Changes in daily energy amounts of main milk components (lactose, protein and fat) during the lactation of high-yielding dairy cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gáspárdy ◽  
Z. Schwartz ◽  
L. Zöldág ◽  
T. Veresegyházy ◽  
S. Fekete
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to examine the changes of the daily energy amount of lactose, protein and fat throughout the lactations, and compare them to each other. A total of 309 Israeli Holstein-Friesian cows from one kibbutz were investigated in three lactations, and information was given for a period of five years from 1996 to the end of 2000. The distribution of milk components and milk yield during lactation, and changes of the absolute and relative energy amount in the different milk components were calculated and evaluated. The results showed changes in the energy content of milk and its different components throughout the lactation. Each component (fat, lactose and protein) is dominant in different periods during the lactation. The energy amount from fat reaches a peak first, between days 40 and 50. Lactose has a peak at about day 66 of lactation, and protein reaches the peak last, approximately at day 104 of lactation. It seems that this peak sequence is constant and it is considered to be physiological. It might be suggested that there is a regulation governing the secretion of the different components at different times, and only one component is dominant in a given period. Each component exerts negative and positive influences on the secretion of the other components, which interact with each other and are not fully independent.

A note on the estimation of the body fat, protein and energy content of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows by measurement of condition score and live weight

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Subjective Condition ◽  
Friesian Cows

The relationships between body composition, live weight (LW) and subjective condition score (CS) were examined in an experiment in which 54, second to fourth parity, lactating autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were slaughtered at 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum. Multiple regression analyses showed the weight of fat and the quantity of energy within the body were significantly correlated with both LW and CS. The weight of crude protein showed a linear correlation with LW. These results are discussed and compared with previously published investigations with non-lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals The Association of Calcium Profiles at Calving with Health and Performance of Holstein Cows and Their Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Constantin Gavan ◽  
Mihaela Riza
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Significant Health ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to assess the association of hypocalcemia at calving with health and performance of Holstein cows and their calves. Data were collected January 1st 2017 to December 31st 2020. A total of 431 lactating Holstein Friesian cows (118 primiparous and 313 multiparous) from a research of hypocalcemia was 2 groups (hypo and non-hypo). The overall prevalence of hypocalcemia was 3.4% for first-lactation cows and 18% for multiparous cows. Lactating dairy cows with hypocalcemia had greater proportion of cows with Retained Fetal Membranes (RFM) metritis and culling within 60 days in milk (DIM), compared with non-hypocalcemia respectively. For the first 2 official milk tests milk yield and components (% fat, % protein on SCC) did not differ between hypo and non-hypo cows. The days in milk at first service, mastitis, dystocia and pregnancy at first service were not different between hypo and non-hypo groups. The proportion of stillbirth, survival at 60 days of age in calves did not differ between calves born from hypo or non-hypo cows. Calves born from Hypo cows had greater incidence of diarrhea (38.3%) than calves born (22.3%) from non-hypo cows. The results of this study show that hypocalcemia in calving has significant health implications for both dams and their calves.  

scholarly journals Effect of Age at First Calving on First Lactation Milk Yield, Lifetime Milk Production And Longevity of Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Anna Sawa ◽  
Kamil Siatka ◽  
Sylwia Krężel-Czopek
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Considerable Decrease ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractThe objective of the study was to analyse the effect of age at first calving (AFC) on first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production and longevity of dairy cows. The study used SYMLEK data on the milk yield and culling of 111 857 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows from the active population in Pomerania and Kujawy, Poland. The cows first calved during 2000–2009 and were used or removed from the herds until the end of 2015. For each cow, calculations were made of first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production, first lactation milk yield per milking day, lifetime milk production per day, as well as the lifespan (length of productive life, duration of rearing) and number of calvings. Based on the age at first calving (duration of the rearing period), the cows were grouped as follows: ≤22, 22.1–24.0, 24.1–26.0, 26.1–28.0, 28.1–30.0, 30.1–32.0 and >32 months. The GLM, CORR PEARSON and FREQ procedures from the SAS package were used in the statistical calculations. Considering first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production and longevity, it is recommended that the cows should be first milked between 22.1 and 26.0 months of age. This is supported by the approximately 24% higher lifetime milk production in relation to the latest calving cows (P<0.01). Late commencement of the first milking (especially after 28 months) causes a considerable decrease in the first lactation milk yield and lifetime milk production, shortens the productive period, reduces the number of calvings, and increases culling rate due to low milk yield and udder diseases.

Reproductive performance in Holstein-Friesian cows in relation to genetic merit and level of feeding when grazing pasture

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. Wilkins ◽  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
G. M. Hough ◽  
M. E. Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractOne hundred and eight Holstein-Friesian cows in six herds were run on six separate farmlets over a 5-year period from 1995 to 1999 at Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, on the subtropical north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Three of the herds comprised high genetic merit (HGM) cows — Australian breeding value (ABV) of +49·1 kg for milk fat (F) plus protein (Pr) and three herds comprised low genetic merit (LGM) cows-ABV of 2·3 kg. Within genetic merit groupings, one herd was given 0·34 t (l), one herd was given 0·84 t (m) and one herd 1·71 t (h), of concentrate per cow per lactation. Within each genetic merit group, cows were matched for milk yield and live weight, and over all groups for time of calving and age at the commencement of the study. The 30 paddocks within each farmlet were matched between farmlets for pasture type and pasture growth rate and soil fertility. Half the cows within each herd calved over a 3-month period in spring and the other half in autumn. Strict management criteria ensured that there was no bias towards particular treatment groups.HGM cows were ‘open’ (days from calving to conception) for 8 days longer than the LGM cows (99 v. 91 days). The lHGM cows took 11 days longer to commence luteal phase activity and 21 days longer to first observed oestrus post calving than hLGM cows (P < 0·001), with the other groups being intermediate.After 24 days of mating, 22% of lHGM cows were pregnant, and this was less than half of the rate of the best herd-mLGM. After 9 weeks of mating, the chances of an LGM cow being pregnant was 87% greater than an HGM cow. After 12 weeks of mating, 70% of lHGM cows were pregnant compared with a mean pregnancy rate of 87% for the LGM cows.The number of cows treated for abnormal ovarian activity (anoestrus, cystic) was highest (P < 0·001) in the HGM herds given ‘l’ and ‘m’ levels of concentrate compared with the remaining herds (0·24 v. 0·12 treatments per cow mated, respectively).There was a significant positive relationship between live-weight change from 4 weeks before, to the start of, the mating period and the chances of a cow being pregnant at 24 days (P < 0·05) and at 6 and 9 weeks after the commencement of mating.There was a significant negative relationship (P < 0·001) between the change in daily F plus Pr yield, from the start to 4 weeks after mating began, and pregnancy rate at 9 weeks. The change in F plus Pr yield was +63 g/day for cows pregnant at nine weeks as opposed to +154 g/day for cows not pregnant.The results of the present study indicate that the reproductive performance of HGM cows, with a mean of 61% North American (NA) genes, is lower than LGM cows (22% NA genes) under a predominantly pasture-based system of farming. The influence on reproduction was possibly due to genes favouring partitioning of energy to milk yield rather than body-condition maintenance in the HGM cows and when food intake was inadequate, then being more willing to use body reserves.These reproductive problems may be reduced by more intensive reproductive management. However, such practices are costly and time consuming. Another approach may be to ensure that live-weight loss over the mating period is minimized by strategic supplementary feeding.

scholarly journals Effect of leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrates on digestibility, nitrogen utilization and milk yield in dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myo Khaing ◽  
Min Aung ◽  
Moe Thida Htun ◽  
Khin San Mu ◽  
Aung Aung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Friesian Cows

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrate on the performances of dairy cows. Nine cross-bred Holstein Friesian cows (410±12kg) in the 12th week of lactation were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups with three replicates/treatments in a completely randomized design. The three treatments were control diet without substitution of leucaena forage and silage (DLFS0), diet with substitution of leucaena forage 10% (DLF10) and diet with substitution of leucaena silage 10% (DLS10). Cows were fed treatments for 60 days. Although nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p>0.05) each other, digestibility of DLFS0 was significantly higher (p<0.05) than others. Conversely, nitrogen utilization and average milk yield of cows offered DLFS0 were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of cows fed on DLF10 and DLS10. The highest feed cost (p<0.05) per kg of milk was found in DLFS0 and the lowest cost was observed in DLF10. Therefore, although the leucana forage and silage could be substitute up to 10% of concentrates without adverse effects on the performances of dairy cows, the substitution of leucaena forage gave the better performances than that of leucaena silage.

PSIV-12 Effects of feeding a novel alfalfa leaf pellet product (ProLEAF MAX™) and alfalfa stems (ProFiber Plus™) on production of lactating dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 294-294
Author(s):  
Laura A Smith ◽  
Allen Y Young ◽  
Chris Pratt ◽  
Kara J Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Alfalfa Leaf

Abstract Alfalfa is a commonly grown forage in the Intermountain west and is often included in lactating dairy cow rations. This study investigated the effects of including novel alfalfa products: ProLEAF MAX™ (PLM), an alfalfa leaf pellet; and ProFiber Plus™ (PFP), alfalfa stems, in the diet of lactating dairy cows on dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk components. Holstein cows were housed in a freestall barn and milked in a free-flow automatic milking system. All cows were fed each treatment for 21-days, then switched to the next treatment utilizing a crossover experimental design. The five treatments were: control (CON, typical diet including alfalfa hay; n = 65); low-quality alfalfa hay (LQ+PLM, a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with low-quality alfalfa hay and PLM; n = 62); PLM+PFP (a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with PLM and PFP; n = 65); PLM (a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with PLM; n = 62); and PFP (a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with PFP; n = 60). Cows were group fed a partial mixed ration balanced for 40.8 kg milk, 3.9% milk fat and 3.3% milk protein. Individual milk yield and milk components were recorded daily by the automatic milking system. Dry matter intake was also recorded daily. When fed the PFP diet, cows had decreased (P &lt; 0.01) dry matter intake compared to the other diets. Milk yield was increased (P &lt; 0.01) when cows received the PLM diet when compared to the other diets. When fed the PFP and PLM+PFP diets, milk fat was increased (P &lt; 0.01) when compared to the other diets. Milk protein was decreased (P &lt; 0.01) when cows were fed the PFP diet when compared to the other diets. These data indicate that inclusion of fractionated alfalfa products in the diet of lactating dairy cows has the potential to increase milk yield and milk components.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Levocarnitine or Vitamin B Complex and E With Selenium on Glycerin-Treated Holstein Friesian Cows With Clinical Ketosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungmin Ha ◽  
Seogjin Kang ◽  
Manhye Han ◽  
Jihwan Lee ◽  
Hakjae Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Friesian Cows

Currently, ketosis has no fully satisfactory resolution in dairy cows. Here, we investigated the effect of levocarnitine or vitamin B complex and E with selenium on clinically ketotic cows (β-hydroxybutyrate ≥ 3.0 mmol/L and decreased milk yield), fed glycerin. In total, 18 cases of Holstein cows with clinical ketosis during the postpartum transition period were randomly assigned to three treatments (6 cases per group): (1) levocarnitine (C+G), (2) vitamin B complex and E with selenium (VBES+G), and (3) levocarnitine and vitamin B complex and E with selenium (C+VBES+G). All groups were administered glycerin. Treatments were administered daily for 4 days. Blood sampling was performed on the onset day of ketosis (day 0), day 4, and day 6. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), milk yield (MY), and serum biochemical values were measured. Half of the animals in C+G failed to overcome clinical ketosis. VBES+G treatment ameliorated BHBA (p &lt; 0.05), MY, and glucose on day 4. However, ketosis was exacerbated following the discontinuation of the treatment. C+VBES+G treatment improved BHBA, glucose (p &lt; 0.05), and MY and reduced ketotic cases on days 4 and 6 with greater improvements compared to the others. In conclusion, combined treatment with levocarnitine, vitamin B complex and E with selenium, and glycerin may have the therapeutic effect on clinical ketosis.

scholarly journals Flow Cytometric Assessment of the Viability and Functionality of Uterine Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Postpartum Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081
Author(s):  
Leen Lietaer ◽  
Kristel Demeyere ◽  
Stijn Heirbaut ◽  
Evelyne Meyer ◽  
Geert Opsomer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Uterine Health ◽  
Intracellular Proteolysis ◽  
Friesian Cows

Postpartum dairy cows experience impaired peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functionality, which has been associated with reproductive tract inflammatory diseases. However, it has not been elucidated yet whether endometrial PMN functionality is (equally) impaired. We developed a method for endometrial PMN isolation and flow cytometric assessment of their viability and functionality. We also evaluated PMN immunolabeling, using a specific bovine granulocyte marker, CH138A. Blood and endometrial cytobrush samples were collected in duplicate from seventeen clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows between 9 and 37 days in milk. The proportion of viable, apoptotic, and necrotic PMN in endometrial samples roughly ranged from 10 to 80%, indicating highly dynamic endometrial PMN populations in the postpartum uteri. Endometrial PMN functionality testing revealed that PMN immunolabeling increased the accuracy, although this protocol might influence the median fluorescence intensity of the sample. Phagocytosis seemed the most stable and reliable endometrial PMN function and could be assessed satisfactorily without prior CH138A immunolabeling. However, the interpretation of oxidative burst and intracellular proteolysis tests remains challenging. The correlation between peripheral and endometrial PMN functionality was poor. Further research is warranted to unravel the role of uterine PMN viability and functionality in bovine uterine health.

The effect of space allowance and milk yield level on the performance and behaviour of dairy cattle housed in straw yards

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 108-108
Author(s):  
J. A. Fregonesi ◽  
J.D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Ways Of Coping ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Face Width ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Space allowance could be an important variable affecting production, health, reproductive performance and behaviour of dairy cattle. Also, high and low yielding cows may have different ways of coping with insufficient space allowance. The aim of this experiment was to study the influence of space allowance and milk yield level on the performance and behaviour of strawyard housed dairy cows.The experiment was carried out using 24 Holstein Friesian cows with two groups in early lactation of high (over 30 kg/day milk yield) and two groups in late lactation of low yield (under 25 kg/day milk yield). The groups were allocated to strawyard systems with low stocking density (bed area/cow = 9 m2; pen area/cow = 13.5 m2; feed face width/cow = 1.5 m) or high stocking density (bed area/cow = 4.5 m2; pen area/cow = 6.75 m2; feed face width/cow = 0.75m) conforming to a changeover design with two periods, each of four weeks. The cows were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum and 2kg/cow/day of concentrate in the milking parlour. All animals were milked twice daily.

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