Analysis of depolymerization of insulating compositions of electric motor windings based on ultrasonic radiation

This work is a continuation of the fundamental study on implementing an innovative method of repairing electric motors using ultrasound. A study of the method of dismantling windings based on ultrasound has been carried out for the purpose of energy efficiency, environmental friendliness and less time spent on the repair cycle of electric motors in terms of removing the stator winding. The investigated dismantling method is optimal for a number of technical issues in comparison with the existing methods for dismantling electric motor windings. In the work, the main focus is on the material of the winding insulation. Lacquer and compound types of insulation of industrial electric motors, which are the main ones everywhere, have been analyzed. The analysis of the impregnating electrical insulating compositions of the stator windings of electric motors and the influence of ultrasound on them during dismantling of the windings of electric motors at different levels of influence of forcing factors: duration and power of ultrasonic action, concentration and temperature of the working solution. The applied mathematical software systems for calculation and modeling guarantee the reliability and rationality of the results of the experiments obtained during the work. A system of equations has been modeled and models of the effect of useful factors relative to each other have been constructed, the results obtained have been optimized and the optimal parameters of both varnish and compound insulation systems have been identified. The optimal parameters of the investigated types of insulation show encouraging results on many important points: duration, energy consumption, environmental friendliness.

Stability of Curcumin Improved in Hydrophobic Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

Turmeric is a commonly known natural spice that contains many phytoconstituents. Among which Curcumin is a polyphenol present in turmeric responsible for many pharmacological actions. Curcumin is still used as a traditional medicine in fields such as Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani. Though Curcumin has a large number of activities, it has disadvantages, such as small shelf life due to poor chemical stability, poor absorption results in less bioavailability, less water solubility, rapid metabolism results in quick elimination from the systemic circulation. A Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a new class of solvents. Hydrophobic DES can be used for dissolving water-insoluble compounds. DES can be prepared when two solid components mixed in a particular proportion are converted into liquid. DES can be used as a solvent for dissolving water-insoluble compounds and to increase the stability. In this work initially, curcumin linearity studies were conducted in different buffers. A buffer showing maximum absorbance was selected from the linearity studies. Then, DES was prepared by combining Camphor:Menthol (1:1) (CM-DES), Camphor:Thymol (1:1) (CT-DES) and, Menthol:Thymol (1:1) (MT-DES). The stability of curcumin in different DES was determined from the stock and working solutions in benchtop condition (room temperature) and, refrigerator condition (5±3°C). Only working solution stability was determined in the in vitro media temperature (37±2°C). From this study, it was concluded that 50 mM Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate with 0.5% SLS at pH 5.5 showed maximum absorbance value compared with other buffers, so it was selected for further studies. From stability studies, it was found that curcumin in CM-DES was found to be stable in both stock and working solutions compared to the other two CT-DES and MT-DES.

Influence of Operating Parameters on Photocatalytic Oxidation of 2,4-Dichlorofenol in Aqueous Solution by TiO2/Stainless Steel Photocatalytic Membrane

The influence of some operating parameters of an UV photocatalytic reactor with TiO2/stainless steel photocatalytic membrane on the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solutions was studied in this paper. It was shown that the pH of the working solution substantially influences the photocatalytic degradation of the organic substrate, with the degradation efficiency increasing with decreasing the pH of the working solution by a maximum corresponding to pH 3. The rate constant of the photocatalytic oxidation process is about twice as high at pH 3 comparative with pH 7 for the same initial concentration of the organic substrate. The molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide/organic substrate also influences the photocatalytic oxidation process of the organic substrate. The results obtained in this paper highlight the fact that a stoichiometric molar ratio is favorable for the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. It has also been shown that the initial concentration of the organic substrate influences the rate of photocatalytic degradation. It appears that the rate of photocatalytic degradation decreases with the increasing of initial concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol.

Red beet in the Republic of Dagestan

Представлены материалы экспериментальных исследований по разработке элементов технологии возделывания столовой свеклы на луговых среднесуглинистых почвах сухостепной равнинной зоны Дагестана. Цель исследований – повышение урожайности свеклы столовой на основе выбора оптимальной схемы и густоты посева свеклы сорта Бордо 237, а также применения регулятора роста Биостим Универсал с использованием системы капельного орошения. Фактор А – схемы посева с двумя вариантами: А1 – широкорядный посев с междурядьем 45 см (контроль) и А2 – двустрочный ленточный посев по схеме 20+50. Фактор В – густота посевов с тремя вариантами: В1 – расстояние в ряду через 6 см, В2 – через 8 см и В3 – через 10 см соответственно, что в зависимости от схемы посева обеспечивало густоту посева столовой свеклы от 222 до 473 тыс. шт/га. Фактор С – обработка растений с двумя вариантами: С1 – опрыскивание водой (контроль) и С2 – некорневая подкормка биостимулятором-антистрессантом Биостим Универсал (в фазе 4–6 листа) и при 50%-ном смыкании рядков (в фазе 8–10 листа). Доза применения препарата – 2,0 л/га с расходом рабочего раствора 200–400 л/га. Система капельного орошения состояла из поливных трубопроводов с расстоянием между ними 0,7 м, между капельницами – 0,3 м с расходом воды 2 л/ч. Средний срок посева – первая декада апреля. Поддержание необходимого режима орошения свеклы столовой обеспечивали вегетационными поливами с нормой 125 м3/га при оросительной норме 2875 м3/га. Выявлено, что наиболее оптимальная схема посева столовой свеклы: двустрочный ленточный посев – 20+50 см с расстоянием в ряду через 8 см, которая при двукратной некорневой подкормке препаратом Биостим Универсал в дозе 2,0 л/га с расходом рабочего раствора 200–400 л/га обеспечивает урожайность 59,8 т/га корнеплодов при их высоком качестве. The materials of experimental studies on the development of elements of the technology of cultivation of table beets on meadow medium loamy soils of the dry-steppe plain zone of Dagestan are presented. The purpose of the research is to increase the yield of table beet based on the selection of the optimal scheme and the density of sowing of Bordo 237 beet, as well as the use of a Biostimulator growth regulator using a drip irrigation system. Factor A is a seeding scheme with two options: A1 is a wide-row seeding with a row spacing of 45 cm (control) and A2 is a two-line ribbon seeding according to the scheme 20+50. Factor B is the density of crops with three options: B1 – the distance in a row after 6 cm, B2 – after 8 cm and B3 – after 10 cm, respectively, which, depending on the sowing scheme, provided the density of table beet sowing from 222 to 473 thousand pcs/ha. Factor C – treatment of plants with two options: C1 – spraying with water, control and C2 – foliar feeding with biostimulator-antistressant Biostim Universal (in the phase of 4–6 leaves) and with 50% closure of rows (in the phase of 8–10 leaves). The dose of the biostimulator is 2.0 l/ha with a working solution consumption of 200–400 l/ha. The drip irrigation system consisted of irrigation pipelines with a distance of 0.7 m between them, 0.3 m between droppers with a water flow rate of 2 l/h. The average sowing period is 1 decade of April. Maintenance of the necessary irrigation regime of the canteen beet was provided by vegetation irrigation with a rate of 125 m3/ha with an irrigation rate of 2875 m3/ha. It was revealed that the most optimal scheme for sowing table beets: two-line ribbon sowing – 20+50 cm with a distance in a row through 8 cm, which, with two-fold foliar top dressing with a Biostim Universal at a dose of 2.0 l/ha with a working solution consumption of 200–400 l/ha, provides a yield of 59.8 t/ha of root crops with their high quality.

Antibodies as Biosensors’ Key Components: State-of-the-Art in Russia 2020–2021

The recognition of biomolecules is crucial in key areas such as the timely diagnosis of somatic and infectious diseases, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. This determines the need to develop highly sensitive display devices based on the achievements of modern science and technology, characterized by high selectivity, high speed, low cost, availability, and small size. Such requirements are met by biosensor systems—devices for reagent-free analysis of compounds that consist of a biologically sensitive element (receptor), a transducer, and a working solution. The diversity of biological material and methods for its immobilization on the surface or in the volume of the transducer and the use of nanotechnologies have led to the appearance of an avalanche-like number of different biosensors, which, depending on the type of biologically sensitive element, can be divided into three groups: enzyme, affinity, and cellular/tissue. Affinity biosensors are one of the rapidly developing areas in immunoassay, where the key point is to register the formation of an antigen–antibody complex. This review analyzes the latest work by Russian researchers concerning the production of molecules used in various immunoassay formats as well as new fundamental scientific data obtained as a result of their use.

Study on Factors Affecting the Performance of a CRISPR/Cas-Assisted New Immunoassay: Detection of Salivary Insulin as an Example

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas is now playing a significant role in biosensing applications, especially when the trans-cleavage activity of several Cas effectors is discovered. Taking advantages of both CRISPR/Cas and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in analytical and clinical investigations, CRISPR/Cas-powered ELISA has been successfully designed to detect a spectrum of analytes beyond nucleic acid. Herein, we developed a CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted new immunoassay (CANi) for detection of salivary insulin as an example. Specifically, factors (antibody selection, temperature, and assay time) affecting the CRISPR/Cas-based ELISA system’s performance were investigated. It was observed that the concentration of blocking solution, selection of the capture antibody pairs, and the sequences of triggering ssDNA and guiding RNA affected this immunoassay sensitivity. In contrast, the preincubation of CRISPR/Cas12a working solution and pre-mixture of detection antibody with anti-IgG–ssDNA did not show influence on the performance of CANi for the detection of insulin. Under optimized conditions, the sensitivity for detection of salivary insulin was 10 fg/ml with a linear range from 10 fg/ml to 1 ng/ml.

The use of microbiological fertilizers in planting early potatoes in the Belgorod region

Экологически безопасная продукция пользуется большим спросом. Для ее получения можно использовать микробиологические удобрения. Использование микробиологических удобрений способствует снижению негативных последствий изменения климата и повышает устойчивость растений картофеля к стрессовым факторам. Цель работы: изучить микробиологическое удобрение Славол, обладающее широким спектром действия, на ранних сортах картофеля и выявить его влияние на продуктивность этой культуры. Славол содержит в своем составе шесть компонентов микроорганизмов (Derxia spp., Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandi, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium). Работа была выполнена в 2020–2021 годах на участке научно-производственной лаборатории по изучению систем земледелия ФГБОУ ВО Белгородский ГАУ. Почва опытного участка – чернозем выщелоченный, среднемощный, среднесуглинистый на лессовидном суглинке. В опытах были использованы следующие сорта: Удача, Брянский деликатес, Ред Скарлетт, Жуковский ранний, Метеор, Ривьера. Варианты опыта: 1) контроль и 2) применение микробиологического удобрения Славол, которое включало обработку клубней перед посадкой (10 мл/л воды, замачивание на 3–4 часа) и в период ухода дважды в виде некорневой подкормки (10 мл/10 л воды, расход рабочего раствора – 1,5 л/10 м2), первая обработка – через 10–15 дней после всходов, вторая – в период бутонизации. Повторность опытов трехкратная. Варианты в опыте были размещены рендомизированным методом. Площадь одной опытной делянки – 25 м2. Схема посадки – 70×35 см. Установлено, что микробиологическое удобрение Славол обладает широким спектром действия и влияет на рост и развитие растений: повысилось количество стеблей (в среднем по сортам на 32,6%), увеличилась высота растений (на 10,8%) и общая площадь листового аппарата (на 32,9%). В посадках картофеля на 72,2% снизилось развитие альтернариоза. Комплексное влияние препарата сказа Environmentally friendly products are in great demand. Microbiological fertilizers can be used to obtain it. The use of microbiological fertilizers helps to reduce the negative effects of climate change and increases the resistance of potato plants to stress factors. The purpose of the work: to study the microbiological fertilizer Slavol, which has a wide spectrum of action, on early potato varieties, and to identify its effect on the productivity of this crop. Slavol contains six components of microorganisms (Derxia spp., Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandi, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium). The work was carried out in 2020–2021 at the site of the scientific and production laboratory for the study of agricultural systems of the Belgorod State Agrarian University. The soil of the experimental site is leached chernozem, medium-thick, medium-loamy on loess-like loam. The following varieties were used in the experiments: Udacha, Bryansk delikates, Red Scarlett, Zhukovsky ranniy, Meteor, Riviera. Experience options: 1) control and 2) the use of microbiological fertilizer Slavol, which included the treatment of tubers before planting (10 ml/l of water, soaking for 3–4 hours) and during the care period twice in the form of foliar top dressing (10 ml/10 l of water, the consumption of the working solution of 1.5 l/10 m2) the first treatment 10–15 days after germination, the second – during budding. The repetition of experiments is threefold. The variants in the experiment were placed by a randomized method. The area of one experimental plot is 25 m2. The planting scheme is 70×35 cm. It is established that the microbiological fertilizer Slavol has a wide spectrum of action and affects the growth and development of plants: the number of stems has increased (on average for varieties by 32.6%), the height of plants has increased (by 10.8%) and the total area of the leaf apparatus (by 32.9%). In potato plantings, the development of alternariosis decreased by 72.2%. The complex effect of the drug affected the yield of early potato varieties, which increased by an average of 12.3% in the Belgorod region.

Starter Kit for Electrochemical Sensors Based on Polythiophene Thin Films—Synthesis of High-Quality Films and Protocol for Fast and Gentle Electrode Regeneration

Due to their unique properties, polythiophene and other conductive polymers have become the subject of intensive research and are promising substrate materials for innovative and trendsetting applications. To this day, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) is the preferred solvent for the electropolymerization of thiophene, although it does not allow for reproducible film qualities due to its decomposition under ambient conditions. We therefore want to equip the reader with a starter kit for the electropolymerization of high-quality polythiophene films from stable solvents and a simple yet efficient method to remove the deposited films from the electrodes for their reuse. By drying the working solution prior to its utilization, and by adding a Lewis acid catalyst, films that display enhanced electron transfer and a smooth surface topography can be obtained, which can both be beneficial for the analytic performance of a subsequently built biosensor.

Technology of strip chemical treatment in the resource-saving system of agriculture in Volgograd region

To preserve and restore disturbed lands and reduce the damaging impact on air, plants and soil, it is necessary to apply resource-saving technologies. Strip-till technology is recommended for tilled crops. The technical solution is offered to increase the efficiency of the working solution use due to the rational distribution on the objects of influence and increase of its uniformity. That is, it is possible to reduce the hectare rate of consumption of the working solution by using the method of strip chemical treatment of plants. This is achieved by the redistribution of the working solution between the row and the row with the cultivated plant. The technical solution is to equip the serial sprayer with two lines with spray nozzles and special separator bodies. After a quick changeover in the field without the use of special tools, it is possible to switch from continuous spraying to strip spraying and back. At switching over to strip spraying, the spray solution is sprayed strictly along the strips of cultivated plant growth and covers the whole surface of stem and leaves. This allows reducing the cost of liquid chemicalization agents application and accurately redistributing the working solution.