scholarly journals Leaf application of silicon in young cacao plants subjected to water deficit

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Valandro Zanetti ◽  
Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez ◽  
Vinícius Novo Gama ◽  
Marco Antonio Galeas Aguilar ◽  
Carlos Alberto Spaggiari Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Sio2 Powder ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Response To Water

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and anatomical traits of plants of a cacao (Theobroma cacao) clone in response to water deficit after leaf application of silicon. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates, in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of two water regimes (irrigated or nonirrigated) and three silicon concentrations (0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg mL-1) applied in wettable SiO2 powder. The plants were evaluated 20 days after the irrigation regimes were applied. The use of SiO2 increased the stability of cell membranes and the photochemical efficiency of the plants under water deficit. The 1.5 mg mL-1 concentration of SiO2 increased photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency, besides mitigating the effect of oxidative stress. Stomatal density was reduced in nonirrigated plants under the highest concentration of Si. The 1.5 mg mL-1 concentration of Si is considered optimal for the photosynthetic metabolism of young cacao plants under soil water limitation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Urea Super Granule as a Source of Nitrogen in Transplant Aman Rice

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Qurashi ◽  
MA Salam ◽  
M Jannat ◽  
MG Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
N Management ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

An experiment was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the effect of urea super granule (USG) as a source of nitrogen on the yield and yield components of transplant Aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39, BRRI dhan46 and BINA dhan7. Five levels of N (viz., 0, 60, 120 kg ha-1 as prilled urea and 60 and 120 kg ha-1 as USG) were taken as experimental treatments. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant height, effective tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1 and grain yield varied significantly due to different cultivars. All the yield and yield components except 1000-grain weight were influenced significantly by the levels of nitrogen fertilizer. The highest grain yield (4.82 t ha-1) was recorded in BINA dhan7 and the lowest one (4.30 t ha-1) was recorded in BRRI dhan39. Nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-1 as USG performed the best among the treatments in respect of yield and yield components of rice. The highest grain yield (5.46t ha-1) was obtained from BINA dhan7 with 120 kg N ha-1 as USG which was statistically identical with 60 kg N ha-1 as USG. A considerable amount (31.25%) of prilled urea (PU) nitrogen could be saved by using USG. It may be concluded that USG could be used as N management to achieve better nitrogen use efficiency in reducing N loss than the PU.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19095 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 29 - 37, 2013

scholarly journals Irrigation of arugula cultivars in the region of Zona da Mata Mineira

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1101
Author(s):  
Caio César Silva Alvarenga Correia ◽  
Fernando França da Cunha ◽  
Everardo Chartuni Mantovani ◽  
Derly Jose Henriques Silva ◽  
Santos Henrique Brant Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Plant Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Mass

The region of the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais stands out in the production of vegetables. To achieve the success in this activity, it is important to choose suitable cultivars and apply irrigation correctly. This study aimed to determine the optimum irrigation depth and evaluate new commercial arugula cultivars in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. The cultivation was carried out in a greenhouse during three cycles with periods of 33 (January 11, 2016 to February 12, 2016), 36 (March 1, 2016 to April 5, 2016), and 36 (April 12, 2016 to May 17, 2016) days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five replications, five irrigation depths (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration-ETc) in the plots, and three arugula cultivars (Antonella, Cultivada, and Folha Larga) in the subplots. A drip irrigation system was used. The parameters evaluated were root depth, root fresh mass, plant water potential, leaf temperature, number of commercial leaves, total number of plants, fresh shoot mass, and water use efficiency. Arugula cultivars did not present differences in their agronomic characteristics. An irrigation depth of the 50% ETc is recommended if the soil moisture is under the field capacity at the beginning of the arugula cycle.

scholarly journals Variability among Young Table Grape Cultivars in Response to Water Deficit and Water Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Weiler ◽  
Nikolaus Merkt ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Climate change will lead to higher frequencies and durations of water limitations during the growing season, which may affect table grape yield. The aim of this experiment was to determine the variability among 3-year old table grape cultivars under the influence of prolonged water deficit during fruit development on gas exchange, growth, and water use efficiency. Six own rooted, potted table grape cultivars (cv. ‘Muscat Bleu’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Nero’, ‘Palatina’, ‘Crimson Seedless’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’) were subjected to three water deficit treatments (Control treatment with daily irrigation to 75% of available water capacity (AWC), moderate (50% AWC), and severe water deficit treatment (25% AWC)) for three consecutive years during vegetative growth/fruit development. Water deficit reduced assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, and increased water use efficiencies (WUE) with severity of water limitation. While leaf area and number of leaves were not affected by treatments in any of the tested cultivars, the response of specific leaf area to water deficit depended on the cultivar. Plant dry mass decreased with increasing water limitation. Overall, high variability of cultivars to gas exchange and water use efficiencies in response to water limitation was observed. ’Palatina’ was the cultivar having a high productivity (high net assimilation) and low water use (low stomatal conductance) and the cultivar ‘Fanny’ was characterized by the highest amount of total annual dry mass as well as the highest total dry mass production per water supplied during the experiment (WUEDM). Hence, ‘Fanny’ and ‘Palatina’ have shown to be cultivars able to cope with water limiting conditions and should be extensively tested in further studies.

scholarly journals Impact of salicylic acid and biosilica application on plant growth of shallot under water deficit

2021 ◽  
Vol 883 (1) ◽  
pp. 012049
Author(s):  
L D Indarwati ◽  
E Sulistyaningsih ◽  
B Kurniasih
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Bulb Formation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
And Control

Abstract Shallot is a horticulture crop with a fibrous root system, which is susceptible to water deficit, particularly in the bulb formation stage. This study was carried out to examine the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and biosilica (Si) exogenous induction on plant growth of shallot grown under water deficit in plastic baskets. A factorial 4×2 experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The first factor of treatments was a four-level exogenous induction, i.e., 0.5mM SA, 6mM Si, combination (0.5mM SA and 6mM Si), and control (0 without SA and Si). The second factor was a level of interval irrigations i.e, one-day interval and three-day interval. The results showed that the treatment of combination 0.5mM SA and 6mM Si can maintained a plant height and the number of leaves was better than the control under water deficit. Avoidance was one of the mechanisms of shallot in dealing with water deficit, namely by reducing the stomatal density. Decreased stomatal density was negatively correlated with water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

2021 ◽  
pp. 45939
Author(s):  
Vicente Anzules-Toala ◽  
Elvis Pazmiño-Bonilla ◽  
Leonel Alvarado-Huamán ◽  
Ricardo Borjas-Ventura ◽  
Viviana Castro-Cepero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income.

scholarly journals Changes in Physiological and Relative Genes Expression Response of Mandarin Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) cv Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) Grafted onto Different Citrus Rootstocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Yulianti ◽  
Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo ◽  
Lita Soetopo ◽  
Sumeru Ashari
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Relative Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Relative Gene ◽  
Better Than

Background: RGL mandarin is one of the important mandarin citrus varieties in Indonesia. The tolerance of RGL mandarin citrus to water deficit can be induced by the rootstock. This study aimed to characterize the physiological responses and transcriptional gene expression of RGL mandarin citrus grafted onto three rootstock genotypes during the dry and the rainy seasons.Methods: Three-years-old mandarin citrus trees cv. Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) grafted onto three citruses (JC, Cit and K) were planted at the experimental field of the ICISFRI. The experiment was conducted with a randomized block design and each scion-rootstock combination contained five replications. All of the physiological and relative gene expression parameters observed were conducted at the last of the dry season (September 2019) and the mid of the rainy season (January 2020). Water deficit was induced by no watering plants during the dry season.Result: The results of physiological responses and relative gene expression analyses showed that RGL-Cit combination had better than RGL-JC combination and RGL-JC combination had better than RGL-K combination. RGL-Cit combination showed less wilt than RGL-JC and RGL-K combinations. The RGL-Cit combination had the highest stomatal density, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate in the dry season. Different plant combinations showed different gene expressions. RGL-JC and RGL-K combinations were upregulated in almost all the primers related to drought responses tested in the dry season. RGL-Cit combination only upregulated the PIP1, PIP2 and ACS2 and unregulated the others in the dry season. Therefore, citrumelo seems to be a valuable type of rootstock.

scholarly journals Yield Stability Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Using Parametric and AMMI Methods

Scientifica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Seyed Habib Shojaei ◽  
Khodadad Mostafavi ◽  
Ali Omrani ◽  
Saeed Omrani ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Nasir Mousavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ammi Analysis ◽  
The Stability

The present study investigated the stability and adaptability of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. In this study, 12 maize hybrids were planted and examined considering the grain yield. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in four research stations in Iran during two crop years. The combined analysis of variance showed that genotype-environment interactions were significant at one percent probability level. The grain yield can stabilize, and hybrids with specific adaptability are recommended to each environment. Hybrids with specific adaptability can be recommended to all types of the environment. Means comparison yield of the genotypes identified DC370 as a high-yield genotype. Regarding AMMI analysis, genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) and two first components were found significant. The SC647 genotype was identified as the most stable genotype. Regarding the stability parameters, SC647 and KSC705 genotypes were selected as the most stable genotypes. From AMMI1 and AMMI2 graphs, the SC647 genotype was identified as the most stable genotype compared with other hybrids.

scholarly journals Improvement of Potato-Jute -T. Aman Cropping Pattern Through Inclusion of Mungbean

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
AK Chowdhury ◽  
T Zahan ◽  
MM Anowar ◽  
MK Islam ◽  
SH Molla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Land Use Efficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Equivalent Yield

Inclusion of mungbean in a cropping pattern not only increases the cropping intensity but also enriches soil health as well as ensures nutrition for the fast-growing population of Bangladesh. A study was conducted in farmers’ field of Domar, Nilphamari, Bangladesh during 2013-14 and 2014-15 to evaluate the performance of four-crop based cropping pattern Potato – Mungbean – Jute - T.Aman rice against the existing farmer’s pattern Potato-Jute-T.Aman rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six disperse replications. Two-year study revealed that inclusion of mungbean and practice of better management along with use of modern high yielding varieties in the existing cropping pattern increased rice equivalent yield of the whole pattern by 38.7% and economic profit by 73.1%. Moreover, land use efficiency and production efficiency of Potato – Mungbean – Jute -T.Aman pattern were higher than the existing pattern by 14.0 and 28.2%, respectively. Thus, the study suggests incorporation of mungbean in the existing Potato-Jute-T.Aman pattern could be a agronomically and economically profitable for the farmers as well as cropping intensity can be increased.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2017, 20(2): 87-95

scholarly journals Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and water-deficit stress on morpho-physiological characteristics of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Esmailpour ◽  
Ali GHERANPAYE
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Nano Titanium Dioxide

<p>Water-deficit stress is the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth, and production. Nano-titanium dioxide (nano anataseTiO<sub>2</sub>) can have various profound effects on the crop physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics. In the present research, the influences of different concentrations ofTiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) (0, 10 and 40 ppm) and water-deficit stress on Dragonhead (<em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> L.) were investigated in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that under normal irrigation, foliar application of 10 ppm TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs increased plant shoot dry mass and essential oils content. Under water-deficit stress condition, plants treated with 10 ppm TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs had more proline and much less H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and malondialdehyde content as compared to untreated plants. Therefore, it can be concluded that proper concentration of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs probably can be used as an exogenous stimuli for improvement of shoot growth and essential oil content in plants. Furthermore, water-deficit stress-induced damages such as oxidative stress and membrane damage can be ameliorated by foliar application of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs at appropriate concentrations.</p>

Interactions of Biochar Briquette with Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer for Controlled Nitrogen Loss in Soybean Intercopping with Melaleuca cajuputi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Alam ◽  
P. Suryanto ◽  
D. Kastono ◽  
E.T.S. Putra ◽  
S. Handayani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Melaleuca Cajuputi ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Levels

Background: Nutrient briquette and biochar are used to reduce nitrogen loss and improve soil fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction of biochar briquette with ammonium sulfate fertilizer for controlled nitrogen loss in soybean intercropping with Melaleuca cajuputi.Methods: The study was conducted in the wet season from November to February 2020 at Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen Forest Section, Yogyakarta Forest Management District, Indonesia. The experiment was using a randomized complete block design factorial with three blocks as the response surface methodology. The treatments included different levels of biochar briquette from Melaleuca cajuputi waste (0, 2 and 4 grain plant-1 or 0, 5 and 10 tons ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer supplied by ammonium sulfate (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1) as independent variables. The observation parameters were nitrate reductase activity (NRA), total chlorophyll (TC), leaf photosynthesis rate (LPR), nitrogen loss (NL), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and seed yield (SY).Result: The optimum values of 3.70 grain plant-1 or 9.25 tons ha-1 biochar briquette with 76.31 kg ha-1 ammonium sulfate fertilizer decreased NL by 38.25% and increased SY by 13.02% compared with single ammonium sulfate fertilizer.

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