The Cities along the Syr Darya in 11th–13th cc.: Jand and Sïghnaq between the Cuman-Qïpchaqs and the Khwārazmshāhs Anushteginids

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-52
Author(s):  
Konstantin Golev
Keyword(s):  
Entire Period ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Syr Darya ◽  
Written Sources

The article examines the relations between the Central Asian Cuman-Qïpchaq tribes and two of the most important cities along the Syr Darya, Jand and Sïghnaq for the entire period of Cuman-Qïpchaq domination over the steppes of Western Eurasia (mid-11th – first decades of the 13th c.). During most of this period the nomads had to deal and often to fight with the Khwārazmshāhs Anushteginids for influence over the strategic settlements of the Syr Darya region. On the basis of various written sources, the paper offers a detailed profile of this protracted and controversial coexistence.

scholarly journals Interdisciplinary approach to studying written nomadic sources in the context of modern historiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akmaral Ibrayeva ◽  
Assemgul Temirkhanova ◽  
Zaure Kartova ◽  
Tlegen Sadykov ◽  
Nurbolat Abuov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Speech Patterns ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
New Research ◽  
Syr Darya ◽  
Written Sources

AbstractThis article uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze textual sources from nomadic civilization. Linguistic analysis has been increasingly used due to the emergence of a huge array of autochthonous and authentic written sources. It is impossible to extract the necessary historical information from those sources without using a new research method. This study aims to apply discourse analysis to medieval textual sources called edicts published in 1400–1635 by the leaders of the Central Asian states. This approach is expected to enable a detailed study of the structure of edicts, as well as speech patterns and terms used in the text. The results of the study revealed the structure of the examined edicts, as well as socio-cultural, economic, and communicative features of the nomadic society. First, the discourse repertoire of Edicts from Sygnak is rather unique, as evidenced by comparative analysis of patents from the cities of Sygnak, Sayram and Turkestan located in the Syr Darya basin. Second, edicts in this study reflect the result of the mutual influence of sedentary and mobile lifeways. Third, the arguments behind certain speech patterns used in the examined edicts emerged under the influence of Turkic traditions.

scholarly journals MEMOIRS AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Arslonzoda Rakhmatjon Arslonboyevich,
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources

The colonial period in the history of Central Asia is reflected in many written sources, including memoirs. Memoir works are diverse in their genre and content. These are travel records of Russian and foreign ambassadors and travelers who visited Central Asia, and memoirs by local authors. The article examines the memoir works of Central Asian authors of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. They are divided into groups such as autobiographies, travel records, memoirs, and oral history. On the example of specific works of specific authors, the significance of each of the above groups of memoir literature is analyzed, their significant sides and their inherent shortcomings are revealed. It is concluded that methods such as critical approach and comparative analysis allow researchers to effectively use the memoirs of local authors to study the history of the colonial period. KEYWORDS: Memoirs, autobiographies, travel records, recollections, oral history, critical approach, comparative analysis, reliability.

scholarly journals Three Sabers with Wooden Hilts of the 17th – Mid 19th Centuries from the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-158
Author(s):  
L. A. Bobrov ◽  
Daniyar Ismailov
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Metal Tip ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

Purpose. The article provides a detailed description of three sabers with wooden hilts stored in the funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (PMO 3025-1.2, PMO 6265, PMO UK 8227), Astana. Results. Based on the structural analysis of the items and their design, we identified that Saber 1 from the NMRC (PMO 3025-1.2) is one of the varieties of Persian Shamshirs. The blade with the shank, garda and a wooden sheath with hoop could have been made by Iranian or, less likely, Central Asian armorers in the 18th – middle of the 19th centuries. The wooden hilt with rivets, leather-covered scabbard and a metal tip were added while the saber was in the museum collection. A distinctive feature of Saber 2 of NMRC (PMO 6265), which originates from the territory of Southern Kazakhstan, is a relatively small bending of an acute-angled blade, an authentic wooden hilt and a leather case covering the hilt. The last two elements are not typical for products of Persian craftsmen but are quite often found on the weapons of the Uzbek and Kazakh soldiers of the New Age. According to the construction and design we conclude that Saber 2 could have been made by Central Asian, or, less likely, Iranian armorers in the 18th – mid 19th centuries (in the latter case, the hilt and the cover might have been made by Uzbek or Kazakh masters). Saber 3 (ПМО УК 8227) combines the classic “shamshirs” blade and a pommel with a wooden hilt and a relatively rare version of the guard. Based on the design features, the saber is dated to the end of the 18th – mid 19th centuries. The fastening system of its “cheeks” indicates that the wooden hilt might have been made and added in the 19th century. Conclusion. The weapons of the series under review vividly illustrate the data from written sources on the prevalence of sabers with long blades imported from Iran and Central Asia among Kazakh soldiers during the 18th – 19th centuries.

scholarly journals Die Landwirtschaft der arischen Völker aus der frühen Eisenzeit: Tiere und Menschen im vorachämenidischen Mittelasien1

Archaeofauna ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
JOSÉ LUIS BLESA CUENCA
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Near East ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Central Asian Republics ◽  
Written Sources

The Iranian peoples, or Aryans as they called themselves, are the indisputable characters of the last millennium of the history of the Ancient Near East. How they began to take part in the history of Central Asia to become some of the most eminent rulers of Late Antiquity, is still difficult to follow today. Our intention in this paper is to collect the work on this subject of Soviet scholars and relate it with those carried out by archaeologists from different countries in cooperation with the Central Asian republics, particularly with our research within the frame- work of the Turkmen-Spanish archaeological Mission in Dahistan (Southwestern Turkmenistan). Through archaeological data, as well as through written sources, we will focus on the faunas that lived with these people, and put them in connection with the re-writing of the history of the so- called Median Empire.

Grafting Kazakh Shrines on the Yesevi Pilgrimage Path: Invented Traditions, Popular Islam and Kazakh Muslim National Identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-119
Author(s):  
Hakkı Gűrkaş
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Invented Traditions ◽  
National Identity Formation ◽  
Religious Material ◽  
Syr Darya

Abstract The Central Asian states stepped into independence with governments appropriating the nation-state legacy that was inherited from the Soviet era and popular masses appropriating their traditional identity that was suppressed during most of the Soviet era. This article examines the space between the state and society within the context of development and change in the religious material culture in the Syr Darya valley of Southern Kazakhstan. As such this work contributes to the growing literature examining how top-down and bottom-up processes simultaneously operate during post-Soviet national identity formation.

scholarly journals Toponym Klimata in the Medieval Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Aibabin
Keyword(s):  
Entire Period ◽  
The South ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Written Sources

Introduction. In Byzantine historical and hagiographic texts of the 9th–10th centuries reporting on events that took place in Crimea, the Klimata were repeatedly mentioned (τ κλίματα is a plural number of τὸ κλίμα – klimata). Κλίμα in Greek means a district in a city or part of a province. Methods. For justifying the boundaries of the Klimata, it is necessary to analyze all references to the toponym in written sources and materials of archaeological excavations in the South-Western Crimea. Analysis. During the entire period of its existence, the Klimata (archontitai) did not have autonomy. In the 7th century Cherson and Klimata were a Byzantine border province. Since the early 8th century until 841 Mountain Crimea belonged to the Khazars. Kagan united the Klimata (archontitai) of Cherson to the province of Gothia with its capital in Doros. Kagan retained the previous administration and appointed archon Klima Doras as the ruler of Gothia (Klimata). Kagan subordinated to him the archons of other fortresses and entrusted to him the collection of tribute. From 841 to the third quarter of the 11th c., the Klimata of Gothia were included into the theme of Cherson. Seals of the Turmarch of Gothia of the end of the 10th – the early 11th centuries prove the creation the Turma of Gothia within the theme of Cherson, which was ruled by a Byzantine officer-turmarch. In 1204, the province submitted to Trebizond. Results. In written sources, the toponym Klimata called only the region neighboring Cherson with the fortresses of the neighbouring peoples of the city “castris gentium ibidem adjacentium” (the Goths and the Alans). In the 7th century the Klimata of Cherson were localized on the territory of the country of Dori. In the 8th – the first half (?) of the 13th centuries Gothia or the Klimata of Gothia were put there.

scholarly journals Oghuz tamgas

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
S.K. Samashev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Great Belt ◽  
Syr Darya ◽  
Written Sources

The Oghuz, whose history of emergence and development lies in the period of the VIII–XIII centuries, played a significant role in the formation of modern Turkic peoples. The Oghuz tribes consisted of 24 families. They started the process of Turkization of the peoples of the medieval Eurasian steppes. The evidence of it is the similarity of Oghuz tamgas found on the territory of Zhetysu, Syr Darya and Western Kazakhstan with tamgas of other Turkic-speaking peoples. Today Oghuz tamgas attract the attention of many domestic and foreign researchers, but scientists are only interested in genealogical and cultural aspects so far. In case tamgas are perceived as a full-fledged source, some problems related to the studies of the medieval history of the Great belt of steppes can be solved, for example, such as clarifying the geography of distribution of the Oghuz tribes, analyzing their political and economic activity, as well as determining the degree of kinship of the Turkic peoples among themselves. The article considers the pronounced differences and similarities of Oghuz tamgas in different written sources, the synchronicity of the existence of tamgas in the Turkic world, and how well the problem is studied.The results of preliminary research indicate the presence and preservation (based on the monuments) of Oghuz tamgas among Kazakhs, Turks, Azerbaijanis, Kirghiz, Tatars, Turkmens, Nogais, Bashkirs. This, in turn, indicates the existence of Turkic unity in the researched territories during the periods of the proliferation of Oghuz tamgas.

scholarly journals Trade and Economic Relations of Early Medieval Kyrgyz State

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muratbek Kozhobekov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Written Sources

According to written sources of trade with neighboring countries occupied an important place in the economy of the Kyrgyz State. That would create a successful economy, as well as to meet the needs of consumers the Kyrgyz State established extensive trade links in the Central Asian region. Trading partners of the Kyrgyz in the early middle ages were economic developed countries East and Central Asia. This reflects the fact that the degree of development of the Kyrgyz people related to trading partners. In general terms, the characteristics of the Kyrgyz State trade relations with neighboring countries in the period VII-X centuries. Thus, definition and comparison of different time in bars allow you to re-evaluate the economic and political aspects of the problem components.

The Oxus Route toward the South

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-154
Author(s):  
Michele Minardi
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
The South ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Region I ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Historiography ◽  
Written Sources

AbstractIn this contribution, in view of the striking evidence from the site of Akchakhan-kala which is casting a completely new light on the archaeology of the Chorasmian polity and the Central Asian region, I explore relations between Ancient Chorasmia and its neighbouring regions to the south, in particular Bactriana. I will try to argue that the oft-referred to favoured political relations of Chorasmia with the Arsacid empire, considering all the evidence now at our disposal, have been misjudged. The material culture of Ancient Chorasmia, throughout the history of the region, clearly shows the existence of a privileged, albeit not exclusive, exchange route toward the region to its south. Chorasmia has always been, since its birth in the 6th century BC, a bridge from the sedentary world toward the steppes and a polity with a distinctive culture that the scarcity of written sources has often deprived of historical individuality and speciously relegated to the periphery of modern western historiography, in the shadow of the better-known superregional powers that established control over Asia and Iran.

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS INTERPRETATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY ON CENTRAL ASIA: MYTH AND REALITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Eshkuvvatov Bobir Valikul o'g'li
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Written Sources

It is known that Christianity began to enter the Central Asian region through Syria and Iran through the Zarafshan oasis. In this article, the issues of the spread of Christianity in the regions of our country are covered through the analysis of sources and relevant scientific literature. In our article, we also got acquainted with the results of archeological excavations conducted in the regions in order to fully substantiate the data of written sources.

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