scholarly journals Terhességi ritmuszavarok modern terápiás megközelítései

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (41) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651
Author(s):  
Ádám Riba ◽  
Barnabás Németh ◽  
Ferenc Árvai ◽  
Géza Lupkovics ◽  
Tamás Tahin
Keyword(s):  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Ventricular Rate ◽  
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Case

Összefoglaló. A ritmuszavarok előfordulása gyakoribb a terhes nők esetén, mint a nem várandósok körében. A legtöbb esetben terápiás beavatkozás nélkül is kihordható a magzat. Hemodinamikai instabilitás és magzatkárosodáshoz vezető fetalis hypoperfusio jöhet létre, amennyiben tartós, magas kamrai frekvenciával járó epizódok jelentkeznek. Ezekben az esetekben a ritmuszavar megszüntetése indokolttá válhat. Az antiarrhythmiás gyógyszerek korlátozottan és nagy körültekintéssel alkalmazhatók a gyermeket várók körében, így a katéterablatio jelenthet biztonságos és használható alternatívát. Ezen beavatkozásokat hagyományosan röntgensugár segítségével végzik, ez azonban az ionizáló sugárzásnak a magzati fejlődésre gyakorolt hatása miatt magas rizikót jelentene. Több éve elérhető a szív-elektrofiziológiában az ún. zéró fluoroszkópiás ablatio, mely a pitvarfibrilláció kezelésében és más ritmuszavarok esetében egyaránt alkalmazható. A terheseknél alkalmazott eljárást két eseten keresztül mutatjuk be. A röntgensugár használatát, a jelen cikkben bemutatott beavatkozások esetén is, sikerült teljesen kiküszöbölnünk. Az első, 23 hetes gravid páciensnél recidív paroxysmalis supraventricularis tachycardia miatt végeztünk elektrofiziológiai vizsgálatot. E vizsgálat során atrioventricularis nodalis reentry tachycardiát igazoltunk és abláltunk sikerrel. Második esetbemutatásunkban egy anteroseptalis járulékos köteg katéterablatiós megoldását mutatjuk be. A terhesség során jelentkező, az anyára és/vagy magzatára veszélyt jelentő ritmuszavar esetén a háromdimenziós térképező rendszer (szükség esetén intracardialis ultrahangvizsgálattal kiegészítve) biztonságos és hatásos alternatívát jelent, olyan esetekben, ha röntgensugár nem használható. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1643–1651. Summary. Arrhythmias are more common in pregnant women than in others. In most cases, the fetus can be delivered without therapeutic intervention. Hemodynamic instability and fetal hypoperfusion leading to fetal harm may occur if persistent episodes of high ventricular rate occur. In these cases, resolution of the arrhythmia may be advised. Antiarrhythmic drugs can be used with limitations and great caution in those expecting a child, so catheter ablation may be a safe and usable alternative. These interventions are traditionally performed using X-ray, however, due to the effect of ionizing radiation on fetal development, this would pose a high risk. Zero-fluoroscopic ablation has been available for several years in cardiac electrophysiology, which can be used both in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and in other arrhythmias. The procedure which we used in pregnant women is presented in two cases. We also managed to completely eliminate the use of X-ray during the interventions presented in this article. In the first case, a 23-week-old gravid patient underwent electrophysiological examination for recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In the electrophysiological study, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia was confirmed and successfully ablated. In our second case study, we present a catheter ablation for anteroseptal accessory pathway. Three-dimensional mapping system (supplemented with intracardiac ultrasound, if necessary), in the case of significant arrhythmia, is a safe and effective alternative where X-rays, which poses a risk to the mother and/or the fetus, cannot be used during pregnancy. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1643–1651.

scholarly journals Accessory pathway analysis using a multimodal deep learning model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Nishimori ◽  
Kunihiko Kiuchi ◽  
Kunihiro Nishimura ◽  
Kengo Kusano ◽  
Akihiro Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wpw Syndrome ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Deep Learning Model ◽  
Ecg Data

AbstractCardiac accessory pathways (APs) in Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome are conventionally diagnosed with decision tree algorithms; however, there are problems with clinical usage. We assessed the efficacy of the artificial intelligence model using electrocardiography (ECG) and chest X-rays to identify the location of APs. We retrospectively used ECG and chest X-rays to analyse 206 patients with WPW syndrome. Each AP location was defined by an electrophysiological study and divided into four classifications. We developed a deep learning model to classify AP locations and compared the accuracy with that of conventional algorithms. Moreover, 1519 chest X-ray samples from other datasets were used for prior learning, and the combined chest X-ray image and ECG data were put into the previous model to evaluate whether the accuracy improved. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model using ECG data was significantly more accurate than the conventional tree algorithm. In the multimodal model, which implemented input from the combined ECG and chest X-ray data, the accuracy was significantly improved. Deep learning with a combination of ECG and chest X-ray data could effectively identify the AP location, which may be a novel deep learning model for a multimodal model.

scholarly journals Safety and efficacy of electrophysiological studies and radiofrequency ablation of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-821
Author(s):  
Abdul Khaliq Monib ◽  
Rajesh Nepal ◽  
Sahadeb Prasad Dhungana ◽  
Roshan Raut
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Efficacy Analysis ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Reentry Tachycardia

Introduction: Cardiac electrophysiological study (EPS) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an established mode of treatment either as first-line or for drug-refractory arrhythmias. Our center has recently started this service under 2-D mapping outside Kathmandu valley Objective: The aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EPS and RFA for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT). Methodology: This is an observational prospective study carried out in the Cardiac Unit of Nobel medical college, Biratnagar, Nepal. All cases diagnosed to have PSVT based on electrocardiogram or Holter recordingfromAugust 2018 and May2019wereincluded in the study. Data on clinical profile and findings of EPS were recorded. Fifty-nine cases were chosen for safety and efficacy analysis, using SPSS statistical software version 19. Results: There were 59 patients, 28(47.5%) males, and 31(52.5%) females. The mean age was 38.2 ± 15.9 years. Fifty-three patients underwent RFA while 6 patients underwent only EPS. In the Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) group, there was female dominance (P=0.2) while in Atrioventricular reentry tachycardia (AVRT) group, there was no significant gender difference (p=0.4). Left-sided pathway (68%) was more common in the AVRT group. Among the left accessory pathway (AP), left lateral AP (44%) was more common. No major complications including death were noted. Two cases of successful ablation relapsed in one month follow up. Conclusions: Early results of this small study in patients with PSVT confirm the efficacy and safety of RFA in newly established electrophysiology (EP) laboratory.

scholarly journals Twenty-five-year-old woman with palpitations and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Heart Asia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e011174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krittapoom Akrawinthawong ◽  
Vineet Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Similar Condition ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
List Type ◽  
Danon Disease ◽  
Unexplained Syncope

Clinical introductionA 25-year-old woman with a diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and pre-excitation on ECG presented with unexplained syncope and daily palpitation. Genetic testing was positive for lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) mutation which confirmed the diagnosis of Danon disease. Her younger sister was diagnosed with a similar condition and received a defibrillator implantation. Her 12-lead ECG (figure 1) and a long strip tracing (figure 2) are shown below.Figure 112-lead ECG.QuestionWhere is the location of the accessory pathway and what is the next appropriate management?Anteroseptal pathway and catheter ablationMid-septal pathway and pacemaker/defibrillator implantationRight lateral pathway and catheter ablationFasciculoventricular pathway and electrophysiological studyLeft lateral pathway and electrophysiological study

scholarly journals Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Left-sided Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways at Atrial Insertion Sites.

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Sabina Hashem ◽  
Mohsin Hossain ◽  
M Atahar Ali ◽  
Amal Kumar Choudhury ◽  
SM Ahsan Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Radiofrequency Energy ◽  
Ablation Catheter ◽  
Accessory Pathways ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Primary Success ◽  
Insertion Sites

Background: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of techniques used to ablate left-sided accessory atrioventricular pathways at atrial insertion sites by retrograde aortic approach. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of left-sided accessory pathways by way of retrograde aortic approach can be highly successful. Methods: This study were done in the department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka from June 2009 and March 2010, a total 30 patients with recurrent SVT who has left sided accessory atrioventricular pathways found after electrophysiological study, underwent attempted radiofrequency catheter ablation of one or more accessory atrioventricular pathways by retrograde aortic approach. The ablation catheter was inserted into the femoral artery and passed retrogradely across the aortic valve .Once an optimal target site has been identified, radiofrequency energy at a pre-selected temperature of 55 - 60 0 C and power output set at 50 watts was delivered through the ablation catheter. Loss of preexcitation or interruption of the tachycardia within 5 seconds of RF application was considered effective and RF current was continued in this location 30 to 60 seconds. Ablation success was defined at completion of procedure as acutely successful or unsuccessful on the basis of successful elimination of all ablation targets. Results: During EP study it was found that 9 patients had concealed accessory pathways and 21 had manifest pre-excitation. WPW left-lateral pathway was present in 10 (33.3%), concealed left lateral in 08 (26.7%) ,WPW left posterior in 11 (36.7%), concealed left posterior in 1 (3.3%). Out of 30 accessory pathways, 24 were successfully interrupted with radiofrequency catheter ablation with a primary success rate of 80 %. The ratio of atrial/ ventricular electrogram in successful sites was 0.83 ±0.27 (0.53-1.46). There were no major complications with retrograde aortic approach. Six failed patients were ablated via transseptal method. Conclusion: The retrograde atrial insertion approach to left-sided accessory pathway ablation is very safe and high effective, especially suitable for the failed patients by using retrograde ventricular insertion ablation procedure and by using single-catheter ablation of accessory pathway. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v8i2.16081 University Heart Journal Vol. 8, No. 2, July 2012

scholarly journals CAE-COVIDX: automatic covid-19 disease detection based on x-ray images using enhanced deep convolutional and autoencoder

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Hanafi Hanafi ◽  
Andri Pranolo ◽  
Yingchi Mao
Keyword(s):  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Image Features ◽  
World Health ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Case ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Health Organization

Since the first case in 2019, Corona Virus has been spreading all over the world. World Health Organization (WHO) announced that COVID-19 had become an international pandemic. There is an essential section to handle the spreading of the virus by immediate virus detection for patients. Traditional medical detection requires a long time, a specific laboratory, and a high cost. A method for detecting Covid-19 faster compared to common approaches, such as RT-PCR detection, is needed. The method demonstrated that it could produce an X-ray image with higher accuracy and consumed less time. We propose a novel method to extract image features and to classify COVID-19 using deep CNN combined with Autoencoder (AE) dubbed CAE-COVIDX. We evaluated and compared it with the traditional CNN and existing framework VGG16 involving 400 normal images of non-COVID19 and 400 positive COVID-19 diseases. The performance evaluation was conducted using accuracy, confusion matrix, and loss evaluation. Based on experiment results, the CAE-COVIDX framework outperforms previous methods in several testing scenarios. This framework's ability to detect Covid-19 in various nonstandard image X-rays could effectively help medical employers diagnose Covid-19 patients. It is an important factor to decrease the spreading of Covid-19 massively.

Clinical recurrence of palpitations following slow pathway ablation in patients with suspected paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias but non-documented, non-inducible tachycardias

EP Europace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Ramos Jimenez ◽  
A Marco Del Castillo ◽  
VC Lozano Granero ◽  
C Lazaro Rivera ◽  
R Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
P Value ◽  
Slow Pathway ◽  
Clinical Recurrence ◽  
Slow Pathway Ablation ◽  
Supraventricular Tachycardias

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Catheter ablation is recommended as first-line treatment in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardias (AVNRT). However, the best therapeutic modality in patients with dual AV nodal physiology but non-inducible tachycardias in electrophysiological study (EPS) remains controversial, especially when no tachycardias have been documented. Our objective was to evaluate the results of empirical slow pathway ablation in patients showing dual AV nodal physiology but non-inducible AVNRT. Methods Multicenter, retrospective, observational registry of consecutive patients undergoing EPS due to clinical suspicion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT), but with no prior ECG documentation. Clinical, EPS and ablation (when performed) data were collected and andalyzed.  Results 427 patients of 12 centers were included. Mean age was 46.3 ±16.1 and 297 (69.6%) were females. AVNRT was induced in 188 patients (typical in 181 cases, atypical in 7). Dual AV nodal physiology with or without single nodal echo beats, but with no sustained tachycardia and without evidence of accessory pathway was present in 68 patients. Ablation of the slow pathway was performed in 187/188 patients with AVNRT and in 30/68 patients with dual physiology. Among subjects with non-inducible tachycardia, ablation reduced significantly recurrences (39.5% in non-ablated vs. 16.7%; p = 0.04), with a level equivalent to those with ablated AVNRT(14.4% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.75). Procedure-related complications were similar in both groups: empirical ablation n = 1; 3.3% vs. induced tachycardia n = 6; 3.2% (p = 0.98). Conclusions In patients with high clinical suspicion of PSVT but non-documented and non-inducible arrhythmias, the presence of dual AV nodal physiology makes AVNRT a likely mechanism of the clinical tachycardia. Catheter ablation of slow pathway reduces the risk of recurrence to a level equivalent to those with inducible and ablated AVNRT. AVNRT (n = 188) Dual nodal physiology (n = 68) p value Age (years) 48.6 ± 16.3 41.9 ± 14.0 <0.01 Female 71.8% 67.7% 0.52 Years symptomatic 9.3 ± 11.3 3.6 ± 8.1 <0.01 Sudden onset 83.9% 88.0% 0.54 Abrupt end 73.4% 74.6% 0.96 Previous rate-slowing drugs 30.9% 25.0% 0.36 Previous antiarrhythmic drugs 5.9% 2.9% 0.35 Isoproterenol in EPS 70.0% 89.7% <0.01

scholarly journals Sudden Cardiac Death: The Most Feared but Potentially Preventable Presentation of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Pereira ◽  
Alexandra Briosa ◽  
Rita Miranda ◽  
Sofia Sequeira Almeida ◽  
Luís Brandão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Haemodynamic Instability ◽  
White Syndrome ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome

Background. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is an uncommon cardiac disorder characterized by the presence of one or more accessory pathways that predispose patients to frequent episodes of arrhythmias. The prognosis is usually good, but there is a lifetime risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Case Summary. A 25-year-old male presented a witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation rhythm. Due to rapid initiation of prehospital advanced life support, return of spontaneous circulation was observed. During the transport to the hospital, an irregular wide complex tachycardia suggestive of preexcited atrial fibrillation with haemodynamic instability was also observed and a synchronized shock was applied. Baseline 12-lead electrocardiogram was compatible with sinus rhythm and ventricular preexcitation pattern. After clinical stabilization, an electrophysiological study was performed confirming the presence of a left anterolateral accessory pathway with a short antegrade effective refractory period. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation was achieved. Discussion. The reported clinical case recalls fundamental features of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and outlines the increasing evidence and importance of the invasive risk stratification and even catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients who suffer from this uncommon disease that may have a dramatic and fatal initial clinical manifestation.

scholarly journals Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Left-sided Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways at Atrial Insertion Sites

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
S Hashem ◽  
M Hossain ◽  
MA Ali ◽  
AK Chowdhury ◽  
Habib SM Ahsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Accessory Pathway ◽  
Radiofrequency Energy ◽  
Ablation Catheter ◽  
Accessory Pathways ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Primary Success ◽  
Insertion Sites

Background: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of techniques used to ablate left-sided accessory atrioventricular pathways at atrial insertion sites by retrograde aortic approach. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of left-sided accessory pathways by way of retrograde aortic approach can be highly successful. Methods: This study were done in the department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka from June 2009 and March 2010, a total 30 patients with recurrent SVT who has left sided accessory atrioventricular pathways found after electrophysiological study, underwent attempted radiofrequency catheter ablation of one or more accessory atrioventricular pathways by retrograde aortic approach. The ablation catheter was inserted into the femoral artery and passed retrogradely across the aortic valve .Once an optimal target site has been identified, radiofrequency energy at a pre-selected temperature of 55 - 60 0 C and power output set at 50 watts was delivered through the ablation catheter. Loss of preexcitation or interruption of the tachycardia within 5 seconds of RF application was considered effective and RF current was continued in this location 30 to 60 seconds. Ablation success was defined at completion of procedure as acutely successful or unsuccessful on the basis of successful elimination of all ablation targets. Results: During EP study it was found that 9 patients had concealed accessory pathways and 21 had manifest pre-excitation. WPW left-lateral pathway was present in 10 (33.3%), concealed left lateral in 08 (26.7%), WPW left posterior in 11 (36.7%), concealed left posterior in 1 (3.3%). Out of 30 accessory pathways, 24 were successfully interrupted with radiofrequency catheter ablation with a primary success rate of 80 %. The ratio of atrial/ ventricular electrogram in successful sites was 0.83 ±0.27 (0.53-1.46). There were no major complications with retrograde aortic approach. Six failed patients were ablated via transseptal method. Conclusion: The retrograde atrial insertion approach to left-sided accessory pathway ablation is very safe and high effective, especially suitable for the failed patients by using retrograde ventricular insertion ablation procedure and by using single-catheter ablation of accessory pathway. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v9i1.19507 University Heart Journal Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2013; 18-24

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and therapeutic strategy of frequent accelerated idioventricular rhythm

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Wang ◽  
Hailei Liu ◽  
Chao Zhu ◽  
Kai Gu ◽  
Gang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catheter Ablation ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Rate ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Idioventricular Rhythm

Abstract Background Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) is often transient, considered benign and requires no treatment. This observational study aims to investigate the clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of frequent AIVR. Methods Twenty-seven patients (20 male; mean age 32.2 ± 17.0 years) diagnosed with frequent AIVR were enrolled in our study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) at least three recordings of AIVR on 24-h Holter monitoring with an interval of over one month between each recording; and (2) resting ectopic ventricular rate between 50 to 110 bpm on ECG. Electrophysiological study (EPS) and catheter ablation were performed in patients with distinct indications. Results All 27 patients experienced palpitation or chest discomfort, and two had syncope or presyncope on exertion. Impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was identified in 5 patients, and LVEF was negatively correlated with AIVR burden (P < 0.001). AIVR burden of over 73.8%/day could predict impaired LVEF with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.1%. Seventeen patients received EPS and ablation, five of whom had decreased LVEF. During a median follow-up of 60 (32, 84) months, LVEF of patients with impaired LV function returned to normal levels 6 months post-discharge, except one with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Two patients died during follow-up. The DCM patient died due to late stage of heart failure, and another patient who refused ablation died of AIVR over-acceleration under fever. Conclusions Frequent AIVR has unique clinical manifestations. AIVR patients with burden of over 70%, impaired LVEF, and/or symptoms of syncope or presyncope due to over-response to sympathetic tone should be considered for catheter ablation.

scholarly journals EFEK STOKASTIK RADIASI SINAR-X DENTAL PADA IBU HAMIL DAN JANIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Niluh Ringga Woroprobosari
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Stochastic Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ionization Reaction ◽  
Dose Control ◽  
Instrument Control

Background: Dental radiographic examination is one of the most frequent radiological examinations carried out. X-rays in dental radiography is a short­wave electromagnetic rays that cause ionization reaction to any biological material in its path. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of stochastic effects in general as well as to pregnant women and fetuses in particular.Discussion: Ionizing radiation, such as X-ray radiation, is potentially teratogenic. Safe dose has not been well defined, although there has been approved dosing limits. Gestational age most vulnerable is the end of week 2 to A weeks post-conception. If the much needed radiographs of a woman who is pregnant, then the X-ray exposure will be directed mostly to the head and neck area.Conc/usion: Therefore, the application of the principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) as well as good protection, including instrument control, protection of the room, the cumulative exposure dose control, and the use of apron throughout the process, is noteworthy. Such protection, especially for pregnant women and fetuses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document