Corrosion Engineering in Device Packaging

1990 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Latanision ◽  
P.V. Nagarkar ◽  
M. Kloppers ◽  
F. Bellucci
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
Transport Of Ions ◽  
Considerable Degradation ◽  
Ionic Contaminants ◽  
Pi System

ABSTRACTCorrosion processes affecting electronic devices are chemical and electrochemical in nature. Ionic contaminants, applied voltages, and relative humidity accelerate failure of integrated circuits. Although packaging materials often reduce the corrosion rate of the underlying circuitry, a complete understanding of the mechanism for the basic processes taking place at the coating/metallic circuitry interface is missing.In this paper the role played by water and ionic contaminants on coated metallic substrates is considered. Transport properties of free standing polyimide membranes have been examined. The corrosion behavior of polyimide/Fe and polyimide/Al systems has been investigated using electrochemical polarization, and a.c. impedance measurements. For the AI/PI system underfilm degradation has been examined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results indicate that the flux of ions is very small compared to that of oxygen and water and yet metallic failure can be ascribed mainly to the transport of ions across the packaging material. XPS showed that considerable degradation takes place at the metal/polyimide interface prior to visible corrosion or delamination.

scholarly journals The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1173-1186
Author(s):  
Markus Gehring ◽  
Tobias Kutsch ◽  
Osmane Camara ◽  
Alexandre Merlen ◽  
Hermann Tempel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Turbostratic Carbon ◽  
Current Densities

An innovative approach for the design of air electrodes for metal–air batteries are free-standing scaffolds made of electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibres. In this study, cobalt-decorated fibres are prepared, and the influence of carbonisation temperature on the resulting particle decoration, as well as on fibre structure and morphology is discussed. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry are used for characterisation. The modified fibre system is compared to a benchmark system without cobalt additives. Cobalt is known to catalyse the formation of graphite in carbonaceous materials at elevated temperatures. As a result of cobalt migration in the material the resulting overall morphology is that of turbostratic carbon. Nitrogen removal and nitrogen-type distribution are enhanced by the cobalt additives. At lower carbonisation temperatures cobalt is distributed over the surface of the fibres, whereas at high carbonisation temperatures it forms particles with diameters up to 300 nm. Free-standing, current-collector-free electrodes assembled from carbonised cobalt-decorated fibre mats display promising performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in aqueous alkaline media. High current densities at an overpotential of 100 mV and low overpotentials at current densities of 333 μA·cm−2 were found for all electrodes made from cobalt-decorated fibre mats carbonised at temperatures between 800 and 1000 °C.

scholarly journals Influence of the Power Generation Capacity of the Structural Parameters of a Piezoelectric Bimorph

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Xiaochao Tian ◽  
Jinzhi Zhu ◽  
Zhicong Wang ◽  
Hu Wang ◽  
Yuze Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Generation Effect ◽  
Modulus Ratio ◽  
Piezoelectric Vibrator ◽  
Generation Capacity

With the popularization of integrated circuits, MEMS, and portable electronic devices, chemical batteries have many disadvantages as the main energy supply method, such as large size, high quality, and limited energy supply life, requiring regular replacement, resulting in waste of materials, environmental pollution, and other issues. From the above reasons, energy harvesting technology plays an important role in improving the efficiency and life of electronic equipment. In order to explore the influence of the bimorph piezoelectric vibrator’s structural parameters on the power generation capacity, this paper establishes a cantilever beam rectangular bimorph piezoelectric vibrator power generation model, derives the mathematical expression of the bimorph piezoelectric vibrator power generation, and determines the parameter factors that affect the power generation effect. Using MATLAB simulation analysis to obtain the influence relationship curve of system output voltage and structural parameters, the experiment tests the influence law of output voltage and thickness ratio, width-to-length ratio, and Young’s modulus ratio; the test results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, verifying the theory and the correctness of the analysis. The results show that when the thickness ratio is 0.58 and the width-to-length ratio is 1, the power generation effect of the piezoelectric vibrator is the best to reach 14.5V; the power generation capacity of the transducer is inversely proportional to Young’s modulus ratio. This research provides a new idea for the popularization of integrated circuits, MEMS, and portable electronic devices.

scholarly journals Depth Profiling of the Chemical Composition of Free-Standing Carbon Dots Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (26) ◽  
pp. 14889-14897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Papagiannouli ◽  
Minna Patanen ◽  
Valérie Blanchet ◽  
John D. Bozek ◽  
Manuel de Anda Villa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
X Ray

Characterization of Ti/TiN Films and SiO2/Ti Interfaces by Use of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joffre Bernard ◽  
Ercan Adem ◽  
Seshadri Ramaswami
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface And Interface ◽  
Surface Analysis Techniques ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Reflective Coatings

ABSTRACTThe deposition and processing of thin films, such as barrier metals and anti-reflective coatings, can be enhanced using the information provided by various surface analysis techniques. We will show the application of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) to the production of Ti and TiN films suitable for use in ULSI CMOS integrated circuits. XPS can separate Ti and N photoelectron peaks and detect low (1.0-5.0 atomic%) contamination levels while providing surface and interface chemical state information. In this paper we will show that a) the effect of TiN deposition on subsequent Ti film quality from the same Ti target was determined to be minimal, b) the relation of anneal temperature to the extent of SiO2 reduction by Ti metal was characterized on SiO2/Ti/TiN structures for temperatures from 600°C to 800°C, and c) the absorption of O into TiN films from ambient air was detected and confirmed.

scholarly journals Some quantum limits for scaling of electronic devices – estimations and measurements

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Nawrocki ◽  
Yury M. Shukrinov
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Semiconductor Technology ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Quantum Limits ◽  
Best Parameters

Abstract In this paper we discuss some physical limits for scaling of transistors and conducting paths inside of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs). Since 40 years only a semiconductor technology, mostly the CMOS and the TTL technologies, are used for fabrication of integrated circuits on an industrial scale. Miniaturization of electronic devices in integrated circuits has technological limits and physical limits as well. In 2010 best parameters of commercial ICs shown the Intel Core i5-670 processor manufactured in the technology of 32 nm. Its clock frequency in turbo mode is 3.73 GHz. A forecast of the development of the semiconductor industry (ITRS 2011) predicts that sizes of electronic devices in ICs circuits will be smaller than 10 nm in the next 10 years. At least 5 physical effects should be taken into account if we discuss limits of scaling of integrated circuits.

scholarly journals Design and optimization of cost-effective coldproof portable enclosures for polar environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 6251
Author(s):  
Behzad Parsi ◽  
Lihong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Thermal Resistors

Based on the International Electrotechnical Commission standards, the electronic devices in the industrial class (e.g., integrated circuits or batteries) can only operate at the ambient temperature between -40°C and 85°C. For the human-involved regions in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Antarctica, extreme cold condition as low as -55°C might affect sensing electronic devices utilized in the scientific or industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a design and optimization methodology for the self-heating portable enclosures, which can warm up the inner space from -55°C for encasing the low-cost industrial-class electronic devices instead of expensive military-class ones to work reliably within their allowed operating temperature limit. Among the other options, ceramic thermal resistors are selected as the heating elements inside the enclosure. The placement of the thermal resistors is studied with the aid of thermal modelling for the single heating device by using the curve fitting technique to achieve uniform temperature distribution within the enclosure. To maintain the inner temperature above -40°C but with the least power consumption from the thermal resistors, we have developed a control system based on the fuzzy logic controller. For validation, we have utilized COMSOL Multiphysics software and then one prototyped enclosure along with the fuzzy control system. Our experimental measurement exhibits its efficacy compared to the other design options.

scholarly journals Faraday Instabilities Leading to Electrochemomechanical Generation of Sub-μA ACupon Application of DC Voltage Across Free Standing Oil-water Interfaces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arindam Kushagra ◽  
Akshaya Pandey ◽  
Ayanava Giri ◽  
Diyasa Bazal ◽  
Anup Kumar Pradhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Unconventional Computing ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Immiscible Liquids ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Interfacial Films ◽  
Substantial Interest ◽  
Curved Interface

In this article, we report the generation of alternating current by application of constant and ramping DC voltages across oil-water interfaces. The work reported here can be broadly divided into two parts depending on the shapes of oil-water interfaces i.e. flattened and curved. In the first part, an alternating current of ~100 nA (amplitude)was generated by applying a constant DC voltage of -3V& above across a free standing and flattened oil-water interface.In another part, an alternating current of ~150 nA (amplitude) was generated by applying a ramping up DC voltage starting from -5V to 5V, then again ramping back down to -5V for the free standing and curved interface. The suggested qualitative mechanism that engenders such a phenomenon includes the oil-water interface acting like a membrane. This membrane oscillates due to the electrophoretic movement of ions present in aqueous phase by application of a DC voltage across the interface.This electrophoretic movement of ions across oil-water interfaces causes the Faraday instabilities leading to oscillations of the said interface.This method could also be used to study the stress levels in the interfacial films between two immiscible liquids. It explores more-than-Moore’s paradigm by finding a substitute to a conventional alternator/inverter that generates alternating current upon applying DC voltage input. This work would be of substantial interest to researchers exploring alternatives to conventional AC generators that can be used in liquid environments and in the design of novel integrated circuits that could be used for unconventional computing applications.

scholarly journals Supramolecular architectures of molecularly thin yet robust free-standing layers

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. eaav4489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Moradi ◽  
Nadia L. Opara ◽  
Ludovico G. Tulli ◽  
Christian Wäckerlin ◽  
Scott J. Dalgarno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Electron Radiation ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Supramolecular Architectures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Noncovalent Bonds ◽  
Monomolecular Layers ◽  
Molecular Layers

Stable, single-nanometer thin, and free-standing two-dimensional layers with controlled molecular architectures are desired for several applications ranging from (opto-)electronic devices to nanoparticle and single-biomolecule characterization. It is, however, challenging to construct these stable single molecular layers via self-assembly, as the cohesion of those systems is ensured only by in-plane bonds. We herein demonstrate that relatively weak noncovalent bonds of limited directionality such as dipole-dipole (–CN⋅⋅⋅NC–) interactions act in a synergistic fashion to stabilize crystalline monomolecular layers of tetrafunctional calixarenes. The monolayers produced, demonstrated to be free-standing, display a well-defined atomic structure on the single-nanometer scale and are robust under a wide range of conditions including photon and electron radiation. This work opens up new avenues for the fabrication of robust, single-component, and free-standing layers via bottom-up self-assembly.

scholarly journals Free-standing Ti3C2Txelectrode with ultrahigh volumetric capacitance

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 11998-12005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qishan Fu ◽  
Jing Wen ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
Lili Wu ◽  
Mingyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Volumetric Capacitance

The flexible and free-standing paper electrode with ultrahigh volumetric performance and outstanding stability was prepared based on the layered 2D Ti3C2Tx, which demonstrates the potential applications in small-sized electronic devices.

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