scholarly journals Бактерицидні та дезінфікуючі властивості деззасобу «Алкісепт–100»

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
O.V. Khyrivskyy ◽  
M.M. Danko
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Organic Impurities ◽  
Working Solution ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Test Cultures

The results of research bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Alkisept–100» that based on a glutaraldehyde, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and aminotrismethylenephosphonic acid. Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (FC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was test-cultures of P. vulgaris, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.26 and 0.18%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, vegetative cells of B. subtilis vegetative cells and cultures of S. typhimurium test-cell death drew under these conditions at concentrations of 0.72 and 0.52%, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria E. coli were more susceptible to disinfectant and cell death drew for these exposures at concentrations of 0.52 and 0.37 %, respectively. BD of this disinfectat were 1.96 and 1.4 higher times for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, from BD phenol, and in the presence of protein activity investigated disinfection preparation is reduced to 2.74 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test objects. It is established that test cultures of E. coli and S. aureus (without organic impurities) at 0.1% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective. For spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 4.0%. Is ineffective At the 1.0–1.5% and higher concentrations is effective for surface treatment of wood, metal and tile that are contaminated with organic substances and objects subject to veterinary controls, and for elimination spore forms of microorganisms at its working concentration of desinfectant should be 5.0% or higher, the exposure in 120 minutes or more. Proved that the disinfectant «Alkisept–100» in a production environment at a concentration of 1.0% by wet surface irrigation facilities for animals and working solution 0.25–0.3 liters per 1 square meter with an exposure of 2 hours, showing high disinfectant properties.

scholarly journals Бактерицидні та дезінфікуючі властивості деззасобу «Арквадез-плюс»

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (78) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
O.V. Khyrivskyy ◽  
Т.V. Orynchak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Test Culture ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Working Solution ◽  
Light Color ◽  
Rigid Surfaces

The results of research bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Arquadez–plus» which is a transparent light color, without mechanical inclusions, solution with a specific odor, and created on the basis of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), in particular, the composition of the disinfectant include: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and dimethyldipetylammonium chloride. Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (PC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was gram-negativ bacteria of E. coli, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0129 and 0.0092%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations of 0.0252 and 0.018%, respectively. Microorganisms P. vulgaris were the least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant; the death of the microorganisms came at concentrations of 1,0204 and 0.5206%, for 10 and 30 minute exposures, respectively, and, due to the action of the disinfectant on the test culture of S. typhimurium, the death of cells came under given conditions, at concentrations of 0.5206 and 0.2656%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for vegetative cells of B. subtilis cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0494 and 0.018% but in the spore form, at concentrations of 0.5206 and 0.3719%, respectively. The disinfectant effect of this disinfectant is 79.4 and 28.9 times higher on microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontaminant effect of phenol, and in the presence of a protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 1.4 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test-objects.It is established that test-cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris at 0.05% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective and for the test culture of S. typhimurium, its 0.1% concentration is ineffective.For vegetative and spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 1.0%. Is ineffective at the 0.5–1.0% concentrations is effective for processing rigid surfaces, at preventive disinfection of premises for animals and birds at exposure for 60 minutes, and at spore forms of microorganisms its working concentration should be 2.0%, at exposure in 120 minutes and 3.0% at exposures in 30 minutes or more. Proved that the disinfectant «Arquadez-plus» in a production environment at a concentration of 1.0% by wet surface irrigation facilities for animals and working solution 0.25–0.3 liters per 1 square meter with an exposure of 2 hours, showing high disinfectant properties. 

scholarly journals Bactericidal and disinfective properties of disinfectant «GK-10»

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (87) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
M.M. Danko ◽  
S.A. Ponomariova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Light Yellow Color

The article presents the results of research on bactericidal properties of the new domestic disinfectant «GK-10», which is a transparent solution of light yellow color, without mechanical inclusions with a specific odor. It is well mixed with water. It is based on alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC) and dodecylbispropylentriamine (1,3-prodadiene) (tertiary amines). Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenolic coefficient (FC) and protein index (PI). Thus, the most susceptible to the action of the disinfectant were were gram-negative bacteria E. coli, where cell death occurred at 10 and 30 minute exposures at concentrations of 0.19 and 0.14%, respectively. Due to the action of the disinfectant on the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations 0.27 and 0.19%, respectively. The least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant were vegetative forms of B. subtilis, the death of these bacteria came at concentrations 0.37 and 0.27% at 10 and 30 minutes of exposure, respectively. Effects of disinfectant was over 5.38 and 2.74 times higher on microorganisms of E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontamination effect of phenol, and in the presence of protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 6.45 times. The efficiency of the disinfectant for the strains of microorganisms at the disinfestation of the test-object surfaces is determined. It has been established that for test cultures of E. coli and S. aureus 0.05–0.3% of disinfectant concentration is ineffective, and 0.5% its disinfectant concentration for disinfection of hard surfaces in preventive disinfection of premises for animals is insufficient for exposure in 120 minutes. For spore form B. subtilis 1.0% disinfectant concentration was ineffective. 1.0% concentration is effective for aseptic cleaning: slaughterhouses, processing shops, laboratory facilities, means of transporting products of animal origin, soaking clothes before washing, and also for treating surfaces of wood, metal and glazed tile at exposures of 60 minutes and more, and when spore forms of microorganisms, the working concentration of insoluble in disinfection of objects subject to veterinary control should be 3% and above. It has been proved that the disinfectant «GK-10» is effective at a concentration of 0.5% at exposure for 180 minutes and at a concentration of 1.0% at an exposure of 120 minutes for the sanation and preventive disinfection of premises for animals.

scholarly journals Bactericidal and disinfective properties of disinfectant «Zyrocko-400-Glucuxid»

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (83) ◽  
pp. 255-259
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
Т.V. Orynchak ◽  
O.-I.Y. Galutskiy
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Test Culture ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Light Color ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Specific Odor ◽  
Test Objects

The results of research of bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Zyrocko-400-Glucuxid» which is a transparent light color, without mechanical inclusions, a solution with a specific odor. It is well mixed with water, created on the basis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC), glutaraldehyde and purified water. It was found the bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (PC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was gramnegativ bacteria of E. coli, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0691 and 0.0353%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations of 0.1355 and 0.0691%, respectively. Microorganisms S. typhimurium were the least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant; the death of the microorganisms came at concentrations of 1.4286 and 1.0204%, for 10 and 30 minute exposures, respectively, and, due to the action of the disinfectant on the test culture of P. vulgaris, the death of cells came under given conditions, at concentrations of 0.7289 і 0.5206%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for spore form of B. subtilis cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 1.4286 і 0.7289%, respectively. The disinfectant effect of this disinfectant is 17.71 і 6.46  times higher on microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontaminant effect of phenol, and in the presence of a protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 9.04 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test-objects. It is established that test-cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris at 0.05% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective and for the test culture of S. typhimurium, its 0.5% concentration is ineffective. For spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 1.0%. The preparation «Zуroсko-400-Glucuxide» is effective at disinfection of objects that are subject to a vet control at a concentration of 1.0%, subject to an exposure of 60 minutes or more. For decontamination of objects at spore forms of microorganisms, the working concentration of the insoluble must be 2.0% and above, at exposures of 60 minutes or more and 3.0% at exposures of 30 minutes or more.

scholarly journals Activity of washing-disinfecting means “San-active” for sanitary treatment of equipment of meat processing enterprises in laboratory and manufacturing conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
V. Salata ◽  
M. Kukhtyn ◽  
Yu. Pekriy ◽  
Yu. Horiuk ◽  
V. Horiuk
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Working Solution ◽  
Sanitary Treatment ◽  
Test Cultures

The article presents the results of the research of the new detergent agent “San-active” for meat processing enterprises. It was established that “San-active” in the concentration from 0.3 to 2.0% is moderately alkaline (concentration of hydrogen ions is 11.44–12.7), at a concentration of 2.5% and above, with very alkaline pH ≥ 13.11 units. In the “San-active” detergent, at the concentration from 0.3 to 2.5%, the surface tension is 34.97–28.24 mN/m. The absorbability of the parts of the technological equipment with the solutions of the “San-active” means sharply increases with increasing concentration. At the temperature of solutions of the medium 19.0 ± 1.0 °С the angle of wetting decreases from 69.8 degrees. at a concentration of 0.3% to 50.5 degrees. at a concentration of 2.5% (in 1.4 times). It has been established that “San-active” in 0.5% concentration provides the bactericidal effect on test cultures of conditionally pathogenic bacteria, spore-forming microorganisms and fungi. The “San-active” agent at 0.5% concentration is bactericidal to S. aureus and E. faecalis cells that are in a biofilm in 10 minutes of exposition. For the inactivation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa cells in a biofilm, it is necessary that the “San-active” acts in a concentration not lower than 0.5% and not less than 30 minutes. The agent shows a washing effect on the evaluation of “good” at 0.5% concentration, and 1.0% and above the concentration on the score “excellent”. “San-active” in the concentration from 1.0 to 2.0% shows very weak corrosion activity on stainless steel. The use of “San-active” detergent for the sanitary treatment of equipment surfaces in the intestinal workshop at the concentration of the working solution 1.0–2.0% and the temperature 60 ± 5 °C for 20 minutes provides 99.9–100% efficiency of sanitary treatment.

scholarly journals Omadacycline compared to vancomycin when combined with germinants to disrupt the life cycle of Clostridioides difficile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Budi ◽  
Jared J. Godfrey ◽  
Nasia Safdar ◽  
Sanjay K. Shukla ◽  
Warren E. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Disease Relapse ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Healthcare Environment ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Spore Shedding ◽  
Dormant Spore

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections (CDI) are commonly treated with antibiotics that do not impact the dormant spore form of the pathogen. CDI-directed antibiotics, such as vancomycin and metronidazole, can destroy the vegetative form of C. difficile and protective microbiota. After treatment, spores can germinate into vegetative cells causing clinical disease relapse and further spore shedding. This in vitro study compares the combination of germinants with vancomycin or omadacycline to antibiotics alone in eradicating C. difficile spores and vegetative cells. Among the four strains in this study, omadacycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.031-0.125 mg/L) were lower than vancomycin (1-4 mg/L). Omadacycline nor vancomycin in media alone reduced spore counts. In three of the four strains, including the epidemic ribotype 027, spore eradication with germinants was 94.8-97.4% with vancomycin and 99.4-99.8% with omadacycline (p<0.005). In ribotype 012, either antibiotic combined with germinants resulted in 100% spore eradication at 24 hours. The addition of germinants with either antibiotic did not result in significant toxin A or B production, which were below the limit of detection (<1.25 ng/mL) by 48 hours. Limiting the number of spores present in patient GI tracts at the end of therapy may be effective at preventing recurrent CDI and limiting spore shedding in the healthcare environment. These results with germinants warrant safety and efficacy evaluations in animal models.

Synergistic antibacterial activity of a combination of silver and copper nanoparticle impregnated activated carbon for water disinfection

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 2405-2417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam Biswas ◽  
Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Copper Nanoparticle ◽  
Schematic Representation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Synergistic Antibacterial Activity

Schematic representation of E. coli cell death using the synergistic anti-bacterial activity of a mixture of Ag-AC and Cu-AC hybrids.

LABORATORY TESTS OF DISINFECTANT «MONOCHLORIDE (IODINE CHLORIDE) 2%»

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
N. I. Popov ◽  
◽  
A. V. Suvorov ◽  
S. M. Lobanov ◽  
S. A. Michko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Laboratory Work ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Iodine Chloride ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Test Cultures

The article describes the results of laboratory tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2%. Laboratory studies were carried out on test objects and test surfaces contaminated with test cultures of microorganisms, which included museum cultures of E. coli (E. coli 1257), S. aureus 209-P, mycobacteria (pcs. B5), and spores (B. cereus pieces. 96). Disinfection of test objects was carried out by the method of irrigation at a consumption rate of 0,25...0,3 l/ m2 with disinfection of smooth surfaces and 0,5 l/m2, with disinfection of rough surfaces. The treatment was performed twice with an interval of 60 minutes. Our work established that the Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2% has a high disinfectant activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, mycobacteria and spores. On the basis of the laboratory work, this tool can be recommended for production tests at veterinary surveillance facilities.

scholarly journals Presence of NDM in non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae in the poultry production environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 2209-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongmin Zhang ◽  
Jiyun Li ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Jianzhong Shen ◽  
Zhangqi Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Genomic Context ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Chicken Farm

Abstract Objectives Characterization of non-Escherichia coli NDM-carrying Enterobacteriaceae in the poultry production environment. Methods A total of 36 NDM-positive Enterobacteriaceae (22 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 13 Enterobacter cloacae and 1 Salmonella enterica) were isolated from a chicken farm and WGS was conducted using Illumina Hiseq2500. The genomic characterization of the isolates acquired through WGS analysis included the genomic context-flanking blaNDM genes, MLST, the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and replicon types of plasmids. WGS information for another 73 K. pneumoniae isolates from different sources was retrieved from GenBank and then combined with isolates in this study for comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis. Results Three types of genetic environment carrying blaNDM were identified in 36 non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Sequence comparison analysis indicated these genetic environments were completely identical to our previous findings. WGS further revealed three major types of plasmids (IncFIB, IncX3 and IncFII) from these isolates and the phylogenetic analysis suggested several K. pneumoniae isolates with ST11, ST37 and ST147 from the commercial chicken farm that were closely related to isolates of human origin. Conclusions The blaNDM-harbouring genetic contexts were identified not only in E. coli, but also in K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae and S. enterica, which may indicate that blaNDM has been widely disseminated to non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae species in animal farms. The close relationship of K. pneumoniae isolates from different origins suggests they could serve as a key vehicle for the transfer of ARGs between humans and food animal production environments.

scholarly journals A Novel Weissella cibaria Strain UTNGt21O Isolated from Wild Solanum quitoense Fruit: Genome Sequence and Characterization of a Peptide with Highly Inhibitory Potential toward Gram-Negative Bacteria

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Gabriela N. Tenea ◽  
Pamela Hurtado ◽  
Clara Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Weissella Cibaria

A novel Weissella cibaria strain UTNGt21O from the fruit of the Solanum quitoense (naranjilla) shrub produces a peptide that inhibits the growth of both Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC51741 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922 at different stages. A total of 31 contigs were assembled, with a total length of 1,924,087 bases, 20 contig hits match the core genome of different groups within Weissella, while for 11 contigs no match was found in the database. The GT content was 39.53% and the genome repeats sequences constitute around 186,760 bases of the assembly. The UTNGt21O matches the W. cibaria genome with 83% identity and no gaps (0). The sequencing data were deposited in the NCBI Database (BioProject accessions: PRJNA639289). The antibacterial activity and interaction mechanism of the peptide UTNGt21O on target bacteria were investigated by analyzing the growth, integrity, and morphology of the bacterial cells following treatment with different concentrations (1×, 1.5× and 2× MIC) of the peptide applied alone or in combination with chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 20 mM. The results indicated a bacteriolytic effect at both early and late target growth at 3 h of incubation and total cell death at 6 h when EDTA was co-inoculated with the peptide. Based on BAGEL 4 (Bacteriocin Genome Mining Tool) a putative bacteriocin having 33.4% sequence similarity to enterolysin A was detected within the contig 12. The interaction between the peptide UTNGt21O and the target strains caused permeability in a dose-, time- response manner, with Salmonella (3200 AU/mL) more susceptible than E. coli (6400 AU/mL). The results indicated that UTNGt21O may damage the integrity of the cell target, leading to release of cytoplasmic components followed by cell death. Differences in membrane shape changes in target cells treated with different doses of peptide were observed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Spheroplasts with spherical shapes were detected in Salmonella while larger shaped spheroplasts with thicker and deformed membranes along with filamentous cells were observed in E. coli upon the treatment with the UTNGt21O peptide. These results indicate the promising potential of the putative bacteriocin released by the novel W. cibaria strain UTNGt21O to be further tested as a new antimicrobial substance.

scholarly journals Novel Quorum-Sensing Peptides Mediating Interspecies Bacterial Cell Death

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathish Kumar ◽  
Ilana Kolodkin-Gal ◽  
Hanna Engelberg-Kulka
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
New Class ◽  
Bacterial Cell Death ◽  
Induced Module

ABSTRACTEscherichia colimazEFis a toxin-antitoxin stress-induced module mediating cell death. It requires the quorum-sensing signal (QS) “extracellular death factor” (EDF), the penta-peptide NNWNN (EcEDF), enhancing the endoribonucleolytic activity ofE. colitoxin MazF. Here we discovered thatE. coli mazEF-mediated cell death could be triggered by QS peptides from the supernatants (SN) of the Gram-positive bacteriumBacillus subtilisand the Gram-negative bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa. In the SN ofB. subtilis, we found one EDF, the hexapeptide RGQQNE, calledBsEDF. In the SN ofP. aeruginosa, we found three EDFs: the nonapeptide INEQTVVTK, calledPaEDF-1, and two hexadecapeptides, VEVSDDGSGGNTSLSQ, calledPaEDF-2, and APKLSDGAAAGYVTKA, calledPaEDF-3. When added to a dilutedE. colicultures, each of these peptides acted as an interspecies EDF that triggeredmazEF-mediated death. Furthermore, though their sequences are very different, each of these EDFs amplified the endoribonucleolytic activity ofE. coliMazF, probably by interacting with different sites onE. coliMazF. Finally, we suggest that EDFs may become the basis for a new class of antibiotics that trigger death from outside the bacterial cells.IMPORTANCEBacteria communicate with one another via quorum-sensing signal (QS) molecules. QS provides a mechanism for bacteria to monitor each other’s presence and to modulate gene expression in response to population density. Previously, we addedE. coliEDF (EcEDF), the peptide NNWNN, to this list of QS molecules. Here we extended the group of QS peptides to several additional different peptides. The new EDFs are produced by two other bacteria,Bacillus subtilisandPseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus, in this study we established a “new family of EDFs.” This family provides the first example of quorum-sensing molecules participating in interspecies bacterial cell death. Furthermore, each of these peptides provides the basis of a new class of antibiotics triggering death by acting from outside the cell.

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