Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income.

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DAMPAK APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA PERMETRIN TERHADAP HAMA PENGISAP BIJAIJ HELOPELTIS SPP. (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) DAN ARTROPODA NON-TARGET PADA PERTANAMAN KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.148-12 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12

Author(s):

Rosma Hasibuan ◽

I Gede Swibawa ◽

Lestari Wibowo ◽

Sudi Pramono ◽

Agus M Hariri

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Plant ◽

Insecticide Application ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Important Pest ◽

Four Blocks ◽

And Control ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Plantation

Impact of Permethrin-Insecticide Application on Mirid Pest of Cocoa Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and on Non-target Arthropods in Cocoa Plantations (Theobroma cacao L.). Cocoa mirid bugs, Helopeltis spp., (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the most important pest of cocoa in Indonesia. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of permethrin on cocoa mirids and non-target arthropods at a cocoa plantation in specific place. A randomized complete block design was used in which each of four blocks consisted of 5 treatments (4 concentrations of permethrin; 50; 100; 200; and 250 ppm and control). The results indicated that the application of permethrin significantly increased the cocoa mirids mortaliiy throughout all sprayed cocoa trees (up to 100% 72 h after application). Even at 1 h after application, the percentage of Cocoa mirids mortality 29.2% - 53.9%) on cocoa trees sprayed with permethrin at concentrations of 50 - 250 ppm was significantly higher than that on control plant (3.6%). At 72 h after treatments, application of permethrin at concentrations of 200 and 250 ppm caused a complete kill (mortalty of 100%) in the test mirids. Meanwhile, ground cloths caught at least 22 fanilies of abore-ground arthropods that were found killed by permethrin applications. Moreover, the number of non-target arthropods killed by permethrin at concentrations of 100 - 250 ppm (27.3 - 85.3 individuals/ground cloth) were signifcantly higher than that on control trees. These results demonstrated that despite high efficacy of permethrin in controlling of cocoa mirids (Hetopeltis spp.), its application also had adverse effects on non-target arthropods incocoa plantations.

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Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Late Season Cabbage, 1993

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/19.1.67a ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 67-67

Author(s):

Donald J. Prostak

Keyword(s):

Cultural Practices ◽

Block Design ◽

Hollow Cone ◽

Late Season ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract Cabbage was transplanted on 9 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 15, 18 Sep, and 1 Oct with a COz-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Activator 90, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 28 Sep and 5 Oct by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the leaves were identified and counted.

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DUS Characterisation of Advanced Recombinant Lines of Kalanamak Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using Morphological Descriptors and Quality Parameters

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2019/v38i630408 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Banshidhar . ◽

Priyanka Jaiswal ◽

Mithilesh Kumar Singh ◽

Indra Deo

Keyword(s):

Cultural Practices ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Block Design ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Research Centre ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

New Varieties ◽

Crop Research

The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of DUS characterisation of advanced recombinant lines of Kalanamak rice for 47 visually assessed characters and 15 quantitative characters. Trials were conducted for two seasons during Kharif 2016 and 2017 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre (NEBCRC), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar, Uttarakhand in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replications with the spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm and the recommended cultural practices were followed. For this data were recorded for sixty-two DUS descriptors following the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Authority (PPV & FRA). In the present study, 27 visually assessed characteristics are found to be monomorphic, 18 are dimorphic and 2 are polymorphic. KARL10 with higher yield, intermediate amylose content, early 50% flowering and early maturity is reported to be best genotypes in respect of desired characteristics and could be used as a potential source for deriving improved lines through selection.

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KERAGAMAN KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGIS DAN A G RONOMISP LA SMA NUTFAH KLON HARAPAN KAKAO LOKAL SULAWESI SELATAN

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/littri.v21n3.2015.145-152 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SAHARDI SAHARDI ◽

FADJRY DJUFRY

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

High Yield ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

Black Pod ◽

Cocoa Plantation

ABSTRAKKakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan yang memegang peranan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan merupakan daerah sentra produksi kakao dan telah berkembang berbagai varian klon kakao lokal. Sulawesi Selatan memiliki potensi menghasilkan klon-klon kakao unggul, yang berpotensi daya hasil tinggi, memiliki ketahanan/toleransi terhadap hama penggerek buah kakao, penyakit busuk buah dan vascular streak dieback. Klon kakao lokal yang telah dikembangkan oleh petani belum pernah dilakukan karakterisasi baik morfologi maupun genetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengobservasi karakter morfologi dan agronomi klon lokal harapan yang tersebar pada petani di Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Februari – Desember 2013 di Kabupaten Luwu dan Luwu Utara, Sulawesi Selatan. Untuk mendapatkan klon-klon harapan kakao lokal, dilakukan observasi langsung pada sentra produksi kakao. Sumber informasi adalah Pemerintah daerah (dinas terkait), penyuluh pertanian, tokoh masyarakat dan petani. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap karakter morfologi utama klon harapan kakao lokal yang didapat saat pelaksanaan observasi. Analisis kemiripan karakter morfologi antar klon dan pengelompokan serta dendogram dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 21.0. Hasil eksplorasi diperoleh sejumlah 30 klon harapan kakao lokal. Hasil analisis karakter morfologi terhadap 30 aksesi klon unggul harapan kakao lokal di Sulawesi Selatan, menunjukkan keragaman yang sempit. Hal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa perlu upaya lain untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., keragaman, morfologi, agronomi, plasma nutfah ABSTRACTMorphological and Agronomics Diversity of Cocoa Characteristics Local Promising Clones Germplasm in South Sulawesi Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of important estate crops commodities which plays a role on Indonesian economy. South Sulawesi has a potency to generate superior clones of cocoa. A number of local cocoa clones from South Sulawesi has been recommended in rehabilitation and rejuvenation in the implementation of cocoa “Gernas” (National Cocoa Planting Action). Sulawesi Cocoa local clones have a potency of high yield, resistance to pest or main diseases such as cocoa pod borer, black pod disease and vascular streak dieback which were still widespread among cocoa plantation. Although variation accured in cocoa local clones, but there had been no study on both morphological and genetic. The objective of the research was to observe morphological and agronomis characters of local cocoa promising clones that has been planted by the farmers in South Sulawesi. This research was conducted from February - Desember 2013 in Luwu District and North Luwu, in South Sulawesi. To find local cacao clones used direct observation in cocoa production centers. The information sources obtained from local government (relevant agencies). Agricultural extension, prominent societyleader and the farmers. The Observation was conducted on morphologicalcharacters, and the results were analysed on characters resemblancebetween clones. Statistic anlyses for the Grouping and dendogram wasgene rated by SPSS vertion 21.0. In South Sulawesi. The result from theanalyses of morphological characters indicated low genetic variability in 30 accessions of local cocoa clones in South Sulawesi. To such low ingenetic diversity, Indicated the need of another effort to broadan geneticvariabilityKeywords: Theobroma cacao L., genetic variability, morphology, agronomy, germplasm

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COMBINATIONS OF CORIANDER AND SALAD ROCKET CULTIVARS IN BICROPPING SYSTEMS INTERCROPPED WITH CARROT CULTIVARS

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n114rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 125-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

JOSIMAR NOGUEORA DA SILVA ◽

◽

FRANCISCO BEZERRA NETO ◽

JAILMA SUERDA SILVA DE LIMA ◽

GARDÊNIA SILVANA DE OLIVEIRA RODRIGUES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Canonical Variable ◽

Block Design ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

Productive Efficiency ◽

Net Income ◽

Land Equivalent Ratio ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Gross Income ◽

Shoot Mass

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate combinations of coriander and salad rocket cultivars in bicropping systems intercropped with carrot cultivars in strips under the conditions of Mossoró-RN. The work was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes from July to December 2014. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments arranged in a factorial design with additional treatments of type 2 x 2 x 2 + 2. The treatments consisted of the combinations of two coriander cultivars (Verdão and Português) and two rocket cultivars (Cultivada and Folha Larga), intercropped with two carrot cultivars (Brasília and Esplanada) plus two additional treatments, where the first are the cultivars in monocropping and the second the types of cropping (single and intercropped). We evaluated fresh and dry shoot mass in coriander and rocket and fresh and dry shoot mass as well as dry root mass, commercial and total root productivity, and classified root productivity in carrot. In the intercropping systems we evaluated land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, and score of the canonical variable, besides the indicators of economic efficiency (gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin). Highest agroeconomic efficiency in intercropping systems was achieved with the combination of the coriander cultivar 'Verdão' and the rocket cultivars 'Folha Larga' or 'Cultivada' as well as the carrot cultivars 'Brasília' or 'Esplanada'. Regardless of the tested cultivar combinations, systems with coriander and salad rocket intercropped with carrot showed higher efficiency than monocropping systems.

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Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) Genotypes for Growth and Yield Attributes in Plains of Eastern Nepal

Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research ◽

10.9734/ajahr/2021/v8i430126 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 57-64

Author(s):

Tika Ram Chapagain ◽

Amit Prasad Timilsina ◽

Sabita Sharma ◽

Kumar Mani Dahal ◽

Samid Ahamad

Keyword(s):

Significant Positive Correlation ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Block Design ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Plot Area

An experiment was conducted in order to identify the productive genotype of turmeric for the plains of Nepal. In 2017 and 2018, seven promising turmeric genotypes (CI 0207, CI 0205, CI 9102, CI 1312, CI 0503, CI 0507, and CI 0201) were compared with KKH-1 in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at the Directorate of Agricultural Research, Tarahara, Nepal. The plants were 30 cm x 30 cm apart, with 40 plants per 3.6 m2 plot area. Cultural practices were followed in accordance with the recommendations. Analysis of variance, correlation, cluster, and GGEbiplot analysis were performed on the observed data. From the pooled analysis of two years of data, the results showed significant differences in plant height and fresh rhizome yield among genotypes. The rhizome yield of KKH-1 was found significantly higher (19.36 t ha-1) than CI 0205 and CI 9102 and at par with other genotypes. Weight of mother rhizome had significant positive correlation (r = 0.602**) with yield of fresh rhizome. Though KKH-1 yielded the highest fresh rhizome, the cluster and GGEbiplot analysis identified CI0207 as one of the potential turmeric clones next to KKH-1.

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Leaf application of silicon in young cacao plants subjected to water deficit

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016000300003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 215-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Leonardo Valandro Zanetti ◽

Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez ◽

Vinícius Novo Gama ◽

Marco Antonio Galeas Aguilar ◽

Carlos Alberto Spaggiari Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Sio2 Powder ◽

The Stability ◽

Response To Water

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and anatomical traits of plants of a cacao (Theobroma cacao) clone in response to water deficit after leaf application of silicon. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates, in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of two water regimes (irrigated or nonirrigated) and three silicon concentrations (0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg mL-1) applied in wettable SiO2 powder. The plants were evaluated 20 days after the irrigation regimes were applied. The use of SiO2 increased the stability of cell membranes and the photochemical efficiency of the plants under water deficit. The 1.5 mg mL-1 concentration of SiO2 increased photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency, besides mitigating the effect of oxidative stress. Stomatal density was reduced in nonirrigated plants under the highest concentration of Si. The 1.5 mg mL-1 concentration of Si is considered optimal for the photosynthetic metabolism of young cacao plants under soil water limitation.

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Phytophthora palmivora Causing Disease on Theobroma cacao in Hawaii

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11050396 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 396

Author(s):

Alina Sandra Puig ◽

Wilber Quintanilla ◽

Tracie Matsumoto ◽

Lisa Keith ◽

Osman Ariel Gutierrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Phytophthora Species ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Temperature Growth ◽

Phytophthora Spp ◽

Hawaii Island ◽

Black Pod

Commercial production of cacao in Hawaii has doubled in the past 10 years, and farmers are receiving premium prices for their beans from the expanding local confectionery industry. Black pod, caused by Phytophthora spp., is the only major cacao disease that has been reported in Hawaii but distribution and molecular identification are lacking. To determine the species of Phytophthora affecting Theobroma cacao, a sampling trip was conducted on Hawaii Island and Oahu. Ten isolates of Phytophthora palmivora were obtained from diseased cacao on Hawaii Island, but none from Oahu, despite the presence of symptomatic pods. No other Phytophthora species were found. Laboratory studies showed that all isolates produced lesions on unwounded cacao pods, but they differed in terms of their temperature–growth responses. Fungicide sensitives for a subset of isolates (n = 4) were determined using media amended with a range of fungicide concentrations. The Hawaiian isolates of P. palmivora were more sensitive to mefenoxam, chlorothalonil, and fosetyl-Al, than isolates from Ghana (n = 2) and Mexico (n = 1). This study identifies P. palmivora as a causal agent of black pod in Hawaii based on molecular data and provides valuable preliminary information on fungicide resistance and temperature response that can be used to improve disease management.

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An Evaluation of a New Scheme for Determination of Irrigation Depths in the Egyptian Nile Delta

Water ◽

10.3390/w13162181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 2181

Author(s):

Hassan M. Abd El Baki ◽

Haruyuki Fujimaki

Keyword(s):

Nile Delta ◽

Block Design ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Net Income ◽

Soil Monitoring ◽

Weather Forecasts ◽

Irrigation Method ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Irrigation Depth

Innovative irrigation techniques should be implemented to improve irrigation management in dryland countries. In this regard, a new scheme, that uses three sets of irrigation depth and numerically simulated cumulative transpiration, was evaluated in the Egyptian Nile delta in 2020. Presuming that water is volumetrically priced, the proposed scheme can maximize net incomes at optimum irrigation depths considering quantitative weather forecasts. A field experiment was carried out with a randomized complete block design using a major crop, maize, to assess the feasibility of the proposed scheme in comparison to a sensor-based irrigation method under conditions of dry climate and clay loamy soil. The proposed scheme could increase the gross net income of farmers and conserve irrigation by 21% and 35%, respectively, compared to a sensor-based irrigation method, although the yield and its components were almost the same with no significant statistical differences. The model could accurately simulate soil water content in the topsoil layers with a RMSE of 0.02 cm3 cm−3. The proposed scheme could be a useful tool to spare the costs of expensive soil monitoring sensors while saving water and improving net income.

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FABRICATION AND TESTING OF A SEMI-MANUALLY OPERATED FISH SCALE REMOVER

International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies ◽

10.29121/ijoest.v4.i5.2020.119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 89-97

Author(s):

Michael Dave B. Ablazo ◽

Richelle O. Ampuan ◽

Rommel P. Noble ◽

Benjamin D. Varela

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Block Design ◽

Payback Period ◽

Rate Of Return ◽

Fish Scale ◽

Net Income ◽

Commercial Fish ◽

Medium Speed ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

The Cost

Commercial fish scale removers are very expensive. This study was conducted in order to fabricate and test the performance of a low cost, stand-alone semi-manually operated fish scale remover. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) quasi-experiment was used to test the capacity and efficiency of the semi-manually operated fish scale remover. Three (3) different kinds of fish in Northern Samar (Bangus, Sagision and Kirawan) with three (3) different sizes of scales (Large, Medium and Small) were used in the testing of the fabricated fish scale remover at three (3) different speeds of the scaling drum (High, Medium and Low). The results revealed that the higher the speed of the scaling drum, the higher is the scaling capacity of the manually-operated fish scale remover. Likewise, the bigger the scales of fish being descaled, the higher is the scaling capacity of the manually-operated fish scale remover. The average scaling capacity of the fish scale remover is higher than the average scaling capacity of an experienced fish vendors for kirawan and sagision but is lower than that of the experienced fish vendors for bangus. On the other hand, the average scaling efficiencies of the machine for all the fish used in testing the machine were highest at medium speed setting of the scaling drum. The cost and return analysis on the operation of the semi-manually operated fish scale remover revealed that it will have an annual net income of P 48,724.37, a payback period of 50 days, and a rate of return of 3.82. The actual cost of constructing the semi-manually operated fish scale remover is ₱ 12,756.00.

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