Two- and Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Built with VLSI Tools

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 627-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn-Yu Lin ◽  
J.G. Fleming ◽  
E. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Photonic Crystal Slabs ◽  
The Creation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Made In

The drive toward miniature photonic devices has been hindered by our inability to tightly control and manipulate light. Moreover, photonics technologies are typically not based on silicon and, until recently, only indirectly benefited from the rapid advances being made in silicon processing technology. In the first part of this article, the successful fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals using silicon processing will be discussed. This advance has been made possible through the use of integrated-circuit (IC) fabrication technologies (e.g., very largescale integration, VLSI) and may enable the penetration of Si processing into photonics. In the second part, we describe the creation of 2D photonic-crystal slabs operating at the λ = 1.55 μm communications wavelength. This class of 2D photonic crystals is particularly promising for planar on-chip guiding, trapping, and switching of light.

scholarly journals Hemispherical Brillouin zone imaging of a diamond-type biological photonic crystal

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (72) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodo D. Wilts ◽  
Kristel Michielsen ◽  
Hans De Raedt ◽  
Doekele G. Stavenga
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Brillouin Zone ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Visible Wavelength Range ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Direct Infiltration

The brilliant structural body colours of many animals are created by three-dimensional biological photonic crystals that act as wavelength-specific reflectors. Here, we report a study on the vividly coloured scales of the diamond weevil, Entimus imperialis . Electron microscopy identified the chitin and air assemblies inside the scales as domains of a single-network diamond ( Fd 3 m ) photonic crystal. We visualized the topology of the first Brillouin zone (FBZ) by imaging scatterometry, and we reconstructed the complete photonic band structure diagram (PBSD) of the chitinous photonic crystal from reflectance spectra. Comparison with calculated PBSDs indeed showed a perfect overlap. The unique method of non-invasive hemispherical imaging of the FBZ provides key insights for the investigation of photonic crystals in the visible wavelength range. The characterized extremely large biophotonic nanostructures of E. imperialis are structurally optimized for high reflectance and may thus be well suited for use as a template for producing novel photonic devices, e.g. through biomimicry or direct infiltration from dielectric material.

scholarly journals Photonic crystal for graphene plasmons

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Xiong ◽  
C. Forsythe ◽  
M. Jung ◽  
A. S. McLeod ◽  
S. S. Sunku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Light Propagation ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Graphene Monolayer ◽  
Light Manipulation ◽  
Integrated Optical ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Nano Imaging ◽  
Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal

Abstract Photonic crystals are commonly implemented in media with periodically varying optical properties. Photonic crystals enable exquisite control of light propagation in integrated optical circuits, and also emulate advanced physical concepts. However, common photonic crystals are unfit for in-operando on/off controls. We overcome this limitation and demonstrate a broadly tunable two-dimensional photonic crystal for surface plasmon polaritons. Our platform consists of a continuous graphene monolayer integrated in a back-gated platform with nano-structured gate insulators. Infrared nano-imaging reveals the formation of a photonic bandgap and strong modulation of the local plasmonic density of states that can be turned on/off or gradually tuned by the applied gate voltage. We also implement an artificial domain wall which supports highly confined one-dimensional plasmonic modes. Our electrostatically-tunable photonic crystals are derived from standard metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor technology and pave a way for practical on-chip light manipulation.

Pore Etching in Compound Semiconductors for the Production of Photonic Crystals

2002 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Foell ◽  
Sergiu Langa ◽  
Juergen Carstensen ◽  
Marc Christophersen ◽  
Ivan Tiginyanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Perfect Crystal ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Ordered Arrays ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
First Results ◽  
Made In

AbstractOrdered arrays of pores in Si provided the first (two dimensional) photonic crystals with bandgaps in the μm region. The paper explores the potential of pore etching for two- and threedimensional photonic crystals in GaAs, InP, and GaP. A striking feature of pore etching in III-V semiconductors is the strong tendency to self-organization and pattern formation. As an example, self-organized well-defined pore lattices (a = 100 nm – 1 μm) can be made in InP. All materials show self organized diameter oscillations, often synchronized over large distances between pores. Extremely strong diameter oscillations are observed in GaAs. Pores in all materials tend to grow in <111> directions, but can be induced to grow in the direction of current flow, too. These features can be used to produce two- and three dimensional photonic crystals. The latter goal might be achieved by switching periodically between different pore morphologies with depth, or by modulating the diameter with depth - always helped by the tendency to self organization. Self organization, however, will not lead to perfect crystal structures; lithographically defined nucleation is needed and has been tried. First results show that there are pronounced differences to what is known from Si. While the production of externally defined photonic crystals in the sub μm region appears to be feasible, the strong tendency to self organization must be taken into account by matching internal time and length scales to the desired external ones.

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystal by Wafer Fusion Approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritsugu Yamamoto ◽  
Katsuhiro Tomoda ◽  
Susumu Noda
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Optical Communication ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optoelectronic Devices ◽  
Photonic Crystal Waveguide ◽  
Wafer Fusion ◽  
Dimensional Photonic Crystal ◽  
Alignment System ◽  
Fusion Approach

ABSTRACTBased on a set of requirements identified for photonic crystals intended for use in optoelectronic devices, we have developed a method of fabricating three-dimensional photonic crystals that involves stacking air/semiconductor gratings by wafer fusion approach. Precise alignment of the stacked layers is achieved through the use of a laser beam assisted very precise alignment system, and three-dimensional photonic crystal has been successfully fabricated for the infrared and optical communication wavelength regions. We have also developed a photonic crystal waveguide providing sharp 90° bend.

Prototyping of three-dimensional photonic crystal structures using electron-beam lithography

2004 ◽  
Vol 846 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Subramania ◽  
J. M. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Photonic Band Gap ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Photonic Band Gap Structure ◽  
Band Gap Structure

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate the fabrication of a three-dimensional woodpile photonic crystal in the near-infrared regime using a layer-by-layer approach involving electron-beam lithography and spin-on-glass planarization. Using this approach we have shown that we can make structures with lattice spacings as small as 550 nm with silicon as well as gold thus allowing for fabrication of photonic crystals with omnidirectional gap in the visible and near-IR. As a proof of concept we performed optical reflectivity and transmission measurements on a silicon structure which reveal peaks and valleys expected for a photonic band gap structure. The approach described here can be scaled down to smaller lattice constants (down to ∼400 nm) and can also be used with a variety of materials (dielectric and metallic) thus enabling rapid prototyping full three-dimensional photonic bandgap based photonic devices in the visible.

scholarly journals Evolution of single gyroid photonic crystals in bird feathers

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2101357118
Author(s):  
Vinodkumar Saranathan ◽  
Suresh Narayanan ◽  
Alec Sandy ◽  
Eric R. Dufresne ◽  
Richard O. Prum
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Length ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
Channel Type

Vivid, saturated structural colors are conspicuous and important features of many animals. A rich diversity of three-dimensional periodic photonic nanostructures is found in the chitinaceous exoskeletons of invertebrates. Three-dimensional photonic nanostructures have been described in bird feathers, but they are typically quasi-ordered. Here, we report bicontinuous single gyroid β-keratin and air photonic crystal networks in the feather barbs of blue-winged leafbirds (Chloropsis cochinchinensis sensu lato), which have evolved from ancestral quasi-ordered channel-type nanostructures. Self-assembled avian photonic crystals may serve as inspiration for multifunctional applications, as they suggest efficient, alternative routes to single gyroid synthesis at optical length scales, which has been experimentally elusive.

Three-Dimensional Superprism Effect in Photonic-Crystal Slabs

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1748-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DiFalco ◽  
C. Conti ◽  
G. Assanto
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Photonic Crystal Slabs
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