scholarly journals “Más ganados que frutos”. La evolución de la tenencia de la tierra en Hatoviejo (Bello), Antioquia, siglos XVII a XVIII

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 65-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo De Jesús García Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Fragmentation Process ◽  
Native People ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Town Council ◽  
Cattle Farms ◽  
The City ◽  
Tenure Structure ◽  
Food Consumed

 Este artículo es una aproximación histórica a la evolución en la tenencia de la tierra en Hatoviejo (Bello, Antioquia, Colombia) durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. En él se estudia el proceso de fragmentación de la merced de tierras entregada por el cabildo de la ciudad de Antioquia al conquistador Gaspar de Rodas en el siglo XVI, quien lo cedió a sus hijos. Brevemente se muestra como aquellas inmensas propiedades se subdividieron hasta conformar varios hatos y estancias donde se producían muchos de los alimentos que se consumían en la provincia. A partir de los protocolos notariales se reconstruye el proceso subsiguiente de fragmentación de aquellas haciendas hasta la aparición de pequeñas y medianas propiedades en manos de mestizos, indígenas y pardos libres, para concluir con el análisis de la estructura tenencial de la tierra al final del periodo estudiado.Palabras clave: Hatoviejo, tenencia de la tierra, poblamiento, haciendas, mediana y pequeña propiedad. “More cattle that fruits”. The land tenure evolution in Hatoviejo (Bello), Antioquia, from 17th to 18th centuries AbstractThis article is an historical approach to the land tenure evolution in Hatoviejo, (Bello, Antioquia, Colombia) during the 17th and 18th centuries. In this article it is studied the mercy fragmentation process of lands that were given by the city of Antioquia town council to the conqueror Gaspar de Rodas in the 16th century, who later ceded them to his sons. In a brief it is shown how those large properties were subdivided to become several cattle farms and farms where most of the food consumed in the province was produced. From notarial registers it is reconstructed the subsequent fragmentation of those farms until the birth of small and medium properties belonging to mestizo people, native people and mulatto people, and having as a conclusion the analysis of the land tenure structure from this studied period.Keywords: Hatoviejo, Land Tenure, Settlement, Farms, Medium and Small Property.

scholarly journals [Gazi Husrev Beg: The Philantropist Who Develop Waqf in Sarajevo] Gazi Husrev Beg: Dermawan yang Membangunkan Wakaf di Sarajevo

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Nur Ainul Basyirah Alias ◽  
Ermy Azziaty Rozali
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Center

Abstract This research is discuss about the important figure in the development of waqf in Sarajevo by the governor of Bosnia in the 16th century, Gazi Husrev Beg. His important role in developing the city of Sarajevo through his waqf institutions had a positive impact on the local community. Sarajevo, which was originally a small settlement changed into a well-organized city and a thriving trading center in the early 16th century. Although Gazi Husrev Beg was not a pioneer of waqf establishment in Sarajevo, but the development of the city of Sarajevo was seen to reach its peak after his waqf institution, especially the waqf complex and bezistan (closed market) began to be built. Therefore, this writing aims to examine the waqf of Gazi Husrev Beg in Sarajevo as well as look at the development of the city as a result of his waqf. The methodology of this research is focused on information obtained from library research such as books, journal articles, theses and websites. In addition, this study also obtained data from the Medrese Kurshumliya Museum which is a museum within the Gazi Husrev Beg waqf complex. Thus, the findings of this research identify that Gazi Husrev Beg had his own waqf complex as commonly did by the Ottoman rulers in Anatolia. In addition to establishing waqf institutions, he and his wife, Shahdidar also provided loans to businessmen through the money invested by them, subsequently setting the interest for each loan at the rate allowed by the fatwa of the Ottoman mufti. Through the benefits of the loan, it is change into cash waqf to be channeled for building maintenance and payment of salaries for employees at the waqf institution with the existence of this waqf building, the city of Sarajevo developed into an important administrative and commercial center throughout the era of Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: Gazi Husrev Beg, Ottoman Sarajevo, waqf history, waqf complex   Abstrak   Kajian ini membincangkan berkaitan tokoh penting dalam pembangunan wakaf di Sarajevo oleh gabenor Bosnia pada abad ke-16M, iaitu Gazi Husrev Beg. Peranan penting beliau dalam memajukan bandar Sarajevo melalui institusi wakaf miliknya memberikan impak yang positif kepada masyarakat tempatan. Sarajevo yang pada awalnya merupakan penempatan kecil berubah landskap menjadi sebuah bandar yang tersusun dan pusat perdagangan yang pesat bermula awal abad ke-16M. Walaupun Gazi Husrev Beg bukanlah pelopor kepada pembinaan wakaf di Sarajevo, tetapi kemajuan bandar Sarajevo dilihat mencapai kemuncaknya setelah institusi wakaf beliau terutamanya kompleks wakaf serta bezistan (pasar tertutup) mula dibina. Oleh yang demikian, penulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneliti wakaf Gazi Husrev Beg di Sarajevo serta melihat pembangunan bandar tersebut hasil wakaf beliau. Metodologi kajian ini adalah tertumpu kepada maklumat yang didapati daripada kajian kepustakaan seperti buku, artikel jurnal, tesis dan laman sesawang. Selain itu, kajian ini juga mendapatkan data daripada Muzium medrese Kurshumliya, iaitu sebuah muzium di dalam kompleks wakaf Gazi Husrev Beg. Justeru, dapatan kajian mengenal pasti bahawa Gazi Husrev Beg mempunyai kompleks wakafnya sendiri seperti mana yang biasa dilakukan oleh pemerintah ‘Uthmaniyyah di Anatolia. Selain menubuhkan institusi wakaf, beliau dan juga isterinya, Shahdidar turut memberikan pinjaman kepada para ahli perniagaan melalui wang yang dilaburkan oleh mereka, seterusnya menetapkan faedah bagi setiap pinjaman dengan kadar yang dibenarkan oleh fatwa mufti kerajaan ‘Uthmaniyyah. Melalui faedah pinjaman tersebut, ia dijadikan wakaf tunai untuk disalurkan untuk penyelenggaraan bangunan dan pembayaran gaji para pekerja di institusi wakafnya. Dengan kewujudan bangunan wakaf ini, bandar Sarajevo berkembang menjadi pusat pentadbiran dan perdagangan yang penting di sepanjang era pemerintahan ‘Uthmaniyyah di Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Kata kunci: Gazi Husrev Beg, Sarajevo era ‘Uthmani, Sejarah wakaf, Kompleks wakaf

scholarly journals Factors influencing migration and settlement of pastoralists in Nairobi City, Kenya

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Magero Wafula ◽  
Oliver Vivian Wasonga ◽  
Oscar Kipchirchir Koech ◽  
Staline Kibet
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Pastoral Production ◽  
Alternative Markets ◽  
The City

AbstractPastoralism is globally recognized as the backbone of the economy in the vast arid and semi-arid rangelands. Despite its enormous economic contribution, the system is facing a myriad of challenges, among them, land use and land tenure changes, resulting in diminished grazing land. Accompanying such changes is the conversion of traditional grazing lands into other uses such as settlements, with urbanization being one of the key drivers of pastoral system dynamics. Understanding such dynamics in the face of compounding factors such as frequent droughts linked to climate change is key in guiding policy formulation and interventions aimed at achieving a sustainable pastoral production system. This study investigated factors determining migration and settlement of pastoralists in Nairobi City of Kenya. Data was collected through a snowball sampling approach using semi-structured household questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) in five Sub-counties of Nairobi City County. A total of 144 household interviews, 6 FGDs and 16 KIIs were conducted to elucidate drivers of urban pastoralism, opportunities and challenges encountered by pastoralists in the city. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyse the determinants of their migration. Results show that search for pasture and water resources, and alternative markets especially during droughts, are the main reasons for pastoralists’ migration to the city. In addition, educated herders were found to be more likely to migrate to the city as they pursue wage employment. Whereas these findings revealed that migration to the city exposes pastoralists to diverse livelihood opportunities, they are equally faced by a number of challenges - mainly road accidents involving livestock, frequent land displacements to pave way for development of real estates, and livestock poisoning from sewage and garbage wastes. There is a need for policy and regulatory interventions to recognize pastoralism alongside other forms of urban farming and addressing challenges facing sustainable pastoral production.

scholarly journals KUFAN HADITH TRANSMITTERS AND GEOPOLITICS IN EARLY PERIOD OF ISLAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-236
Author(s):  
Novizal Wendry ◽  
Abdul Majid ◽  
Susilawati Susilawati
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Umayyad Dynasty ◽  
The City

This article discusses the hadith transmitters involvement in Kufa politic dynamic in the early time of Islam Period, which was experiencing a long range of social turmoils. These turmoils occurred from 40 H/661 AD until the end of the Umayyad dynasty in 125 H/743 AD. This article adopts a historical approach to conceive of the dynamic of politics among the hadith transmitters. This research revealed that the hadith transmitters built the city of Kufa. The behavior related to discrimination toward the opponents and the disappointments on the Umayah Dynasty triggered many rebellions such as al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alî ibn Abî Ṭâlib, Ibn al-Zubayr, Mukhtâr al-Thaqafî, al-tawwâbûn, and Zayd ibn ‘Alî. These turmoils involved Sa‘d ibn Abî Waqqâṣ and al-Mughîrah ibn Shu‘bah. We argue that the hadith transmitter influenced the hadiths they narrated. Based on the investigation of the two hadith contents that they narrated indicated that they took the side of the Mu‘âwiyah Dynasty and ‘Alî’s followers as the opponents.

scholarly journals MEALS OF THE BOUNDARIES COMMISSION IN LVIV (1578, 1579, 1581) ON THE EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE - THREE FRAGMENTS FROM THE LVIV WEEKLY-EXPENDITURES BOOKS. TRANSLATION. COMMENTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Nazar Levus
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
White Bread ◽  
City Hall ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
Other Information ◽  
The City

In the second half of the 16th century in Lviv were conducted meeting of the Border Commission. The Commissionresolved the controversial questions related to the land issue and ordering its boundaries. During its implementation,city delegates and commissioners often stopped for rest and lunch. Meat, fish, bread, various spices and wine wereaccompanied participants of the Borders Commission during joint meetings, whether at the City Hall or outside it.This and other information is vividly illustrated by a source such as the Lviv weekly-expenditures book for 1572–1582. This source has big information potential. In the Lviv weekly-expenditures books you can find informationabout the activities of the city authorities (councils and benches of the city of Lviv); the acomplishment of functions by city officials (such as the executioner); routine affairs in the city, etc. This publication provides three fragments ofthe source of the Boundary Commission meeting for 1578, 1579, 1581.The Boundary Commission of 1578 was held on the eve of the Birthday of John the Baptist (June 24) and lasted fromJune 20 to June 23, 1578. The source does not provide specific details of the dispute, but it can be assumed that a soildispute arose between a monastic order of Lviv Dominicans and Bryukhovychi peasants. During the joint lunchesand dinners in the suburban tavern in Bryukhovychi, for four days, the commissioners drank three barrels of beer, 22jugs (85 liters) of Hungarian wine, consumed veal; fish and herrings (most likely eaten on Friday June 22); breadand other dishes cooked for them.In 1579, the Commission resolved the disputed issues between the city and Lviv’s podstoli, Joakim Samp. During itsmeeting on the second Sunday of Lent in 1579, were present Lviv’s castellans Stanislav Herburth and Lviv starostaMykola Herburth. Each of them was presented with 8 jugs of Malvasia for greetings. To feed the delegates werepurchased variety of fish, bread, spices, vegetables, condiments and 27 jugs of Malvasia. It is interesting that theCommissioners did not consume meat under the Border Commission because it took place during Lent.The Borders Commission, in October 1581, was also involved in resolving the dispute between Joachim Samp and thecommunity of Lviv. The meetings of the Commission were followed by lavish dinners. In particular, to the borders thatwere checked was bought 2 barrels of beer, two-quarters of meat, 5 chickens, bread, various roots. On Tuesday, October13, 1581, all the commissioners and guests, including Mykola Herburt, the Lviv starosta and Mykola Meletsky,the Podolsk voivode, and all their servants were gratulated in Sikhiv Korchma. For festive supper was bought twocalves, four quarters of meat, 2 barrels of beer, rye and white bread, vegetables, lemons, raisins, sugar, 4 vessels ofjam, 35 ½ jugs of wine and 6 jugs of alicakantu.

Moscow: The Third Rome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Russian

In the mid-19th century, three 16th-century Russian sources were published that alluded to Moscow as the “third Rome.” When 19th-century Russian historians discovered these texts, many interpreted them as evidence of an ancient imperial ideology of endless expansion, an ideology that would go on to define Russian foreign policy from the 16th century to the modern day. But what did these 16th-century depictions of Moscow as the third Rome actually have in mind? Did their meaning remain stable or did it change over the course of the early modern period? And how significant were they to early modern Russian imperial ideology more broadly? Scholars have pointed out that one cannot assume that depictions of Moscow as the third Rome were necessarily meant to be imperial celebrations per se. After all, the Muscovites considered that the first Rome fell for various heretical beliefs, in particular that Christ did not possess a human soul, and the second Rome, Constantinople, fell to the Turks in 1453 precisely because it had accepted some of these heretical “Latin” doctrines. As such, the image of Moscow as the third Rome might have marked a celebration of the city as a new imperial center, but it could also allude to Moscow’s duty to protect the “true” Orthodox faith after the fall—actual and theological—of Rome and Constantinople. As time progressed, however, the nuances of religious polemic once captured by the trope were lost. During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the image of Moscow as the third Rome took on a more unequivocally imperialist tone. Nonetheless, it would be easy to overstate the significance of allusions to Moscow as the third Rome to early modern Russian imperial ideology more broadly. Not only was the trope rare and by no means the only imperial comparison to be found in Muscovite literature, it was also ignored by secular authorities and banned by clerics.

Understanding How Behavior Plays a Role in Purchasing Dog Food in Bombay

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-117
Author(s):  
Niaga Rajesh ◽  
Paavni Varma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Mumbai City ◽  
Food Consumed

It has been noticed that there has been an increase in the number of families adopting dogs as pets in the urban areas on India. Dogs among all other pets are considered the most loyal and unconditionally loving animals. However, maintaining a dog is not as simple as it may seem. One of the most important factors that contribute to the wellbeing of a dog is the nutritious food consumed by the dog. This research paper aims to understand the behavior that influences the purchase of dog food in Mumbai city. The goal is to comprehend the preferences and the buying pattern of dog food consumed in Mumbai. To undertake this research, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted, of people who own dogs; belong to the middle and upper-class families in the city of Mumbai. Dog owners indulge in a lot of reading and research to make sure that they give the right form of nutrition to their dogs. This research threw light on the purchase behavior of dog food consumed in Mumbai.

Trades and Professions

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-130
Author(s):  
Murray Pittock
Keyword(s):  
Political Control ◽  
Town Council ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Edinburgh’s tightly controlled burgess network, which was regulated by the Town Council, strongly defined the middle orders. It also controlled the limits of what was politically tolerable for those looking to make their way in society via the trade and craft incorporations of the city: Chirurgons and Barbouris (who separated in 1722), Goldsmythis, Skinners and Furriers, Hammermen, Wrights and Masons, Tailors, Baxters, Fleschouris, Curdwainers, Wabstaris, Waekaris [hatters], Bonnet-Makers, and Dyers and Candlemakers. Control of the system was strongly identified with the exercise of political control on a wider stage, as burgess privileges and licensing were an established route to patronage.

Art in Renaissance Florence

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Blake McHam ◽  
Stephen Mack
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Family ◽  
Renaissance Florence ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
The City ◽  
Lives Of The Artists

Florence was a crucial locus for developments in Italian art throughout the peninsula in the period between 1300 and 1600, and so this article will concern itself with art created in the city rather than by Florentine artists working outside of Florence. To a considerable degree, the pervasive influence of Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Artists (1550, 1568) affected all later historiography, which followed the patriotic Florentine in his claims that everything of importance throughout the Renaissance originated in the city and spread from there elsewhere. That myth was challenged only in the latter part of the 20th century. Nevertheless, no matter how Vasari exaggerated Florence’s importance, the city was a major center. It was wealthy particularly from the wool trade and through dominance in banking throughout Europe, and the city’s humanists early advised private and corporate patrons about the advantages to their reputations and to that of the city of commissioning art and architecture. Although in the 14th century, Florence was governed as a guild republic, and the major guilds commissioned most of the major works of art, by 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici rose to power, and thereafter except for brief intervals (1494–1512; 1527–1530), the Medici family controlled the city. In the mid-16th century, the family consolidated its power and ruled over all of Tuscany as grand dukes, and changed the nature of commissions to those flattering its rule.

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