Application of natural and synthetic polyamines as growth regulators to improve the freezing tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Todorova ◽  
I. Sergiev ◽  
V. Alexieva
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Preliminary Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Weight Losses

Wheat cultivars were grown as soil culture under normal growth conditions. Twoweek- old seedlings were exposed to 4°C for 6 h and then transferred to −12°C for 24 h in the dark. Twenty-four hours before freezing stress, some of the plants were sprayed with aqueous solutions of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) and diethylenetriamine (DETA). The data showed that freezing stress caused a decrease in the fresh weight, chlorophyll content and plant survival rate, accompanied by a simultaneous accumulation of free proline and the enhanced leakage of electrolytes. Preliminary treatment with polyamines caused a decline in electrolyte leakage and a considerable augmentation in proline quantity, indicating that the compounds are capable of preventing frost injury. Additionally, the foliar application of polyamines retarded the destruction of chlorophyll, and lessened fresh weight losses due to freezing stress. The synthetic triamine DETA was the most effective, having the most pronounced action in all the experiments, followed by the tetraamine spermine. The application of polyamines to wheat crops could be a promising approach for improving plant growth under unfavourable growth conditions, including freezing temperatures. The results demonstrate that treatment with polyamines could protect winter wheat by reducing the stress injuries caused by subzero temperatures.

Growth Responses in Sorghum and Wheat Induced by Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Baur ◽  
R.W. Bovey ◽  
J.A. Veech
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Foliar application of 2.8 μg/plant of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] to greenhouse grown sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘Tophand’] seedlings resulted in increased fresh weight. As glyphosate levels were increased to 11.2 μg/plant, diameter of the basal growth zone increased while fresh weight decreased. In growth chamber studies with sorghum and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) ‘Era’] seedlings, glyphosate caused the greatest reduction in fresh weight at the optimum growth temperatures for both species. Glyphosate inhibited normal production of basal buds in wheat at the optimum growth temperature and stimulated bud production at temperatures above the optimum. Under normal growth conditions, basal buds in sorghum do not develop; however, application of glyphosate stimulated basal bud development under normal and above-normal temperature conditions. Histochemical analysis of malate dehydrogenase activity in apical meristem tissue of treated sorghum seedlings indicated that growth of the apex was normal and viable.

scholarly journals Naturally Occurring Ecdysteroids in Triticum aestivum L. and Evaluation of Fenarimol as a Potential Inhibitor of Their Biosynthesis in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2855
Author(s):  
Anna Janeczko ◽  
Jana Oklestkova ◽  
Danuše Tarkowská ◽  
Barbara Drygaś
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Potential Use

Ecdysteroids (ECs) are steroid hormones originally found in the animal kingdom where they function as insect molting hormones. Interestingly, a relatively high number of these substances can also be formed in plant cells. Moreover, ECs have certain regulatory effects on plant physiology, but their role in plants still requires further study. One of the main aims of the present study was to verify a hypothesis that fenarimol, an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of ECs in the animal kingdom, also affects the content of endogenous ECs in plants using winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. as a model plant. The levels of endogenous ECs in winter wheat, including the estimation of their changes during a course of different temperature treatments, have been determined using a sensitive analytical method based on UHPLC-MS/MS. Under our experimental conditions, four substances of EC character were detected in the tissue of interest in amounts ranging from less than 1 to over 200 pg·g−1 FW: 20-hydroxyecdysone, polypodine B, turkesterone, and isovitexirone. Among them, turkesterone was observed to be the most abundant EC and accumulated mainly in the crowns and leaves of wheat. Importantly, the level of ECs was observed to be dependent on the age of the plants, as well as on growth conditions (especially temperature). Fenarimol, an inhibitor of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, was shown to significantly decrease the level of naturally occurring ECs in experimental plants, which may indicate its potential use in studies related to the biosynthesis and physiological function of these substances in plants.

Lipid remodelling plays an important role in wheat (Triticum aestivum) hypoxia stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Xu ◽  
Rui Pan ◽  
Meixue Zhou ◽  
Yanhao Xu ◽  
Wenying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Hypoxia Stress ◽  
Phosphatidic Acids ◽  
Hypoxia Treatment ◽  
Lower Expression

Membrane lipid remodelling is one of the strategies that plants have developed to combat abiotic stress. In this study, physiological, lipidomic and proteome analyses were conducted to investigate the changes in glycerolipid and phospholipid concentrations in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars CIGM90.863 and Seri M82 under hypoxia treatment. The growth of CIGM90.863 remained unaffected, whereas Seri M82 was significantly stunted after 8 days of hypoxia treatment. The concentrations of all lipids except lysophosphatidylglycerol were significantly higher in the leaves of Seri M82 than in CIGM90.863 under normal growth conditions. The lipid profile changed significantly under hypoxia stress and varied between genotypes for some of the lipids. Phosphatidic acids remained unchanged in Seri M82 but they were gradually induced in CIGM90.863 in response to hypoxia stress because of the higher phospholipase D expression and lower expression of diglycerol kinase and phosphatidate phosphatases. In contrast, digalactosyldiacylglycerol content was highly stable in CIGM90.863 following hypoxia treatment, although it decreased significantly in Seri M82. Phosphatidylglycerol and lipoxygenase showed a stronger and faster response in CIGM90.863 than in Seri M82 under hypoxia stress. Different membrane lipid adjustments in wheat under oxygen deficiency conditions could be partly responsible for the differing tolerance of Seri M82 and CIGM90.863. This study will help us to better understand how wheat tolerates hypoxia stress by regulating lipid remodelling.

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Grain Quality, Zinc and Iron Concentration Affected by a Combined Foliar Spray of Zinc and Iron Fertilizers

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Niyigaba ◽  
Angelique Twizerimana ◽  
Innocent Mugenzi ◽  
Wansim Aboubakar Ngnadong ◽  
Yu Ping Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
First Year ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Second Year

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the main foods globally. Nutrition problems associated with Zinc and Iron deficiency affect more than two billion individuals. Biofortification is a strategy believed to be sustainable, economical and easily implemented. This study evaluated the effect of combined Zn and Fe applied as foliar fertilizer to winter wheat on grain yield, quality, Zn and Fe concentration in the grains. Results showed that treatments containing high Fe increased the yield. Grain crude fat content remained unaffected. Crude fiber was enhanced up to three-fold by 60% Zn + 40% Fe5.5 (5.5 kg ha−1 of 60% Zn + 40% Fe). Moreover, 80% Zn + 20% Fe5.5 (5.5 kg ha−1 of 80% Zn + 20% Fe) was the best combination for increasing crude protein. Zinc applied alone enhanced Zn concentration in grain. In addition, Fe was slightly improved by an application of Zn and Fe in the first year, but a greater increase was observed in the second year, where 100% Fe13 (13 kg ha−1 of 100% Fe) was the best in improving Fe in grain. Foliar application of Zn and Fe is a practical approach to increase Zn and Fe concentration, and to improve the quality of wheat grains.

DEHARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE UNDER SPRING FIELD CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Changes in cold hardiness (LT50), fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were measured on crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) taken from the field at weekly intervals in the spring of 1973 and 1974 at Saskatoon, Sask. In all trials, Frontier rye came out of the winter with superior cold hardiness and maintained a higher level of hardiness during most of the dehardening period. For cultivars of both species, rapid dehardening did not occur until the ground temperature at crown depth remained above 5 C for several days. Changes in crown moisture content tended to increase during dehardening. Over this same period crown dry weight increased for winter rye but did not show a consistent pattern of change for winter wheat. Two test sites were utilized in 1974. One site was protected by trees and the other was exposed. General patterns of dehardening were similar for these two sites, but cultivar winter field survival potentials were reflected only by LT50 ratings for the exposed test site. The influence of fall seeding date on spring dehardening was also investigated. Late-seeded wheat plots did not survive the winter in all trials. However, where there was winter survival, no differences in rate of dehardening due to seeding date were observed.

Modelling photosynthesis in flag leaves of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) considering the variation in photosynthesis parameters during development

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingsong Sun ◽  
Jindong Sun ◽  
Zhaozhong Feng
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Flag Leaves ◽  
Parameter Values

The Farquhar–von Caemmerer–Berry (FvCB) model of photosynthesis has been widely used to estimate the photosynthetic C flux of plants under different growth conditions. However, the seasonal fluctuation of some photosynthesis parameters (e.g. the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax), the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) and internal mesophyll conductance to CO2 transport (gm)) is not considered in the FvCB model. In this study, we investigated the patterns of the FvCB parameters during flag leaf development based on measured photosynthesis–intercellular CO2 curves in two cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Parameterised seasonal patterns of photosynthesis parameters in the FvCB model have subsequently been applied in order to predict the photosynthesis of flag leaves. The results indicate that the Gaussian curve characterises the dynamic patterns of Vcmax, Jmax and gm well. Compared with the model with fixed photosynthesis parameter values, updating the FvCB model by considering seasonal changes in Vcmax and Jmax during flag leaf development slightly improved predictions of photosynthesis. However, if the updated FvCB model incorporated the seasonal patterns of Vcmax and Jmax, and also of gm, predictions of photosynthesis was improved a lot, matching well with the measurements (R2 = 0.87, P < 0.0001). This suggests that the dynamics of photosynthesis parameters, particularly gm, play an important role in estimating the photosynthesis rate of winter wheat.

scholarly journals Ecological and economical aspects of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing on sod-podzolic soil depending on fertilization and amelioration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Poliovyi ◽  
L. Yashchenko ◽  
H. Rovna ◽  
B. Huk ◽  
N. Yuvchyk
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer System

Assessment of the state and changes forecast of balances of humus and nutrients under the influence of anthropogenic factors, in particular fertilizers which are the criteria for environmental monitoring is given in the article. At the same time, the introduction of an environmentally friendly fertilizer system should ensure the economic efficiency of growing crops on a par with the preservation of soil fertility. The aim was to study the influence of the system of winter wheat fertilization on the balance of humus and nutrient elements on sod-podzolic soil and to establish the economic efficiency in research’s variants. The fertilizer system includes variants with amelioration a 1,0 dose of dolomite flour by the hydrolytic acidity (Hh), mineral fertilizers N120Р60K90 with addition of sulfur S40 and microfertilizer Nutrivant Plus Cereals (2 kg/ha) in foliar application. Methods of research were field trials, calculation, comparative and statistical analysis. Research’s results. Ploughing of plants by-products of back into soil is a source of organic carbon and nutrients. The yield of winter wheat straw in the variants changed from 2.04 to 4.47 t/ha. The largest amount of root (1.27 t/ha) and surface (1.47 t/ha) residues were provided by application 1.0 dose CaMg(CO3)2 and N120Р60K90 with the addition of S40 and microfertilizer Nutrivant Plus Cereals. The above fertilizer system provided a positive humus balance of 1.39 t/ha. The difference of data in variants with and without straw showed that due to straw ploughing in the soil accumulated up to 27–31% of the relative values of the newly formed humus. Optimization of the nutrition conditions due to fertilizers and liming caused an increase uptake of nutrients by culture, which together with unproductive losses led to a decrease of elements balance. At the same time, an increase the elements removal occurred at indicators of the intensity of NPK balance above 100%. This allowed us to conclude that the winter wheat fertilization of N120Р60K90 with the addition S40 and microfertilizer in combination with 1Hh dose of dolomite flour provides extension of sod-podzolic soil fertility along with increasing economic profitability of wheat cultivation. In this case, the grain yield of 3.85 t/ha contributed to the highest (1.52 UAH/ha) payback of fertilizer and liming.

VARIATION IN PROTEIN, SIZE AND SEEDLING VIGOR WITH POSITION OF SEED IN HEADS OF WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. RIES ◽  
G. AYERS ◽  
V. WERT ◽  
E. H. EVERSON
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Protein Size ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

The protein content and size of winter wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) varies with the position of the seed in the head. Within a genotype, seed higher in protein content and/or larger in size will produce more vigorous seedlings. Regardless of cultivar, the seed from the a and b florets of the bottom 10 spikelets contained more protein per seed than that from all c florets and the a and b florets from above the 10th spikelet. In all cases, seedling vigor was significantly correlated with seed size and protein concentration, but was most closely correlated with protein per seed. A foliar application of urea after anthesis appreciably increased the quantity of protein per seed in all positions in the head of all cultivars. The increase was greatest in the a and b florets of the bottom 10 spikelets, not in those florets lowest in protein initially.

Membrane Injury During Freezing Stress to Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crowns

1991 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel M. Pukacki ◽  
Edward J. Kendall ◽  
Bryan D. Mckersie
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Membrane Injury

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINO ACIDS ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC INDICATORS AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rūta DROMANTIENĖ ◽  
Irena PRANCKIETIENĖ ◽  
Gvidas ŠIDLAUSKAS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Silty Loam

Experiments involving a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety ‘Širvinta 1’ were conducted at the Experimental Station of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University during the period 2006–2009 in limnoglacional silty loam on morainne clay loam Cal(ca)ri-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. Winter crops were grown on the background of N150P90K90 mineral fertilization and were additionally foliar-fertilized with amide nitrogen fertilizer, containing different concentrations of amino acids (0.5 %–3.0 %), at a winter wheat booting, heading and milk maturity stages. Experimental evidence showed that solutions with different amino acids concentrations applied for winter wheat fertilization at booting, heading and milk maturity stages increased plant photosynthetic indicators. Chlorophyll a to b ratio in winter wheat leaves significantly increased having applied 0.5–2.5 % amino acids solutions at booting and at milk maturity stages. Plants fertilized with amino acids solutions at booting stage had a possibility to form larger assimilating leaf area. Winter wheat grain yield significantly increased (0.27–0.4 t ha-1) under the effect of amino acids. The highest yield increases were obtained having applied amino acids at booting and heading growth stages. The statistical data analysis (xextr.) evidenced that the highest yield and its quality would be attained with foliar feeding of winter wheat with amino acids fertilizers: at booting stage with 2.4 %, at heading stage with 1.47 %, and milk maturity stage with 1.39 % amino acids solution.

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