scholarly journals Cells and building structures. Part I.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Géza Lámer
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
The Other ◽  
List Type ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Dimensional Boundary ◽  
Surface Construction ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Dimensional Cell

AbstractThe rooms of each building can be interpreted as three-dimensional cells. Borders (sides, edges) of rooms can be identified as the two-, one-, or zero-dimensional boundary cells of the three dimensional cell. The building structures identified as two-, one-, or zero-dimensional cells can be modeled by distinguished geometrical forms, surface-, line-, and point-like bodies. In accordance with the latter, building materials (finished products) can also be considered as surface-, line-, and point-like bodies.The aim of the study is to create compliance between the cell elements and the building structures. It will be done at different levels:– interpretation of relationship between building construction and cells,– interpretation of relationship between building construction and selected bodies,– interpretation the loadbearing's structure using cells,– structure of the surface-construction and the cells,– interpretation building types using cells.In this paper (as part I) the first two items will be studied. The other three cases will be studied in another paper (as part II).

Tethering in pastures new

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (554) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
John D. Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Slip Rings

In a recent and illuminating article that provided much food for thought [1], the problem of tethering a goat at the edge of a circular pasture so as to restrict its attentions to only one half of the grazing supply was elegantly addressed and developed further to embrace the corresponding three-dimensional scenario involving a bird. The exercises resulted in mathematical formulations that required the use of numerical methods to extract practical results. Following the article, various questions and different scenarios sprang to my mind. The following poser perhaps best illustrates one of these, and it is the purpose of this Article to address this particular conundrum:A grazier has three troublesome beasts that are water averse, eat grass and who will, given half a chance, eat one another also in some fashion. The first will eat the other two and the second will eat only the third, which eats just grass. Having stabled and fed them in separate stalls during the winter months he plans to release them in the spring to an arbitrarily elliptic shaped pasture up to the water's edge in the middle of a lake. He has at his disposal: (1)A drum of tethering rope from which he can cut just once any required length, TBD (To Be Determined).(2)Slip rings and two tethering pegs that can be positioned only on the pasture boundary (i.e. at the water's edge).

Effect of Expertise on 3D Force Application During the Starting Block Phase and Subsequent Steps in Sprint Running

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Otsuka ◽  
Jae Kun Shim ◽  
Toshiyuki Kurihara ◽  
Shinsuke Yoshioka ◽  
Makoto Nokata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Force Application ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anterior Direction ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Block Start

In sprinters with different levels of block acceleration, we investigated differences in their three-dimensional force application in terms of the magnitude, direction, and impulse of the ground reaction force (GRF) during the starting block phase and subsequent two steps. Twenty-nine participants were divided into three groups (well-trained, trained, and nontrained sprinters) based on their mean anteroposterior block acceleration and experience with a block start. The participants sprinted 10 m from a block start with maximum effort. Although the mean net resultant GRF magnitude did not differ between the well-trained and trained sprinters, the net sagittal GRF vector of the well-trained sprinters was leaned significantly further forward than that of the trained and nontrained sprinters during the starting block phase. In contrast, during the starting block phase and the subsequent steps, the transverse GRF vectors which cause the anteroposterior and mediolateral acceleration of the whole-body was directed toward the anterior direction more in the well-trained sprinters as compared with the other sprinters. Therefore, a more forward-leaning GRF vector and a greater anteroposterior GRF may particularly allow well-trained sprinters to generate a greater mean anteroposterior block acceleration than trained and nontrained sprinters.

scholarly journals Blur Discrimination and its Relation to Blur-Mediated Depth Perception

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3254 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mather ◽  
David R R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Depth Of Focus ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Depth Ordering

Retinal images of three-dimensional scenes often contain regions that are spatially blurred by different amounts, owing to depth variation in the scene and depth-of-focus limitations in the eye. Variations in blur between regions in the retinal image therefore offer a cue to their relative physical depths. In the first experiment we investigated apparent depth ordering in images containing two regions of random texture separated by a vertical sinusoidal border. The texture was sharp on one side of the border, and blurred on the other side. In some presentations the border itself was also blurred. Results showed that blur variation alone is sufficient to determine the apparent depth ordering. A subsequent series of experiments measured blur-discrimination thresholds with stimuli similar to those used in the depth-ordering experiment. Weber fractions for blur discrimination ranged from 0.28 to 0.56. It is concluded that the utility of blur variation as a depth cue is constrained by the relatively mediocre ability of observers to discriminate different levels of blur. Blur is best viewed as a relatively coarse, qualitative depth cue.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Building Materials on Summer Comfort in Low-Energy Buildings

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ozoliņš ◽  
A. Jakovičs ◽  
S. Gendelis
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Mineral Wool ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Low Energy Buildings ◽  
Solar Influence

Abstract The aim of the current paper is to analyse thermal comfort and overheating risks in the low-energy buildings in a summer season under Latvian climate conditions both experimentally and numerically. An interior temperature and relative humidity are analysed under free-floating conditions. Two cases are analysed: in one case, the solar influence through the window is taken into account; in the other this influence is omitted. Three different building solutions are observed: two building structures which mainly consist of the mineral wool and wooden materials and one structure from aerated clay bricks and mineral wool. The experiments have been implemented in test stands in Riga, Latvia. The numerical simulations based on measurements obtained from test stands have been performed using software WUFI Plus. The results show that the wooden constructions have high overheating risks.

Three-dimensional boundary layers: a report on Euromech 2

1967 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Horlock ◽  
J. F. Norbury ◽  
J. C. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layers ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
List Type ◽  
Delta Wings ◽  
Laminar Boundary Layers ◽  
Dimensional Boundary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Introductory Review

The second European Mechanics Colloquium, on the subject of three-dimensional boundary layers, was held at Liverpool University from 4 to 7 January 1966 and was attended by thirty-eight people closely associated with current work in this field.The meeting was opened by an introductory review by J. C. Cooke, who successfully sought to provoke discussion by emphasizing areas of apparent agreement and disagreement. The discussions which followed were based on a series of contributions by participants in the Colloquium, and covered the following topics:Laminar boundary layers.Three-dimensional perturbations of two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers.Corner and secondary flows.Boundary layers associated with flow past obstacles.Flow over delta wings.Separation.Flow over rotating surfaces.Heat and mass transfer.Miscellaneous topics.In all these cases, the emphasis was on the three-dimensional nature of the flow, and in this report the discussions are summarized under these headings.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Two Forms of the Chaperonin GRO EL

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
J.L. Carrascosa ◽  
G. Abella ◽  
S. Marco ◽  
M. Muyal ◽  
J.M. Carazo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Series Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Morphogenetic Factors ◽  
Tilt Series

Chaperonins are a class of proteins characterized by their role as morphogenetic factors. They trantsiently interact with the structural components of certain biological aggregates (viruses, enzymes etc), promoting their correct folding, assembly and, eventually transport. The groEL factor from E. coli is a conspicuous member of the chaperonins, as it promotes the assembly and morphogenesis of bacterial oligomers and/viral structures.We have studied groEL-like factors from two different bacteria:E. coli and B.subtilis. These factors share common morphological features , showing two different views: one is 6-fold, while the other shows 7 morphological units. There is also a correlation between the presence of a dominant 6-fold view and the fact of both bacteria been grown at low temperature (32°C), while the 7-fold is the main view at higher temperatures (42°C). As the two-dimensional projections of groEL were difficult to interprete, we studied their three-dimensional reconstruction by the random conical tilt series method from negatively stained particles.

An Efficient Multiple Description Coding for Multi-View Video Based on the Correlation of Spatial Polyphase Transformed Subsequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 50401-1-50401-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Jie Liao ◽  
Huanqiang Zeng ◽  
Canhui Cai ◽  
Kai-Kuang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Video Transmission ◽  
Video Sequence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Description Coding ◽  
Multiple Description ◽  
Prediction Mode ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
Directional Interpolation ◽  
Description Coding

Abstract For a robust three-dimensional video transmission through error prone channels, an efficient multiple description coding for multi-view video based on the correlation of spatial polyphase transformed subsequences (CSPT_MDC_MVC) is proposed in this article. The input multi-view video sequence is first separated into four subsequences by spatial polyphase transform and then grouped into two descriptions. With the correlation of macroblocks in corresponding subsequence positions, these subsequences should not be coded in completely the same way. In each description, one subsequence is directly coded by the Joint Multi-view Video Coding (JMVC) encoder and the other subsequence is classified into four sets. According to the classification, the indirectly coding subsequence selectively employed the prediction mode and the prediction vector of the counter directly coding subsequence, which reduces the bitrate consumption and the coding complexity of multiple description coding for multi-view video. On the decoder side, the gradient-based directional interpolation is employed to improve the side reconstructed quality. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified by experiments in the JMVC coding platform.

Resistance of Binding Systems of Various Compositions to the Action of Molds

2020 ◽  
Vol 786 (11) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
V.V. STROKOVA ◽  
◽  
V.V. NELUBOVA ◽  
M.N. SIVALNEVA ◽  
M.D. RYKUNOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Biological Corrosion ◽  
Test Objects

The dynamic development of urbanization contributes to an increase in emissions of industrial waste, which is the cause dysfunction of the ecosystem balance and leads to the development of biological corrosion on building materials associated with the products of the vital activity of microorganisms. In this regard, it is necessary to assess the resistance of composites to predict the durability of building structures under conditions of biological influence of microorganisms. Binder systems of various compositions were studied: cementless nanostructured binders (NB) based on quartz sand and granodiorite, gypsum, Portland cement and alumina cement. The toxicity of binders was assessed by biotesting on living organisms – cladocerans Daphnia Magna – according to the criteria of the intensity of their growth and viability. As a result, the high environmental safety of NB is substantiated, and the ranking of the studied binders according to the degree of increase in their toxicity to test objects is presented. Fungal resistance was assessed by the ability of molds for growing and reproduction on the studied samples. It was found that the most active in terms of the development of binders were representatives of the genus Aspergillus, the intensity of growing of which in all variants did not decrease below 3 points. Gypsum and NB were especially vulnerable, where the degree of fouling repeatedly reached 5 points. Even the initially biostable cement, after the aging process, lost its stability at different extent. The obtained results indicate the need to increase the resistance of composites for various purposes under conditions of biocorrosion at the stage of design and updating of regulatory documents, including tests for fungal resistance in the list of mandatory.

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