Financial statement manipulation in failing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The overall objective of this research is to analyze the financial condition of failing companies prior to bankruptcy, in comparison with non-failing companies, which are matched on the industry, size, and time-period. The sample consists of 168 SMEs from the wholesale and retail industry, whose financial statements were analyzed for the 2011-2015 period. The analysis is primarily based on the ratio analysis and the models developed for bankruptcy prediction and financial statement manipulation. Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare differences between failing and non-failing SMEs for a set of twenty variables. Research findings indicate that there is a significant difference between failing and non-failing SMEs, especially in accruals, asset quality, leverage, profitability, and liquidity. For the very first time in the transition economy of CEE Bosnia and Herzegovina, the pre-bankruptcy behavior of failing SMEs is analyzed, providing insights into potentially manipulated areas, which represent the main contribution of the research.

Download Full-text

Relationship between Google search and the Vietcombank stock

Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research ◽

10.15549/jeecar.v8i4.748 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 527-540

Author(s):

Tien Phat Pham ◽

Sinh Duc Hoang ◽

Boris Popesko ◽

Sarfraz Hussain ◽

Abdul Quddus

Keyword(s):

Transition Economy ◽

Bankruptcy Prediction ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Financial Condition ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Research Findings ◽

Asset Quality ◽

Google Search ◽

First Time

Download Full-text

ESA use in women with cancer: Consequences of the 2008 FDA clinical alert.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.5040 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 5040-5040

Author(s):

Kimberly M. Dickinson ◽

Bachir Joseph Sakr

Keyword(s):

Blood Transfusion ◽

Blood Transfusions ◽

Entire Study ◽

Time Period ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Study Population ◽

Time Periods ◽

One Year ◽

First Time

5040 Background: Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) are used clinically as an alternative to blood transfusions in cancer patients suffering from symptoms of anemia. However, more recent randomized controlled trials of ESA usage concluded that its use is associated with an increased risk of tumor progression and death. As a result, in July 2008 the FDA issued a clinical alert restricting the use of ESA. A reduction in the prescribing of ESA was immediately seen but changes in blood transfusion rates have not been examined. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted drawing from patients under treatment in the Program in Women’s Oncology at Women and Infant’s Hospital from one year before the clinical alert (August 2007-July 2008) to one year afterward (August 2008-July 2009). The primary outcomes were blood transfusion and ESA administration rates compared across the two time periods. Results: The study population (n=776) included patients with a cancer diagnosis who received chemotherapy during one or both time periods. 165 (21.3%) patients received ESA treatment. The total number of ESA treatments administered in the study period of interest was 1,277, with the majority (60%) given prior to the FDA alert. The mean number of ESA treatments in the first time period was 6.39 per person as compared to 0.61 per person in the second time period. Of the study population, 186 (23.8%) patients received at least one blood transfusion. A total of 463 blood transfusions were administered during the entire study period but a significant difference was not observed in the proportion of those delivered prior to the FDA alert (52%) versus after the FDA alert (48%). The average number of transfusions given in the first time period was 2.34 per person, as compared to 2.17 per person in the second period. Conclusions: Our results indicate that despite a steep decline in the use of ESA for chemotherapy-induced anemia, blood transfusion rates were not significantly different between the two periods. Interestingly, a slight downward trend was observed from before the FDA alert to after the alert. While more work is needed to understand the implications of these findings, it suggests that resource utilization did not increase despite the reduction in ESA use.

Download Full-text

Negative Life Events Associated With Deliberate Self-Harm in an African Population in Uganda

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910.26.1.4 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 4-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

E. Kinyanda ◽

H. Hjelmeland ◽

S. Musisi

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Negative Life Events ◽

Life Time ◽

Later Life ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Deliberate Self Harm ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Self Harm ◽

Suicide Interventions

Abstract. Negative life events associated with deliberate self-harm (DSH) were investigated in an African context in Uganda. Patients admitted at three general hospitals in Kampala, Uganda were interviewed using a Luganda version (predominant language in the study area) of the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule I. The results of the life events and histories module are reported in this paper. The categories of negative life events in childhood that were significantly associated with DSH included those related to parents, significant others, personal events, and the total negative life events load in childhood. For the later-life time period, the negative life events load in the partner category and the total negative life events in this time period were associated with DSH. In the last-year time period, the negative life events load related to personal events and the total number of negative life events in this time period were associated with DSH. A statistically significant difference between the cases and controls for the total number of negative life events reported over the entire lifetime of the respondents was also observed, which suggests a dose effect of negative life events on DSH. Gender differences were also observed among the cases. In conclusion, life events appear to be an important factor in DSH in this cultural environment. The implication of these results for treatment and the future development of suicide interventions in this country are discussed.

Download Full-text

Development of Interethnic Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Decades after the Second World War

Slavic World in the Third Millennium ◽

10.31168/2412-6446.2018.3-4.1.07 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3-4) ◽

pp. 87-96

Author(s):

Elena Yu. Guskova

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Second World War ◽

The State ◽

World War ◽

Interethnic Relations ◽

The Republic ◽

State Of Affairs ◽

First Time ◽

Second World

The article is devoted to the analysis of interethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the 1940s and 1960s. The article is based on materials from the archives of BiH, Croatia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The documents show the state of affairs in the Republic – both in the economy and in ideology. In one or another way, all of them reflect the level of tension in the interethnic relations. For the first time, the article presents the discussion on interethnic relations, on the new phenomenon in multinational Yugoslavia – the emergence of a new people in BiH under the name of “Muslim”. The term “Muslims” is used to define the ethnic identity of Bosniaks in the territory of BiH starting from the 1961 census.

Download Full-text

FRAUD TRIANGLE ANALYSES IN DETECTING FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL STATEMENT USING FRAUD SCORE MODEL

Journal of Business Economics ◽

10.35760/eb.2020.v25i1.2240 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 29-44

Author(s):

Mariati ◽

Emmy Indrayani

Keyword(s):

Financial Stability ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

External Pressure ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Fraud Triangle ◽

Financial Statement Fraud ◽

Financial Condition ◽

Score Model

Company’s financial condition reflected in the financial statements. However, there are many loopholes in the financial statements which can become a chance for the management and certain parties to commit fraud on the financial statements. This study aims to detect financial statement fraud as measured using fraud score model that occurred in issuers entered into the LQ-45 index in 2014-2016 with the use of six independent variables are financial stability, external pressure, financial target, nature of industry, ineffective monitoring and rationalization. This study using 27 emiten of LQ-45 index during 2014-2016. However, there are some data outlier that shall be removed, thus sample results obtained 66 data from 25 companies. Multiple linear regression analysis were used in this study. The results showed that the financial stability variables (SATA), nature of industry (RECEIVBLE), ineffective monitoring (IND) and rationalization (ITRENDLB) proved to be influential or have the capability to detect financial statement fraud. While the external pressure variables (DER) and financial target (ROA) are not able to detect the existence of financial statement fraud. Simultaneously all variables in this study were able to detect significantly financial statement fraud.

Download Full-text

Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v35i3.871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽

Hina Nadeem ◽

Eiman Ayesha ◽

Rabail Alam

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Short Term ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Short Time

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age. Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21. Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

Download Full-text

THE USE OF HISTORICAL DATA IN ACCOUNTING RESEARCH: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY

Accounting Historians Journal ◽

10.2308/0148-4184.24.2.1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 1-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Bricker ◽

Kevin Brown

Keyword(s):

Capital Market ◽

Historical Data ◽

Abnormal Returns ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Historical Record ◽

Historical Period ◽

Financial Condition ◽

A Value ◽

Time Period ◽

And Performance

In 1908, the American Sugar Refining Company (ASR) reversed its long-held policy of secrecy as to its financial condition and performance. Prior work, applying contemporary capital market methods to ASR security price data of that period, has suggested a value to ASR shareholders of this policy reversal. This paper examines the historical record of that time and presents additional evidence on this matter, particularly in terms of identifying potentially confounding events occurring during the period under study. The results of this analysis suggest a difficulty in attributing observed abnormal returns to ASR's secrecy policy reversal on the basis of the results obtained from applying capital markets methods. This analysis is useful for scholars interested in applying modern capital market methods to historical data. It highlights the significance of the possible effects of contemporaneous historical events, focuses attention on the importance of a deep understanding of the historical period studied, and suggests a value in combining historical and empirical-markets methods to gain a richer understanding of the events and conditions in the time period under study.

Download Full-text

Additional Evidence on Audit Report Lag

Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory ◽

10.2308/aud.2001.20.1.137 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 137-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 175

Author(s):

W. Robert Knechel ◽

Jeff L. Payne

Keyword(s):

Earnings Quality ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Audit Report ◽

The Public ◽

Time Period ◽

Audit Team ◽

Available Information

The process for providing accounting information to the public has not changed much in the last century even though the extent of disclosure has increased signifi-cantly. Sundem et al. (1996) suggest that the primary benefit of audited financial statements may not be decision usefulness but the discipline imposed by timely confirmation of previously available information. In general, the value of information from the audited financial statement will decline as the audit report lag (the time period between a company's fiscal year end and the date of the audit report) increases since competitively oriented users may obtain substitute sources of information. Furthermore, the literature on earnings quality and earnings management suggests that unexpected reporting delays may be associated with lower quality information. The purpose of this paper is to extend our understanding about the determinants of audit report lag using a proprietary database containing 226 audit engagements from an international public accounting firm. We examine three previously uninvestigated audit firm factors that potentially influence audit report lag and are controllable by the auditor: (1) incremental audit effort (e.g., hours), (2) the resource allocation of audit team effort measured by rank (partner, manager, or staff), and (3) the provision of nonaudit services (MAS and tax). The results indicate that incremental audit effort, the presence of contentious tax issues, and the use of less experienced audit staff are positively correlated with audit report lag. Further, audit report lag is decreased by the potential synergistic relationship between MAS and audit services.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Smart Boards on the Cognition and Motivation of Students

Higher Education Studies ◽

10.5539/hes.v7n1p60 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nitza Davidovitch ◽

Roman Yavich

Keyword(s):

Sixth Grade ◽

Research Literature ◽

General Level ◽

Significant Finding ◽

Level Of Satisfaction ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Technological Developments ◽

Research Findings ◽

Measure Change ◽

Smart Boards

In recent years the research literature has explored technological developments in varied areas that measure change. The current study focuses on the smart board, and its purpose is to examine its effect on the school system. The study was conducted via a questionnaire completed by 130 respondents (boys and girls) in the fifth and sixth grades of two elementary schools in Jerusalem—Efrata and Tali Gilo. Smart boards were introduced in these two schools in recent years.We hypothesized that smart boards improve teaching, based on the teaching measures developed by Nira Hativa of Tel Aviv University: order and organization, level of clarity, interest, and general level of satisfaction. The study’s significant finding is that the greatest improvement since the introduction of smart boards is in the variable of clarity, and a significant difference was found in the favor of sixth grade students. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the variable of interest, in favor of the girls. All four variables appear to be interrelated, and each contributes to the student’s success and to improving the student’s learning process.The research findings illuminate the contribution of technology to teaching, through a case study of smart boards, in the dimension of clarity, found by the study to be a significant criterion of good teaching. Examination of the various technological tools in light of their contribution to the research-proven dimensions of outstanding teaching might enhance the pedagogical contribution of technological developments to teaching.

Download Full-text

Improved dynamics of sharing research findings in the COVID-19 epidemic compared with the SARS and Ebola epidemics

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-10116-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Javad Khanali ◽

Mohammad-Reza Malekpour ◽

Ali-Asghar Kolahi

Keyword(s):

Numerical Data ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Value Of Time ◽

Time Period ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Before And After ◽

Major Outbreak ◽

Research Findings ◽

Emergent Pathogen ◽

Planning Strategies

Abstract Background When a new or re-emergent pathogen, such as SARS-CoV-2, causes a major outbreak, rapid access to pertinent research findings is crucial for planning strategies and decision making. We researched whether the speed of sharing research results in the COVID-19 epidemic was higher than the SARS and Ebola epidemics. We also researched whether there is any difference in the most frequent topics investigated before and after the COVID-19, SARS, and Ebola epidemics started. Methods We used PubMed database search tools to determine the time-period it took for the number of articles to rise after the epidemics started and the most frequent topics assigned to the articles. Results The main results were, first, the rise in the number of articles occurred 6 weeks after the COVID-19 epidemic started whereas, this rise occurred 4 months after the SARS and 7 months after the Ebola epidemics started. Second, etiology, statistics & numerical data, and epidemiology were the three most frequent topics investigated in the COVID-19 epidemic. However, etiology, microbiology, and genetics in the SARS epidemic, and statistics & numerical data, epidemiology, and prevention & control in the Ebola epidemic were more frequently studied compared with other topics. Third, some topics were studied more frequently after the epidemics started. Conclusions The speed of sharing results in the COVID-19 epidemic was much higher than the SARS and Ebola epidemics, and that there is a difference in the most frequent articles’ topics investigated in these three epidemics. Due to the value of time in controlling epidemics spread, the study highlights the necessity of defining more solutions for rapidly providing pertinent research findings in fighting against the next public health emergency.

Download Full-text