In vitro variation in pathogenicity of Fusarium species causing head blight in relation to their isolation from barley head

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nachaat Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Depth Study

Abstract Till now, no published study is available on the variation in pathogenicity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) pathogens in relation to their isolation origin in barley head. To end this, two barley cultivars of contrasting quantitative resistance were artificially infected by four FHB species under field conditions over two consecutive growing seasons. Then, pathogenicity tests were conducted under in vitro conditions on single-spore cultures originated from both kernels and glumes in the heads. Different pathogenicity was detected among Fusarium species originated from both kernels and glumes, indicating that the same isolate from glumes and kernels differs in pathogenicity on leaves/seedlings. Isolates of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium verticillioides originated from infected kernels had shorter latent periods and higher area under disease progress curves compared to isolates originated from glumes, and the reverse was observed for the Fusarium equiseti isolate. In the case of Fusarium solani, isolates originated from kernels or from glumes were equally pathogenic. Primarily findings in this first in-depth study have implications for breeding programs relied principally on actual quantification of pathogenicity in Fusarium species present in a given environment. The sampling of fungi should take into account the presence of Fusarium species of interest on kernels or glumes.

Chemotype and aggressiveness evaluation of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum isolates from wheat fields in Wisconsin

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Mueller ◽  
Carol Groves ◽  
Damon L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Sporulation Capacity ◽  
Derivatives Of

Fusarium graminearum commonly causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, rice, and oats. Fusarium graminearum produces nivalenol and deoxynivalenol (DON) and forms derivatives of DON based on its acetylation sites. The fungus is profiled into chemotypes based on DON derivative chemotypes (3 acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype; 15 acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) chemotype) and/or the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. The current study assessed the Fusarium population found on wheat and the chemotype profile of the isolates collected from 2016 and 2017 in Wisconsin. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from all locations sampled in both 2016 and 2017. Fusarium culmorum was isolated only from Door County in 2016. Over both growing seasons, 91% of isolates were identified as the 15ADON chemotype while 9% of isolates were identified as the 3ADON chemotype. Aggressiveness was quantified by area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The isolates with the highest AUDPC values were from the highest wheat producing cropping districts in the state. Deoxynivalenol production in grain and sporulation and growth rate in vitro were compared to aggressiveness in the greenhouse. Our results showed that 3ADON isolates in Wisconsin were among the highest in sporulation capacity, growth rate, and DON production in grain. However, there were no significant differences in aggressiveness between the 3ADON and 15ADON isolates. The results of this research detail the baseline frequency and distribution of 3ADON and 15ADON chemotypes observed in Wisconsin. Chemotype distributions within populations of F. graminearum in Wisconsin should continue to be monitored in the future.

Species and trichothecene genotype of pathogens causing Fusarium head blight of wheat in Nebraska, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Valverde-Bogantes ◽  
Andreia Bianchini ◽  
Stephen Wegulo ◽  
Heather Hallen-Adams
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important disease caused by several Fusarium species affecting wheat and other small grain cereals. In recent years, reports of shifts in populations of FHB pathogens around the world have shown that these populations are dynamic and change continuously, often resulting in increased yield losses or changes in the mycotoxins produced in the grain, which highlights the need for increased vigilance. The objective of this research was to identify the species and trichothecene genotypes of FHB pathogens in Nebraska in order to monitor their populations and the major toxigenic risks in the state. A total of 74 single-spore Fusarium isolates were obtained from 42 FHB symptomatic wheat spikes collected from Nebraska fields during the growing seasons in 2015-2018. Most of the isolates were identified as F. graminearum (n=67) based on translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1), trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (TRI101), and reductase (RED) sequences. Additional species included F. boothii (n=3), F. poae (n=2), F. acuminatum (n=1), and one isolate was an F. graminearum × F. boothii interspecific hybrid. All F. graminearum and F. boothii isolates had the 15-ADON trichothecene genotype. This study shows that F. graminearum is not the only pathogen causing FHB in Nebraska and helps expand knowledge on the worldwide distribution of F. boothii. The information obtained from this survey will be useful in developing effective FHB management strategies in Nebraska, since different pathogen populations can cause varying levels of disease intensity and can be selectively sensitive to management tactics.

scholarly journals An Efficient in vitro Assay to Predict Resistance and Pathogenicity in the Fusarium Head Blight-Hordeum Vulgare Pathosystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Nachaat Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Infection Assay

Background: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide is affected seriously by Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease caused by several Fusarium species. In vitro assays permitting for easy, efficient and reliable prediction of the head blight reaction in the whole plant should be investigated. Objective and Methods: The in vitro ability of 16 fungal isolates of four FHB species to confer disease on individual plant organs was evaluated using a coleoptile infection assay. Four quantitative components (Seed Germination (SG), Coleoptile Length (CL), Coleoptile Weight (CW) and Root Weight (RW)) were analyzed in two widely cultivated barley cultivars, Arabi Aswad (AS) and Arabi Abiad (AB), with known quantitative resistance. Results: Differences in inoculated pathogenicity and resistance treatments were observed on young plant parts relative to water controls, indicating that these FHB species were found to be suitable for the differential expression of all tested quantitative components. There was a wide variation in pathogenicity among the 16 FHB isolates and susceptibility among AS and AB. The 16 FHB isolates can be separated into the first group with larger number of isolates, upon infection with which AB really was more susceptible to FHB infection than AS, and isolates of the second group with leaser number of isolates for which AS and AB react was the opposite. On AB, rather susceptible, inoculation with FHB species resulted in significantly less SG, CL, CW and RW, compared with AS, which showed a greater resistance. The very good resistance of AS was confirmed by the measurements of quantitative resistance components described in this study. When infected with FHB isolates, all indicators of a more susceptible cultivar seemed to be 10-20% less than those of a resistant cultivar. Moreover, the values of all analyzed components were significantly correlated with the data of pathogenic indices generated in vitro, and under controlled and field conditions with a large diversity depending on AS and AB. Conclusion: Appropriate in vitro conditions were determined for the coleoptile infection assay to maximize differences in disease reactions components among FHB isolates and the two barley cultivars. Results suggest that all measured components predict resistance and pathogenicity occurring at the earliest and latest barley development stages during FHB infection. Our data also highlighted, for the first time, the utility of CW and RW for the determination of resistance and pathogenicity in the FHB-barley pathosystem. The coleoptile infection test was confirmed to be adequate to in vitro, growth chamber and field data by the presence of the first group, which prevailed in all other tests generated under different experimental conditions. The in vitro coleoptile infection assay may offer a real possibility of simple, rapid and reliable screening of resistance in barley cultivars and pathogenicity of FHB species.

scholarly journals Resistance to Fusarium head blight in spring barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chrpová ◽  
V. Šíp ◽  
L. Štočková ◽  
L. Stemberková ◽  
L. Tvarůžek
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Medium Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease causing substantial yield and quality losses in barley. Genetic variation in deoxynivalenol (DON) content and and important yield traits in response to FHB were studied in 44 spring barley cultivars for two years following artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorum under field conditions. The analysis of variance revealed that the largest effect on DON content and simultaneously on the reduction of thousand grain weight and grain weight per spike were due to the environmental conditions of the year, while the visual disease symptoms depended on the cultivars to a larger extent. All these traits were significantly interrelated. The most resistant cultivars Murasski mochi, Nordic, Krasnodarskij 35, Krasnodarskij 95, Nordus, and Usurijskij 8, together with the resistant check Chevron, showed the lowest DON content, the lowest expression of disease symptoms and the lowest reduction of TGW and GWS. However, most spring barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic in recent years expressed susceptibility or medium resistance and were considerably affected by the disease. This increases the importance of breeding barley for resistance to FHB.

Characterization of an antifungal soil bacterium and its antagonistic activities againstFusariumspecies

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiu-Kwok Chan ◽  
Wayne A McCormick ◽  
Keith A Seifert
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight

Bacteria were isolated from a cultivated soil and screened for antagonistic activity against Fusarium graminearum, a predominant agent of ear rot and head blight in cereal crops. Based on its in vitro effectiveness, isolate D1/2 was selected for characterization and identified as a strain of Bacillus subtilis by phenotypic tests and comparative analysis of its 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequence. It inhibited the mycelial growth of a collection of common fungal phytopathogens, including eight Fusarium species, three other ascomycetes, and one basidiomycete. The cell-free culture filtrate of D1/2 at different dilutions was active against macroconidium germination and hyphal growth of F. graminearum, depending on the initial macroconidium density. It induced the formation of swollen hyphal cells in liquid cultures of this fungus grown from macroconidia. A bioassay also demonstrated that D1/2 offered in planta protection against the damping-off disease in alfalfa seedlings caused by F. graminearum, while the type strain of B. subtilis was ineffective. Hence, B. subtilis D1/2 or its culture filtrate has potential application in controlling plant diseases caused by Fusarium.Key words: antifungal activity, Bacillus subtilis, biological control, biopesticide, Fusarium species.

scholarly journals Morpho-Molecular Identification, Pathogenicity Variation, Mating Biology, and Fumonisin Production of Fusarium Species in Zea mays L.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Narges Atabaki ◽  
Vahid Rahjoo ◽  
Mohamed M. Hanafi ◽  
Rambod Abiri ◽  
Hamidreza Z. Zadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Wide Range

Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum cause a wide range of maize diseases.  These fungi produce dangerous mycotoxins, such as fumonisin B1, which are important threats to humans and animals. Given this predicament, the present study aimed to identify the fungi both molecular-morphologically and also investigate the pathogenicity variation and mating type of 41 Fusarium strains in maize (Zea mays L.) samples with sifting their fumonisin contents.  Furthermore, species-specific primers for the molecular identification of distinct strains amplified 2 fragments of 578 and 800 bp in Fusarium verticillioides, while a single 585 bp band was amplified in Fusarium proliferatum.  Accordingly, 24 isolates out of 41 were identified as F. verticillioides, and 13 isolates were identified as F. proliferatum.  The fumonisin-producing and non-producing Fusarium strains were identified using the VERTF-1/VERTF-2 primers.  A total of 24 isolates of F. verticillioides were positively scored based on the amplification of a single 400 bp fragment.  The highest and lowest fumonisin content, as measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), belonged to strains MS1 and MG3, respectively, and ranged from 960-12673 and 4.07-23 ppm, respectively.  Additionally, the mating type test showed that the sexual form of the studied Fusarium species could possibly belong to the A and D mating populations.  In vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests revealed a high susceptibility.

Mycotoxins content and its association with changing patterns of Fusarium pathogens in wheat in the Czech Republic

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sumíková ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
Z. Džuman ◽  
J. Salava ◽  
L. Štěrbová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Maximum Limit

Mycotoxin content in 244 samples of wheat ears randomly collected during 2014 and 2015 from various localities in the Czech Republic was analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Mean mycotoxin concentration in 2014 was highest for deoxynivalenol (DON; 760 μg/kg), followed by zearalenone (ZEA; 115 μg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON; 88 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (83 μg/kg), and enniatins (ENNs; 102 μg/kg). In 2015, DON (66 μg/kg) also had the highest concentration level, followed by ENNs (35 μg/kg), nivalenol (2 μg/kg), and beauvericin (2 μg/kg). The maximum limit for DON in the European Union (1,250 μg/kg) was exceeded in 2% of samples, and the maximum limit for ZEA (100 μg/kg) was exceeded in 0.8% of samples. Fusarium species causing head blight were identified using PCR assays. During 2014-2015, Fusarium poae considerably dominated (48.7% average value of occurrence in the samples). Other species were detected in much lower frequencies in both years: Fusarium graminearum (average frequency of occurrence 13.7%), Fusarium avenaceum (11.9%), Fusarium culmorum (4.2%), and Fusarium equiseti (2.9%). Fusarium langsethiae was identified only in 2015, at a frequency of 10.2%, and Fusarium sporotrichioides was present only sporadically in 2014.

scholarly journals Assessment and Introduction of Quantitative Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Elite Spring Barley

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1252-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Linkmeyer ◽  
M. Götz ◽  
L. Hu ◽  
S. Asam ◽  
M. Rychlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Spray Inoculation ◽  
Fhb Resistance

Breeding for resistance is a key task to control Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of small cereals leading to economic losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins harmful for humans and animals. In the present work, FHB resistance of the six-rowed spring barley ‘Chevron’ to FHB in Germany was compared with those of adapted German spring barley cultivars. Both under natural infection conditions and after spray inoculation with conidia of Fusarium culmorum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. avenaceum under field conditions, Chevron showed a high level of quantitative resistance to the infection and contamination of grain with diverse mycotoxins. This indicates that Chevron is not only a little susceptible to deoxynivalenol-producing Fusarium spp. but also to Fusarium spp. producing type A trichothecenes and enniatins. Monitoring the initial infection course of F. culmorum on barley lemma tissue by confocal laser-scanning microscopy provided evidence that FHB resistance of Chevron is partially mediated by a preformed penetration resistance, because direct penetration of floral tissue by F. culmorum was observed rarely on Chevron but was common on susceptible genotypes. Alternatively, F. culmorum penetrated Chevron lemma tissue via stomata, which was unusual for susceptible genotypes. We generated double-haploid barley populations segregating for the major FHB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) Qrgz-2H-8 of Chevron. Subsequently, we characterized these populations by spray inoculation with conidia of F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides. This suggested that Qrgz-2H-8 was functional in the genetic background of European elite barley cultivars. However, the degree of achieved resistance was very low when compared with quantitative resistance of the QTL donor Chevron, and the introgression of Qrgz-2H-8 was not sufficient to mediate the cellular resistance phenotype of Chevron in the European backgrounds.

Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chełkowski ◽  
K. Gromadzka ◽  
Ł. Stępień ◽  
L. Lenc ◽  
M. Kostecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time

High incidence of Fusarium head blight occurred in Northern and Southern Poland in the 2009 season. Head samples from 106 wheat fields were collected before harvest from Northern, Central and Southern Poland in August 2009. Fusarium species were identified in 1,311 heads with visible scab symptoms and the collected material was subjected to mycotoxin analyses. Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined. This species prevailed in Northern and Southern Poland, with the frequencies of 53% and 55%, respectively, and its frequency has increased over five-fold after two decades. In the central part of the country, Fusarium culmorum was the major pathogen of wheat, with a frequency of 43%, although in this region the incidence of infected heads in wheat fields was lower than 1%. Several other species, including Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis and Microdochium nivale, occurred with lower frequencies. Microscopic identification of species was confirmed using species-specific markers in DNA extracted directly from sporodochia. For the first time, glucosylated deoxynivalenol was identified in Polish cereals, in amounts of 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was estimated between 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kg for the healthy looking kernels (HLK) fraction, while the Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg, and zearalenone, from 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg. The HLK fractions contained about 20 times less DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the FDK fractions. ZEA accumulated in both FDK kernels and chaff fractions at a similar level. DON was accumulated in the chaff fraction in much lower amounts than in the FDK fraction.

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