography. Geomorphological maps were drawn (map of mudflow hazard and map of landslide hazard in the Azerbaijani part of the Major Caucasus). The research determined the dangerous zones where landslides could cover 65–70% of the total area and outlined the zones and regularities of spread of various types of mudflow origination sites. The analysis of the manifestations of most active (with catastrophic consequences) destructive natural processes and the morphotectonic structure of the studied area showed that the their occurrence and maximum intensity was confined to the weakest plexuses of mountains – intersections of faults and fractures of various directions and orders. A technique for assessing the eco-geomorphological risk to prevent dangerous natural phenomena was offered. The technique is based on the detection of zones with intensive geomorphological processes, which are often not dangerous separately, but could have catastrophic consequences together. The results obtained during the assessment of the effect of natural and man-caused factors on the stability of montane ecosystems may be used to forecast dangerous natural phenomena and to research geodynamical dangerous geomorphological process not only in Azerbaijan, but also in other regions of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The obtained results can be used to plan and perform economic activities, determine and minimize the hazards and risks of occurrence of dangerous natural phenomena, and forecast such phenomena in the future.

(A review) Atlas of especially protected natural areas of Saint Petersburg / Ed. in chief V. N. Khramtsov, T. V. Kovaleva, N. Yu. Natsvaladze. St. Petersburg, 2013. 176 p.

2014 ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Z. V. Karamysheva
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Original Illustrations ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
Protected Natural Areas

The review contains detailed description of the «Atlas of especially protected natural areas of Saint Petersburg» published in 2013. This publication presents the results of long-term studies of 12 natural protected areas made by a large research team in the years from 2002 to 2013 (see References). The Atlas contains a large number of the historical maps, new satellite images, the original illustrations, detailed texts on the nature of protected areas, summary tables of rare species of vascular plants, fungi and vertebrates recorded in these areas. Special attention is paid to the principles of thematic large-scale mapping. The landscape maps, the vegetation maps as well as the maps of natural processes in landscapes are included. Reviewed Atlas deserves the highest praise.

scholarly journals A Computation Model for Planned and Functional Systems using Enterprise Information Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4371-4375
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Enterprise Information ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Network Process ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Financial Losses

All the large scale and medium scale companies have the anticipation of obtaining long term benefits perhaps of short term financial losses, probable breakdown as well. For that Enterprise Information Technologies (EIT) put into service by many large scale and medium scale companies in an increasing number in the expectation of achieving long term benefits. EIT is a very costly and risky asset of Information Technology and the assessment is done based on the increase in the production and the reinforcement of corporate restructure through the business integration process. To work out this, we propose Analytical Network Process (ANP) to handle distinguished assessment of associated set of evident, critical and operational attributes. To illustrate the stability and the consequential administrative significance, we perform analyzes and carry out experiments with real-world data.

scholarly journals Russian capital investment dynamics as an economic transformation factor

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 981-992
Author(s):  
Aleksey V. Alekseev ◽  
Natalia N. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Investment Process

By comparing Russian and American capital investment programs according to gross and per capita indexes, this article analyzes capital investments long-term dynamics in economic activities in general and manufacturing in particular. Results showed that Russian economic growths quality, determined by its 2000 capital investment structure did not correspond with the national economys long-term development aims. Moreover, investment activitys current fading appears consequent to that periods inappropriate investment politics. The existing Russian investment system aims to incorporate its economy into the global economy as a supplier of natural and, partly, agricultural resources, thus dooming manufacturing to stagnation at best. The authors reveal that activation of industrial politics, established on a fundamental power-of-the-state approach in the investment process, based on long-term strategic interests and the potential of market forces (namely, efficiency use of resources) allows launching large-scale investment projects to provide favorable conditions for creating an innovative national economy.

scholarly journals <i>HESS Opinions</i> "A random walk on water"

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 6611-6658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Koutsoyiannis
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Stochastic Representation ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Stochastic Properties ◽  
High Uncertainty

Abstract. According to the traditional notion of randomness and uncertainty, natural phenomena are separated into two mutually exclusive components, random (or stochastic) and deterministic. Within this dichotomous logic, the deterministic part supposedly represents cause-effect relationships and, thus, is physics and science (the "good"), whereas randomness has little relationship with science and no relationship with understanding (the "evil"). We argue that such views should be reconsidered by admitting that uncertainty is an intrinsic property of nature, that causality implies dependence of natural processes in time, thus suggesting predictability, but even the tiniest uncertainty (e.g., in initial conditions) may result in unpredictability after a certain time horizon. On these premises it is possible to shape a consistent stochastic representation of natural processes, in which predictability (suggested by deterministic laws) and unpredictability (randomness) coexist and are not separable or additive components. Deciding which of the two dominates is simply a matter of specifying the time horizon of the prediction. Long horizons of prediction are inevitably associated with high uncertainty, whose quantification relies on understanding the long-term stochastic properties of the processes.

scholarly journals THE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF UKRAINE AND THEY SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-COGNITIVE TOURISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Sergii Bortnyk ◽  
Volodymyr Grytsenko ◽  
Olena Ivanik ◽  
Tetiana Lavruk ◽  
Volodymyr Stetsiuk
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Cognitive Value ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
The Status ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
Geomorphological Processes

The article reviews publications devoted to geological and geomorphological monuments of Ukraine highlights specific features of their formation in different regions and reveals their importance for the development of nature-cognitive tourism as a basis for the formation of the tourism industry. The methodological unity of the concepts "geological monuments" and "geomorphological monuments", which characterize the original course of natural processes and their results and therefore have great scientific and cognitive value are considered. Emphasis is placed on the important participation of geomorphological processes in the formation of natural monuments, which show different geological monuments on the earth's surface and reflect not only the features of geological factors but also the diversity of relief processes, their dynamics, which determines the status of most monuments as "geological and geomorphological". Important for establishing the protection status of geological and geomorphological monuments are the developed criteria for assessing the aesthetics of the relief of Ukraine, its uniqueness, the presence of features "architecture-composition", combination with other elements of the landscape, stability or mobility, imagery – photogenicity, visual effect, emotional perception, attractiveness, etc. It is noted that the category of natural phenomena "geological and geomorphological monuments" is characterized by significant conservatism compared to other components of the natural environment. Such monuments are carriers of paleogeographic and ethnocultural content, which, in addition to scientific significance, gives them the status of interesting tourist attractions. This creates an opportunity for the development of nature-cognitive tourism, which can be both independent and successfully complements all other known types of tourism. Geological and geomorphological monuments influence the nature of recreational activities. The specificity and sequence of recreational functions of the relief of Ukraine according to the special properties of endogenous, exogenous, and anthropogenic genetic varieties of recreational geological and geomorphological monuments have been established. Key words: geotourism; nature-cognitive tourism; geological-geomorphological monuments; geoheritage of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Long-term Fertilization Enhances Soil Carbon Stability by Increase the Ratio of Passive Carbon: Evidence From Four Typical Croplands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Shilin Wen ◽  
Yunlong Zhang ◽  
Andrew S. Gregory ◽  
Minggang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Response Ratio ◽  
Soil Carbon Accumulation ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Aims Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in improving soil quality, however how long-term fertilization influences SOC and contrasting active carbon (AC) and passive C (PC) pools at large scale remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of long-term fertilization on SOC, including AC and PC, across four typical croplands in China and to explore the potential relationships and mechanism. Methods We assessed the effect of different fertilization (standard and 1.5 × standard of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) with or without manure (M), with a control for comparison) at soil depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm) on SOC, AC and PC. Results We found that SOC, AC and PC increased in the order Control < NPK < NPKM < 1.5NPKM. 1.5NPKM resulted in a significant increase in SOC, AC and PC, of 76.3%, 53.0% and 108.5% respectively across the soil profile (0-60 cm) compared with Control. The response ratio of PC to long-term fertilization was 2.1 times greater than that of AC across four sites on average. In addition, Clay was identified as the most important factor in explaining the response of AC and PC to different fertilization application, respectively. Conclusions Long-term fertilization enhanced both AC and PC, but the greater response of PC suggests that fertilization application could enhance the stability of carbon and thus the potential of cropland for soil carbon accumulation.

scholarly journals HESS Opinions "A random walk on water"

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Koutsoyiannis
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Stochastic Representation ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Stochastic Properties ◽  
High Uncertainty

Abstract. According to the traditional notion of randomness and uncertainty, natural phenomena are separated into two mutually exclusive components, random (or stochastic) and deterministic. Within this dichotomous logic, the deterministic part supposedly represents cause-effect relationships and, thus, is physics and science (the "good"), whereas randomness has little relationship with science and no relationship with understanding (the "evil"). Here I argue that such views should be reconsidered by admitting that uncertainty is an intrinsic property of nature, that causality implies dependence of natural processes in time, thus suggesting predictability, but even the tiniest uncertainty (e.g. in initial conditions) may result in unpredictability after a certain time horizon. On these premises it is possible to shape a consistent stochastic representation of natural processes, in which predictability (suggested by deterministic laws) and unpredictability (randomness) coexist and are not separable or additive components. Deciding which of the two dominates is simply a matter of specifying the time horizon and scale of the prediction. Long horizons of prediction are inevitably associated with high uncertainty, whose quantification relies on the long-term stochastic properties of the processes.

scholarly journals Stability of ENSO and its tropical Pacific teleconnections over the Last Millennium

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Lewis ◽  
A. N. LeGrande
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. Determining past changes in the amplitude, frequency and teleconnections of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is important for understanding its potential sensitivity to future anthropogenic climate change. Palaeo-reconstructions from proxy records can provide long-term information of ENSO interactions with the background climatic state through time. However, it remains unclear how ENSO characteristics have changed on long timescales, and precisely which signals proxies record. Proxy interpretations are typically underpinned by the assumption of stationarity in relationships between local and remote climates, and often utilise archives from single locations located in the Pacific Ocean to reconstruct ENSO histories. Here, we investigate the long-term characteristics of ENSO and its teleconnections using the Last Millennium experiment of CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5; Taylor et al., 2012). We show that the relationship between ENSO conditions (NINO3.4) and local climates across the Pacific basin differs significantly for 100-year epochs defining the Last Millennium and the historical period 1906–2005. Furthermore, models demonstrate decadal- to centennial-scale modulation of ENSO behaviour during the Last Millennium. Overall, results suggest that the stability of teleconnections may be regionally dependent and that proxy climate records may reveal complex changes in teleconnected patterns, rather than large-scale changes in base ENSO characteristics. As such, proxy insights into ENSO may require evidence to be considered over large spatial areas in order to deconvolve changes occurring in the NINO3.4 region from those relating to local climatic variables. To obtain robust histories of the ENSO and its remote impacts, we recommend interpretations of proxy records should be considered in conjunction with palaeo-reconstructions from within the central Pacific.

scholarly journals Snowiness as a factor for assessing the avalanche activity in poorly explored mountainous areas (on the example of the Baikal region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
V. P. Gulevich ◽  
D. D. Manziy
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Baikal Region ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Snow Loads ◽  
Avalanche Formation

The relevance of the study of snowiness in the Baikal region is due to the long-term existence of a stable snow cover, which determines the development of such dangerous natural phenomena as snow runup, snow loads, snow flows and avalanches, which can cause a serious damage to the infrastructure facil up, snow loads, snow flows and avalanches, which can cause a serious damage to the infrastructure facilities. The problem is aggravated by the lack of comprehensive studies of nival phenomena, which are not taken into account in the construction of such important industrial facilities as railway bridges, power lines, railways and highways. The purpose of the article is to assess the risks of unfavorable and dangerous phenomena of a nival nature in the Baikal region, as well as to develop methods of protection against them. The results of observations are presented. The total amount of precipitation was determined. The dynamics of snowfall indicators as indicators of the avalanche formation regime in the mountains of the Baikal region was carried out. The chronology of winters with different snowfall indicators was reconstructed. The amount of precipitation in the cold period was taken as a basic indicator. A scheme for assessing snowiness for poorly studied areas was developed. The calculation of values of the spatial correlation of snowfall indicators was carried out, which made it possible to identify areas with synchronous fluctuations in the amount of precipitation of the cold season for many years. It was established that dependences of the snow cover height and snow reserves on the terrain height remained unchanged. The dependences of snow cover indicators on different factors were identified.

scholarly journals Decadal oscillations of the aquatic chemistry of river waters in Latvia

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 ◽  
pp. 193-199
Author(s):  
Dmitry Porshnov ◽  
Maris Klavins
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Global Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

Abstract. Water quality changes of surface waters can be used to assess human impact intensity, but of importance is to consider also impacts of climate change/variability and naturally occurring changes of environmental quality. In Latvia, during the recent decades a major reduction of anthropogenic pressure has happened due to restructuring of economy and industrial production, resulting in major decrease of loading of many groups of pollutants. However, trends and driving factors for other groups of substances have not been much studied. Long term (1980–2012) results of hydrochemical monitoring, performed in rivers of Latvia, are analysed during this study in connection with long-term sets of hydrological and heliophysical data, using standard statistical approaches. Our results indicate that variation of some hydrochemical values, for example COD and total Fe, show clearly visible decadal oscillated character, while variation of some other values, for example phosphate P and total P, show some individual characteristics of decadal oscillations. These results indicate the presence of a large scale, geochemical and geophysical significant process: multiannual pulse of catchment, driven by variation of solar irradiance through complex interactions between global atmospheric circulation, groundwater and surface waterbodies. The process described in our study is significant from a geochemical point of view and must be taken into account in prediction of water quality and quantity. Impacts of natural processes should be considered in the planning of environmental policy.

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