Vulnerability of sweet cherry cultivars to continuous periods of spring frosts in Plovdiv, Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
S. Malchev ◽  
S. Savchovska
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Form ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Abstract. The periods with continuous freezing air temperatures reported during the spring of 2020 (13 incidents) affected a wide range of local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars in the region of Plovdiv. They vary from -0.6°C on March 02 to -4.9°C on March 16-17. The duration of influence of the lowest temperatures is 6 and 12 hours between March 16 and 17. The inspection of fruit buds and flowers was conducted twice (on March 26 and April 08) at different phenological stages after continuous waves of cold weather conditions alternated with high temperatures. During the phenological phase ‘bud burst’ (tight cluster or BBCH 55) some of the flowers in the buds did not develop further making the damage hardly detectable. The most damaged are hybrid El.28-21 (95.00%), ‘Van’ (91.89%) and ‘Bing’ (89.41%) and from the next group ‘Lapins’ (85.98%) and ‘Rosita’ (83.33%). A larger intermediate group form ‘Kossara’ (81.67%), ‘Rozalina’ (76.00%), ‘Sunburst’ (75.00%), ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ (69.11%) and ‘Kuklenska belitza’ (66.67%). Candidate-cultivar El.17-90 ‘Asparuh’ has the lowest frost damage values of 55.00% and El.17-37 ‘Tzvetina’ with damage of 50.60%.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Physiological Effects on Children of School Heating by Hot-Water Radiators and by Radiant Heat from Electric Ceiling and Wall Panels

1933 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Crowden ◽  
M. Hetherington ◽  
W. R. Luxton
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Control School ◽  
School Work ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wall Panels

1. An attempt has been made to ascertain by physiological observations on school children whether the radiant heat from a heating installation comprising electric panels suspended from the ceilings and walls of the classrooms, in a semi open-air school, was sufficient to impart adequate warmth to children while performing the ordinary curriculum of an elementary school.2. During identical cold weather conditions, observations were made on children in two schools in the same area, the one heated by electric ceiling and wall panels and the other, the control school, heated by hot-water radiators and pipes.3. The children in classrooms heated by radiant heat from electric ceiling and wall panels were found to be attempting to perform ordinary elementary school work under conditions of chilling incompatible with comfort and efficiency, and without such compensating factors as frequent exercise and controlled nutrition, neither of which are possible in such a school.4. The observations made on the children in the semi open-air electric-panel heated school, the air temperatures and cooling powers encountered in the classrooms, and the control observations made in the hot-water heated school under similar weather conditions prove that the radiant heat emitted from the electric ceiling and wall panels was insufficient to impart adequate warmth to the children, and that the heating system as at present installed and controlled, is unable adequately to cope with such cold conditions as are commonly met with during the winter months of the year.

scholarly journals Comparison of Five New Sweet Cherry Cultivars Bred in Romania, with their Parental Forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margareta Corneanu ◽  
Elena Iurea ◽  
Sorina Sirbu
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Research Station ◽  
North East ◽  
Chemical Traits ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
New Cultivars

Abstract The studies were performed for four consecutive years (2016–2019) at the Fruit Growing Research Station (North-East part of Romania), using eleven sweet cherry genotypes as research material. Five of them are new cherry cultivars – ‘Cătălina’, ‘Andreiaş’, ‘Maria’, ‘George’, and ‘Margonia’ – obtained by means of controlled hybridization or open pollination, and six of them are their progenitors (‘Van’, ‘Boambe de Cotnari’, ‘Stella’, ‘Fromm’, ‘Ciliegia di Ottobre’, and the ‘HC 27/4’ hybrid). The experiment compared the traits of new cultivars with those of their progenitors. The following traits were evaluated: tree vigor, frost damage, the phenological stages, and the physical and chemical traits of the fruit. The highest values concerning the fruit's weight have been recorded for ‘Andreiaş’ (10.0 g) and ‘Maria’ (7.6 g), the content of soluble substance was between 16.6 and 19.5°Brix, the titratable acidity was between 0.413 and 0.675 mg malic acid·100 mL−1 juice, and the total content of polyphenols was recorded with values between 268.00 and 488.75 mg GAE·100 mL−1 of fresh juice. The new cultivars have mostly superior traits, especially frost damages, productivity, fruit quality, and fruit's cracking percentage compared with their parental genotypes.

Winter concreting in Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-526
Author(s):  
R. S. Ghosh ◽  
J. N. Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Protection Period

This paper deals with the pros and cons of concreting in sub-zero weather and the practice and theory behind the requirements of the Canadian standards for cold weather concreting. It gives the minimum protection period for initial curing to prevent frost damage and the amount of insulation required to meet the standards for various weather conditions. The problem of the thermal stress produced as the concrete cools under various degrees of restraint is dealt with in detail, and the cooling period required to avoid thermal stress cracks for various thicknesses of structures and weather conditions is given in graphical form. Examples of the use of insulation in slip forming and problems encountered in varying weather conditions are also included. Keywords: winter construction, concrete, insulation, curing, form work (construction), form removal, temperature, thermal shock, water–cement ratio.

Military Textiles - An Overview of New Developments

2019 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Steffens ◽  
Sharon Erckmann Gralha ◽  
Iêda Letícia S. Ferreira ◽  
Fernando Ribeiro Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Damage Resistance ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Finishing Processes ◽  
Hostile Environments

Textiles for military clothing face a complex set of challenges. They must provide protection, durability and comfort in a wide range of hostile environments. The general requirements of military textiles include damage resistance, comfort, sweat management, cold-weather conditions and the integration of high-tech materials into uniforms. This paper discusses the main concepts regarding the application of textiles in military uses, where the surrounding environments such as desert, jungle or extremely cold areas as well as the nature of the situations involved pose a threat to the soldier’s safety. Therefore, the improvement and development of fibrous materials, textile structures and finishing processes can bring new perspectives for saving lives.

Simulation and Analysis of Frost Heave Force for Tunnel Lining

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 1374-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xin Liu ◽  
Qi Jun Hu ◽  
Yu Tian Liu ◽  
Zhi Wei Long
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Tunnel Lining ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Temperature Boundary ◽  
Water Saturated

With the high-latitude and high-altitude tunnel built, researches on frost damage mechanism of the tunnel and prevention countermeasures have become imperative. By numerical simulation of tunnel lining-scaled model at different temperature boundary conditions, changes of the stress state with no insulation material and insulation materials of poly phenolic under water-saturated and natural conditions were discussed. Through the analysis, it’s indicated that the tunnel waterproofing and insulation are equally important in the alpine region. The results has important reference and guidance significance in design and construction of the tunnel under cold weather conditions.

scholarly journals Ovule senescence and unusual pollen tube growth in the ovary of sweet cherry as affected by pistilar genotype and temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Radičević ◽  
Radosav Cerović ◽  
Milena Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Complex Dependence ◽  
Microscopy Method ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

The study of ovule senescence in the ovaries of four sweet cherry cultivars (‘Karina᾿, ‘Kordia᾿, ‘Regina᾿ and ‘Summit᾿) in the environmental conditions of West Serbia was carried out. Monitoring of ovaries was performed using the fluorescence microscopy method, on emasculated and pollinated flowers (cross-pollination variant), non-emasculated open-pollinated flowers (open pollination variant), and emasculated unpollinated flowers (unpollinated variant). In cross- and open pollination variants, the rate of unusual pollen tube growth in the ovary, fertilization percentage and fruit set were determined. The tendency in the appearance of fluorescence, as an indicator of ovule senescence, showed strong genotypic dependence ‒ it was the most and the least pronounced in the ovaries of ‘Kordia’ and ‘Regina’, respectively, in all the flower categories. Investigation of unusual pollen tube growth, fertilization percentage and fruit set, considered from the aspect of ovule senescence and cultivars’ behaviour as female (pollinated), pointed to their specific relations and complex dependence on the air temperature before and during the flowering. Flower emasculation and pollination also influenced ovule senescence, and this impact was unequal by genotypes, i.e. those having better ovule vitality in general, had also better ovule vitality in the conditions of emasculation, and pollination absence. The results imply different adaptation of cultivars to higher temperatures before and during the flowering, pointing to the further investigation related to the good adaptability of genotypes to air temperatures in reproductive sense, which is a basic indicator of good adaptability in general.

scholarly journals Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) v. (Arx) infection of some sweet cherry cultivars in two years with different precipitation conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Király ◽  
T. Szentpéteri
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
The University ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Plant Protection System

We examined Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) v. (Arx) infection on 21 sweet cherry cultivars in the cultivar-collection of the Experimental Station Pallag of the University of Debrecen, in 2004 and 2005. Considerable differences were detected in the infection degree of the different cultivars. In 2005, due to the more humid weather, the average infection highly exceeded data of the previous year. No symptomless cultivars were detected in either year. The least sensitive ones were Linda and the cultivar 11/106. The most sensitive cultivars were Early Müncheberg, Biggareau burlat and Round Solymári. Infection degrees of Alex, Rita and Vega were different from those of other cultivars on the basis of the two experimental years. It is important to consider both the specific weather conditions of the year and cultivar resistance at planning the plant protection system. It is recommended for each cultivar to perform a fungicide-spaying after the harvest.

Heating up trickling filters to tackle cold weather conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gebert ◽  
P.A. Wilderer
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Biofilm Thickness ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Biofilm Support

The investigated effects of heating the filling material in trickling filters were carried out at the Ingolstadt wastewater treatment plant, Germany. Two pilot scale trickling filters were set up. Heat exchanger pipings were embedded in the filter media of one of these trickling filters, and the temperature in the trickling filter was raised. The other trickling filter was operated under normal temperature conditions, and was used as a control. The results clearly demonstrate that the performance of trickling filters cannot be constantly improved by heating the biofilm support media. A sustained increase of the metabolic rates did not occur. The decrease of the solubility of oxgen in water and mass transfer limitations caused by an increase of the biofilm thickness are the main reasons for that. Thus, the heating of trickling filters (e.g. by waste heat utilization) in order to increase the capacity of trickling filters under cold weather conditions cannot be recommended.

scholarly journals Effect of a Nitrite/Nitrate-Based Accelerator on the Strength Development and Hydrate Formation in Cold-Weather Cementitious Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Akira Yoneyama ◽  
Heesup Choi ◽  
Masumi Inoue ◽  
Jihoon Kim ◽  
Myungkwan Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Heat Of Hydration ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Tricalcium Aluminate ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

Recently, there has been increased use of calcium-nitrite and calcium-nitrate as the main components of chloride- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents to promote concrete hydration in cold weather concreting. As the amount of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators increases, the hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C3A phase) and tricalcium silicate (C3S phase) in cement is accelerated, thereby improving the early strength of cement and effectively preventing initial frost damage. Nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators are used in larger amounts than usual in low temperature areas below −10 °C. However, the correlation between the hydration process and strength development in concrete containing considerable nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators remains to be clearly identified. In this study, the hydrate composition (via X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance), pore structures (via mercury intrusion porosimetry), and crystal form (via scanning electron microscopy) were determined, and investigations were performed to elucidate the effect of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators on the initial strength development and hydrate formation of cement. Nitrite/nitrate-AFm (aluminate-ferret-monosulfate; AFm) was produced in addition to ettringite at the initial stage of hydration of cement by adding a nitrite/nitrate-based accelerator. The amount of the hydrates was attributed to an increase in the absolute amounts of NO2− and NO3− ions reacting with Al2O3 in the tricalcium aluminate (C3A phase). Further, by effectively filling the pores, it greatly contributed to the enhancement of the strength of the hardened cement product, and the degree of the contribution tended to increase with the amount of addition. On the other hand, in addition to the occurrence of cracks due to the release of a large amount of heat of hydration, the amount of expansion and contraction may increase, and it is considered necessary to adjust the amount used for each concrete work.

scholarly journals Multi-year analyses on three populations reveal the first stable QTLs for tolerance to rain-induced fruit cracking in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Quero-García ◽  
Philippe Letourmy ◽  
José Antonio Campoy ◽  
Camille Branchereau ◽  
Svetoslav Malchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

AbstractRain-induced fruit cracking is a major problem in sweet cherry cultivation. Basic research has been conducted to disentangle the physiological and mechanistic bases of this complex phenomenon, whereas genetic studies have lagged behind. The objective of this work was to disentangle the genetic determinism of rain-induced fruit cracking. We hypothesized that a large genetic variation would be revealed, by visual field observations conducted on mapping populations derived from well-contrasted cultivars for cracking tolerance. Three populations were evaluated over 7–8 years by estimating the proportion of cracked fruits for each genotype at maturity, at three different areas of the sweet cherry fruit: pistillar end, stem end, and fruit side. An original approach was adopted to integrate, within simple linear models, covariates potentially related to cracking, such as rainfall accumulation before harvest, fruit weight, and firmness. We found the first stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cherry fruit cracking, explaining percentages of phenotypic variance above 20%, for each of these three types of cracking tolerance, in different linkage groups, confirming the high complexity of this trait. For these and other QTLs, further analyses suggested the existence of at least two-linked QTLs in each linkage group, some of which showed confidence intervals close to 5 cM. These promising results open the possibility of developing marker-assisted selection strategies to select cracking-tolerant sweet cherry cultivars. Further studies are needed to confirm the stability of the reported QTLs over different genetic backgrounds and environments and to narrow down the QTL confidence intervals, allowing the exploration of underlying candidate genes.

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