Hazai kórházi antibiotikum-alkalmazás az elmúlt két                     évtizedben (1996–2015)

Introduction: Growing bacterial resistance threatens public health, which can be tempered by prudent antibiotic use. Aim: To quantify systemic antibacterial use in Hungarian hospitals. Method: Consumption data were analysed using the Anatomical-Therapeutic-Chemical – Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. Data were standardized for patient turnover and also for population to enable international benchmarking. Results: Hospital antibiotic use was quite constant (22.4 ± 1.5 DDD/100 patient-days), but its composition changed substantially. The use of parenteral products rose gradually (in 1996 26.4% and in 2015 41.6%). The pattern of use was homogenised due to the headway of co-amoxiclav use. A substantial increase of fluoroquinolone (2.3 vs. 4.2 DDD/100 patient-days) and third generation cephalosporin (1.0 vs. 2.9 DDD/100 patient-days) use was detected. In parallel the use of narrow spectra penicillins diminished. Conclusion: Hungarian hospital antibiotic use is low. The causes and the justification of this low use together with the internationally outstanding use of certain antibacterials should be addressed in future studies. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(46), 1839–1846.

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Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Anak Rawat Inap di RSD Dr. Soebandi Jember

Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) ◽

10.22487/j24428744..v.i.14976 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sinta Rachmawati ◽

Dewi Khurmi Masito ◽

Ema Rachmawati

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Quantitative Evaluation ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Resistance Risk ◽

Condition Evaluation ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Active Substances

Infection is one of the health problems. It is mostly caused by bacteria. The increased incidence of bacterial infection results in higher antibiotic use. It can lead to antibiotic resistance risk. Antibiotic resistance may occur in pediatric patients. Morbidity, mortality, and high cost of medication are impact of this condition. Evaluation of antibiotic use needs to be done to ensure responsible use of antibiotics. ATCD/DDD (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/ Defined Daily Dose) method can be used to evaluate antibiotic use quantitatively. ATC classification is a system of grouping active substances according to their location of action and DDD is a measurement system that is connected to the ATC code.The purpose of this study was determining the profile of antibiotic use and measuring quantitative evaluation with ATC/DDD method in pediatric patients. The data was collected by observing the hospital medical record. The results of this study showed that cephalosporin (46,22%) was the most used group and cefotaxime (31,15%) was the most used type of antibiotic. While, the quantitative evaluation with ATC/DDD method indicated that the highest of antibiotic use was ceftriaxone (11,30 DDD/100 patient days) and the lowest was amikacin (0,03 DDD/100 patient days)

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Increase and Change in the Pattern of Antibiotic Use in Serbia (2010–2019)

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 397

Author(s):

Ana Tomas ◽

Nebojša Pavlović ◽

Nebojša Stilinović ◽

Olga Horvat ◽

Milica Paut-Kusturica ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Annual Reports ◽

Antibiotic Prescribing ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Total Utilization ◽

Third Generation Cephalosporins

The aim of this study was to determine and describe trends in antibiotics utilization in Serbia over a ten-year period. Data were retrieved from publicly available annual reports (2010–2019). The results were expressed as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). All calculations were performed using the DDD values for the 2020 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) version for each year of the study, to account for the DDD changes during the study period. Antibiotics were classified using the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification. Total utilization of antibacterials for systemic use increased from 17.25 DID in 2010 to 28.65 DID in 2019. A statistically significant increasing trend in the use of the Watch category antibiotics was observed. A tendency towards use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, apparent by a statistically significant increase in the rate of utilization of broad-spectrum macrolides, quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins vs. narrow-spectrum ones, as well as a significant increasing trend in the use of quinolones was identified. Total antibiotic utilization was found to be well above the European average. Several specific problem areas were identified, which requires further efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing. The present study provides the information needed to facilitate antibiotic stewardship in Serbia further and proposes specific interventions to optimize antibiotic use in Serbia.

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Analysis of the Consumption of Non-Oncological Medicines: A Methodological Study on Patients of the Ada Cohort

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9091121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1121

Author(s):

Giulio Barigelletti ◽

Giovanna Tagliabue ◽

Sabrina Fabiano ◽

Annalisa Trama ◽

Alice Bernasconi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Medicine Use ◽

Methodological Study ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification ◽

Consumption Data ◽

Medicines Use ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Secondary Diseases

Cancer patients are identified as fragile patients who are often immunodepressed and subject to secondary diseases. The Ada cohort comprises cancer survivors aged 15–39 years at diagnosis included in 34 Italian cancer registries. This study aimed to analyze the possible excess of non-cancer medicines use on the basis of the medicine database of the Ada cohort. Records of medicines present in the pharmaceutical flows collected by eight Lombardy cancer registries and used by patients with any type of cancer were extracted for the year 2012. Medicine consumption data were processed to assign a defined daily dose value and to evaluate the consumption of medicines belonging to different groups of the ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) classification. The values were compared with values in the Lombardy population. Medicine consumption related to 8150 patients was analyzed, for a total of 632,675 records. ATC groups A and C for females and group N for both sexes showed significant increases. Group J for males and group M for females showed intermediate increases, and group H for both sexes showed smaller increases. This method allowed the identification of excess medicine use to reduce cancer therapy side effects and primary disease sequelae in this group of patients.

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ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN ANAK DI RUANG THERESIA RUMAH SAKIT ST. ELISABETH SEMARANG DENGAN METODE ATC/DDD

Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia ◽

10.33759/jrki.v3i1.110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 26-34

Author(s):

Fef Rukminingsih ◽

Apriliyani Apriliyani

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

High Incidence ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Record Data

The high incidence of infectious diseases causes the use of antibiotics to increase. Inappropriate use of antibiotics will lead to resistance. Infectious diseases are included in the top 10 diseases in pediatric patients at St. Elisabeth Hospital.Semarang. This study aims to evaluate the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients in the Theresia ward of St. Elisabeth Hospital Semarang. This research is a descriptive observational study using retrospective data. Data were taken from medical records of pediatric patients in the Theresia ward at St. Elisabeth Hospital Semarang, aged 6 months - 14 years, the use of antibiotic therapy during the period October - December 2019. The data obtained were analyzed by calculating the quantity of antibiotic use using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) and Defined Daily Dose (DDD)) / 100 patient-days methods. Based on the results of tracing medical record data, it was found that the number of pediatric patients in the Theresia room at St. Elisabeth Semarang for the period October - December 2019 is 385. The number of patients who received a single antibiotic was 162. The total value of DDD / 100 patient-days in the Theresia ward of St. Elisabeth Hospital Semarang for the period October - December 2019 is 18.17 with a total length of stay of 1117 days. The antibiotic with the highest DDD / 100 patient-days was ceftriaxone, namely 15.10. While the antibiotics that enter the DU 90% segment are ceftriaxone and cefotaxime.

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The Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption at the Inpatient Level in Kazakhstan from 2011 to 2018

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9020057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 57 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gulzira Zhussupova ◽

Galina Skvirskaya ◽

Vladimir Reshetnikov ◽

Viktorija Dragojevic-Simic ◽

Nemanja Rancic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Generation Cephalosporin ◽

Antibiotic Consumption ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Total Consumption ◽

Systemic Action

Antimicrobial agents have a rather special position due to their importance as essential medicines for the treatment of infectious diseases. Evidence-based prescriptions are needed to optimize the use of antimicrobials in humans, as well as to decrease antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the inpatient consumption of antimicrobial drugs for systemic use in the period 2011–2018 in Kazakhstan. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the inpatient use of antibacterial drugs for systemic use (group J01) for the period 2011–2018 using the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification)/defined daily dose (DDD) methodology recommended by the World Health Organization. Inpatient antimicrobial utilization is expressed as DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day (DID). The results of the assessment for inpatient antibiotic use (over an eight-year period) showed a decrease in the total consumption of antibiotics for systemic action in Kazakhstan (2011: 12.72 DID; 2018: 2.74 DID). Among oral formulations, levofloxacin was consumed the most, and cefazolin was consumed the most among the parenteral formulations of antimicrobials. The three drugs consumed the most included cefazolin (first-generation cephalosporin), ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin), and cefuroxime (second-generation cephalosporin). The total consumption of antibacterials for systemic action in Kazakhstan decreased during the analyzed period, but there was an irrational use of certain groups of drugs.

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Measurement of Antibiotic Consumption: A Practical Guide to the Use of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification and Defined Daily Dose System Methodology in Canada

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/2004/389092 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

James M Hutchinson ◽

David M Patrick ◽

Fawziah Marra ◽

Helen Ng ◽

William R Bowie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Antibiotic Consumption ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Chemical Classification ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Relationship Of

Despite the global public health importance of resistance of microorganisms to the effects of antibiotics, and the direct relationship of consumption to resistance, little information is available concerning levels of consumption in Canadian hospitals and out-patient settings. The present paper provides practical advice on the use of administrative pharmacy data to address this need. Focus is made on the use of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and Defined Daily Dose system. Examples of consumption data from Canadian community and hospital settings, with comparisons to international data, are used to incite interest and to propose uses of this information. It is hoped that all persons responsible for policy decisions regarding licensing, reimbursement, prescribing guidelines, formulary controls or any other structure pertaining to antimicrobial use become conversant with the concepts of population antibiotic consumption and that this paper provides them with the impetus and direction to begin accurately measuring and comparing antibiotic use in their jurisdictions.

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Antibiotic Utilization Pattern in the Intensive Care Unit of Tertiary Hospital in West Java, Indonesia

International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences ◽

10.15850/ijihs.v7n2.1633 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

Taradharani Wikantiananda ◽

Adi Imam Tjahjadi ◽

Reza Widianto Sudjud

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Antibiotic Utilization ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Bed Days ◽

International Measurement

Objective: To find out the pattern of antibiotic utilization in intensive care unit (ICU). The high use of antibiotics in intensive care may increase antibiotic resistance. Methods: This was a retrospective study with total sampling method from patients who were treated in ICU in the period of January to June 2016. Selected data is processed using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system as an international measurement standard for analyzing and comparing usage applied by the WHO. Results: The results showed that of the 57 medical records collected, the total antibiotic use was 295.72 DDD/100 bed-days. Levofloxacin, meropenem, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and metronidazole were the five maximally utilized antibiotics with 143.18, 49.88, 30.62, 19.74, dan 16.99 DDD/100 bed-days respectively. Conclusion: The most frequently used of antibiotics is ceftriaxone, used in 54.39% of patients. Whereas in number, the most widely used antibiotic is levofloxacin with a total of 143.18 DDD/100 bed-days.

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Trends in Consumption of Quinolones in Chinese Healthcare Institutions: Results of National Procurement Data Analysis (2015–2018)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-136461/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chen Chen ◽

Khezar Hayat ◽

Sen Xu ◽

Ali Hassan Gillani ◽

Wenchen Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Health Centers ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Information Platform ◽

Quinolone Antibiotics ◽

Antibiotic Management ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Supply Information

Abstract BackgroundThere is widespread use of quinolones to treat various infectious diseases due to their broad-spectrum nature and optimal pharmacokinetic characteristics. Nevertheless, the risk of bacterial resistance has also amplified as a consequence of their judicial use in hospitals and the community. The current study investigated the consumption and expenditure of quinolone antibiotics during 2015–2018 in various health settings in China.MethodsWe used the China Drug Supply Information Platform (CDSIP) to analyze the drug procurement data of national healthcare institutions, focusing on determining the trend and pattern of quinolone consumption. The standard Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)/Defined daily dose (DDD) methodology was opted to quantify antibiotic usage.ResultsA slight decrease in J01M antibiotics consumption (25.7% to 23.5%) was observed over four years (2015–2018). The use of quinolones was significantly higher in rural primary health centers (53.9%) and tertiary hospitals (22.1%). In 2017, levofloxacin (61.4%) was the most commonly consumed quinolone, followed by norfloxacin (27.1%) and moxifloxacin (4.1%). The total spending on J01M antibiotics gradually increased from 21.4% in 2015 to 27.9% in 2018. ConclusionsFrom 2015 to 2018, the general use of J01M antibiotics decreased marginally, but the use of the paternal type of J01M and its expenditure is continuously growing. There is a need to enforce stringent antibiotic management programs to restrict the irrational use of antibiotics.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE IN 2018 AT THE KEBAYORAN BARU PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, INDONESIA, USING THE ANATOMICAL THERAPEUTIC CHEMICAL/DEFINED DAILY DOSE METHOD

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.ff011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 78-82

Author(s):

LARASATI ARRUM KUSUMAWARDANI ◽

ATIKA WAHYU PUSPITASARI ◽

VANNISA NABILLA WIDYANTARI

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

World Health ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Oral Antibiotics ◽

Design Data ◽

Primary Health ◽

Daily Dose

Objective: The abnormally high use of antibiotics can indicate irrational prescribing. One of the ways by which to support rationally prescribingantibiotics is by evaluating their frequency of use. This study aimed to evaluate the use of antibiotics in 2018 by outpatients at the Kebayoran BaruPrimary Health Care of Indonesia.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional and descriptive design. Data were collected retrospectively from sampling outpatient records. The data wereon oral antibiotics prescribed in 2018 at Kebayoran Baru Primary Health Care. There were 10,553 prescriptions for oral antibiotics used as the studysamples. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations were conducted. The quantitative evaluations were conducted using the method recommendedby the World Health Organization, namely, the anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose (DDD), and the qualitative evaluations wereconducted using the 90% drug utilization (DU 90%) method and the suitability of antibiotic use with the list of drugs in the Indonesian nationalformulary for the first-level health facilities (FKTP).Results: Three of the antibiotics used most often were amoxicillin at 0.9358 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d, ciprofloxacin at 0.4940 DDD/1000inhabitants/d, and cefadroxil at 0.1983 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d. The drugs within the DU 90% segment were amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefadroxil,and thiamphenicol. There was 70% compatibility of antibiotic use with Indonesian national formulary for the FKTP.Conclusion: We suggest that the use of antibiotics at Kebayoran Baru Primary Health Care tended to be on the high side and not in accordance withnational guidelines.

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