Fattening of young pigs under industrial conditions when different methods and modes of sanitary treatment of premises

It is important for industrial pig breeding to maintain a high level of animal productivity and preserve their health through the use of modern technologies and equipment for disinfection and treatment of premises, including in the presence of animals. The purpose of the research was to identify the most effective combinations of methods and modes of sanitary treatment of premises that contribute to the maximum manifestation of fattening and meat traits of pigs, preserving their health under the conditions of industrial pork production. The object of research was hybrid young pigs obtained from industrial crossbreeding of three breeds (Large White, Landrace, Pietren). It has been found as the result of the conducted investigations that the combination of the aerosol method of disinfection of livestock premises with additional aerosol air treatment during the fattening of young pigs contributes to the growth of its livability, improvement of fattening traits and increase in the efficiency of fattening. The daily consumption of animal feed during the fattening period does not depend on the method of disinfection of premises before they are put on fattening, but increases with the multiplicity of additional sanitary treatments, however, feed expenditures per 1 kg of increase have been reduced with wet disinfection from 3,10 to 2,83 kg, with aerosol disinfection from 3,10 to 2,59 kg. The biggest economic effectiveness of fattening has been noted when combining different methods of disinfection with the two-time regime of additional sanitary treatment of premises during the fattening period at the profitability level of 32,5 and 32,8 %.

DISINFECTANTS FOR SANITARY TREATMENT OF THE SKIN OF THE ELDER OF LACTING COWS

The article highlights the relevance of udder hygiene, sources of milk contamination with microflora, udder treatment requirements, sanitary condition control of the teats skin of cow udders, as well as a list of udder treatment products authorized in Ukraine. Proper preparation of udder teats for milking, namely: treatment with special detergents and disinfectants, compliance with the correct milking procedure significantly reduce the risk of cows with mastitis and increase milk yield. The content of microorganisms in milk shows the hygiene of milking cows, animal health, and the presence of pathogenic and technologically dangerous microorganisms. Bacterial contamination of milk is significantly increased due to udder diseases in cows. This increases the bacterial contamination of milk with pathogenic microbes, and the milk becomes unfit for consumption and processing (milk from cows with mastitis must be disposed of) milking procedure significantly reduce the risk of mastitis in cows and increase milk yield. It is necessary to prevent the penetration of microbes into the teat duct for prophylactic mastitis measures Special products should be used to treat the udder after milking. These products have certain requirements, the main of which are: the ability to quickly destroy bacteria; to keep the skin of the teats in good condition; to protect the teat between milking; easy to wash off before milking to eliminate the risk of getting into the milk.

Monitoring of microbial contamination of the educational and scientific clean laboratory module

The production environment in pharmaceutical industry should not be a source of microbial contamination of the product. The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of changes in the microbial contamination level in clean rooms. The study was conducted at the educational and scientific clean room module of the Biotechnology Department of the Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering (IATE NRNU MEPhI). It was shown that the level of contamination of surfaces in production facility increases with the presence of personnel on the premises. The degree of microbial contamination of the air varies slightly depending on the type of activity and the number of personnel on premises. The compliance of the investigated clean room module with class D for clean rooms was confirmed. It was concluded that it is necessary to monitor microbial contamination of premises more often, as well as to implement the sanitary treatment in order to eliminate the sources of spore-forming microflora.

Repatriation of Polish Prisoners of War from Camps of Central Russia (1921–1922)

The problem of prisoners of war of the Polish-Soviet war of 1919–1920 remains one of the most debatable issues in modern historiography. This topic is poorly studied in both domestic and foreign (especially Polish) historiography. The article deals with the process and mechanism of repatriating Polish prisoners from camps in Central Russia in 1921–1922. The authors note that the discussion of repatriation began at the end of 1919. Negotiations ended with the signing of a repatriation agreement between the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and Poland on February 24, 1921. In accordance with the developed normative documentation, Polish prisoners of war were subjected to sanitary treatment (baths, haircuts) before being sent; they were given underwear and uniforms; they were provided with food for the period of their journey; and they were fully paid. Sick prisoners of war were sent in special trains or in separate ambulances accompanied by medical personnel. The first echelons with Polish prisoners of war began “leaving” for Poland in March 1921. Mass repatriation was completed by the autumn of the same year. In the future, repatriation concerned only individuals and would be of a personal nature. In total, almost 35 000 prisoners of war were sent to Poland.

Structural-logical scheme of sanitary processing of milking machines with milk pipe-line and washing machine

The article analyzes the technological schemes of sanitation systems, analyzes the technological solutions to improve existing systems. The aim of the work is to develop an effective structural and technological scheme of the sanitary treatment system of the milking unit. When drawing up the structural diagrams of technological lines, an analysis of existing technologies was used. To determine the rational working scheme of sanitation, a systematic approach is needed with a thorough analysis of existing structures, parameters that determine the effectiveness of its functioning. Structural diagrams are a chain of successively arranged operations.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ESTABLISHING OUTPATIENT CT-CENTERS AND THE NEED TO REOPEN ALL ORGANIZATIONS AND ENTERPRISES

The article shows the effectiveness of 24-hour outpatient CT-centers for the treatment of COVID-19. A comparative analysis of the expenditure of mandatory health insurance funds for the provision of outpatient and inpatient medical care to the population of Moscow was carried out, and the economic effect of transferring all patients with coronavirus with a non-severe form (light and medium) from round-the-clock hospitals to home treatment was estimated. It is proved that at present, the most important thing for defeating the pandemic is the gradual, taking into account all existing restrictions (distance between citizens, hand disinfection, temperature measurement, sanitary treatment of premises and vehicles, testing for coronavirus and antibodies, etc.), the resumption of work of all enterprises, organizations and self-employed citizens.

Development of a regime of disinfection of milking equipment and milk inventory with the acid detergent “Milkodez”

The material for the reseach were the washes that were taken from the milk utensils, portable milking machines, surface of the cooler, milking unit with the UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” and milking parlor “Yalinka”. Washing of milking equipment and milk equipment was carried out with 0.5% hot solution (70 ± 5 ℃) of alkaline “Hyprochlor” and acid detergents disinfectant “Milkodez” and “Hypracid”. Processing of milk dishes, portable milking machines and cooler with acidic means was carried out for 2 and 5 minutes, cooler for 5 and 10 minutes, and installations of milking machine with UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” milking parlor and “Yalinka” milking parlor – for 15 minutes by pumping the solution several times using a vacuum unit. The equipment, sanitary treatment of which was carried out by means of “Hyprochlor” and “Hypracid”, used as control. The disinfectant effect of the investigated agents was evaluated by the number of mesophilic aerobic and optional anaerobic microorganisms (MAOanM) in washings selected after washing and in milk. It was found that for the use of “Milkodez” dairy utensils for sanitary treatment, the amount of MAOanM on the surface of milking buckets and glass jars was smaller compared to their treatment with “Hypracid”, and the difference was for 2 and 5 min respectively 86.5% and 57.7% and 97.3 and 95.7%, respectively. Microbial contamination of fresh milk was reduced by 50.5% and 91.3%, respectively. The smallest amount of MAОanM in washes from milking rubber, milk hose, collector and milking tank of portable milking machines was in 5 minutes of their washing “Hyprochlor” and “Milkodez” and were respectively 0.6, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.2 thousand CFU/sm3, which allowed to obtain milk with the content of microorganisms 26 thousand CFU/sm3. The number of microorganisms per 1 sm3 of flushing from the walls of the cooler for 10 min of sanitary treatment by means of “Hyprochlor” and “Hypracid” was 5.8 thousand CFU/sm3, while for 5 min of exposure of the preparations “Hyprochlor” and “Milkodez” their number was 1.1 thousand CFU/cm3, and for 10 min – 0.4 thousand CFU/cm3. Thus, the number of microbial cells in 1 sm3 of milk was respectively 248000, 41000 and 29000 CFU. It is proved that for the sanitary treatment of UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” and milking parlor “Yalinka” it is advisable to use the acid detergent disinfectant “Milkodez”, which provided 11.7 and 20.3 times less total amount of microorganisms in the washes from the elements and in 3.6 and 7.1 times in fresh milk, compared to “Hypracid”. The optimal mode of application of 0.5% solution of acid detergent disinfectant “Milkodez” for the effective sanitary treatment of milk utensils is 5 minutes, milking equipment – 10 minutes, and for the treatment of milking installations with milk pipeline and milking parlor – 15 minutes, after the previous washing them with an alkaline agent “Hyprochlor”.