scholarly journals Design and optimization of cost-effective coldproof portable enclosures for polar environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 6251
Author(s):  
Behzad Parsi ◽  
Lihong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Thermal Resistors

Based on the International Electrotechnical Commission standards, the electronic devices in the industrial class (e.g., integrated circuits or batteries) can only operate at the ambient temperature between -40°C and 85°C. For the human-involved regions in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Antarctica, extreme cold condition as low as -55°C might affect sensing electronic devices utilized in the scientific or industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a design and optimization methodology for the self-heating portable enclosures, which can warm up the inner space from -55°C for encasing the low-cost industrial-class electronic devices instead of expensive military-class ones to work reliably within their allowed operating temperature limit. Among the other options, ceramic thermal resistors are selected as the heating elements inside the enclosure. The placement of the thermal resistors is studied with the aid of thermal modelling for the single heating device by using the curve fitting technique to achieve uniform temperature distribution within the enclosure. To maintain the inner temperature above -40°C but with the least power consumption from the thermal resistors, we have developed a control system based on the fuzzy logic controller. For validation, we have utilized COMSOL Multiphysics software and then one prototyped enclosure along with the fuzzy control system. Our experimental measurement exhibits its efficacy compared to the other design options.

scholarly journals Design and Optimization of Cost-Effective Coldproof Portable Enclosures for Polar Environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Parsi ◽  
Lihong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Thermal Resistors

Based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, the electronic devices in the industrial class (e.g., integrated circuits (ICs) or batteries) can only operate at the ambient temperature between -40°C and 85°C. For the human-involved regions in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Antarctica, extreme cold condition as low as -55°C might affect sensing electronic devices utilized in the scientific or industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a design and optimization methodology for the self-heating portable enclosures, which can warm up the inner space from -55°C for encasing the low-cost industrial-class electronic devices instead of expensive military-class ones to work reliably within their allowed operating temperature limit. By considering various factors (including hardness, thermal conductivity, cost, and lifetime), we determine to mainly use polycarbonate as the manufacturing material of the enclosure. Among the other options, ceramic thermal resistors are selected as the heating elements inside the enclosure. The placement of the thermal resistors is studied with the aid of thermal modelling for the single heating device by using the curve fitting technique to achieve uniform temperature distribution within the enclosure. To maintain the inner temperature above -40°C but with the least power consumption from the thermal resistors, we have developed a control system based on the fuzzy logic controller (FLC). For validation, we have first utilized COMSOL Multiphysics software and then prototyped one enclosure along with the control system. Our experimental measurement exhibits its efficacy compared to the other design options.

Research on the Control System of Sorting Machine for IC Chips Based on AVR Microcontroller

2011 ◽  
Vol 211-212 ◽  
pp. 540-544
Author(s):  
Jia Wen Hu ◽  
Xi Qiu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Power Module ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Sorting Machine ◽  
Electro Magnetic

IC- (Integrated circuits) sorting machine is a kind of special equipment used for testing, classifying and grading IC chips, which is of significances in IC industry. Traditionally, IC- sorting machine is controlled by industry personal computer (IPC), which bears disadvantages such as large size and high cost. By contrast, the control system for IC-sorting machines presented in this paper is based on micro control unit (MCU), which is of relatively high reliability as well as high stability but low cost. First, we gave an outline of the configuration and operation principle of the sorting machine. Second, the input and output (I/O) signals that should be controlled were classified. Last but not least, the control strategy was presented both from the hardware side and the software side. In terms of the hardware design, touch screen was adopted as the human interface device (HID) for the sake of convenience, and isolated power module as well as optical isolated module were applied to improve the anti- electro magnetic interference (EMI) performance; In terms of software design, mechanisms such as multi-task by-turn and timer interrupt delay were adopted to improve the operation efficiency.

scholarly journals SCADA-Based Heliostat Control System with a Fuzzy Logic Controller for the Heliostat Orientation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 2966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salgado-Plasencia ◽  
Carrillo-Serrano ◽  
Rivas-Araiza ◽  
Toledano-Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Control System ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Orientation Control ◽  
Wireless Communication Network ◽  
Remote Terminal ◽  
Control Command ◽  
Remote Terminal Unit

In central receiver systems, there are local controls that modify the position of the heliostats, where the trend is to increase the intelligence of the local controls in order to give them greater autonomy from the central control. This document describes the design and construction of a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)-based heliostat control system (HCS) with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the orientation control. The HCS includes a supervisory unit with a graphical user interface, a wireless communication network, and a stand-alone remote terminal unit (RTU) implemented on a low-cost microcontroller (MCU). The MCU uses a solar position algorithm with a maximal error of 0.0027° in order to compute the position of the sun and the desired angles of the heliostat, according to a control command sent by the supervisory unit. Afterwards, the FLC orients the heliostat to the desired position. The results show that the RTU can perform all the tasks and calculations for the orientation control by using only one low-cost microcontroller with a mean squared error less than 0.1°. Besides, the FLC orients the heliostat by using the same controller parameters in both axes. Therefore, it is not necessary to tune the controller parameters, as in the traditional PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers. The system can be adapted in order to control other two-axis solar-tracking systems.

Research on the Pulse Width Modulated Pneumatic Servo Systems with Long Transmission Lines

2011 ◽  
Vol 697-698 ◽  
pp. 537-540
Author(s):  
P. Zheng ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
J. Guo ◽  
W.H. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Servo Systems ◽  
Automatic Production ◽  
Pulse Width Modulated ◽  
Time Dynamics

This paper presents a nonlinear model of the pulse width modulated(PWM) pneumatic servo systems with long transmission lines which has a huge potential to be used in the automatic production lines and other industrial applications, for the advantages of low cost and clean. An averaging approach is adopted to describe the equivalent continuous-time dynamics of a PWM controlled nonlinear system. With this model, the simulation is taken with a fuzzy logic controller. The simulation results indicate that the PWM pneumatic servo system with long lines have good performance both in the position control and tracking ability.

scholarly journals Intelligent Multi-coloured Lighting System Design with Fuzzy Logic Controller

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-140
Author(s):  
Paul W. Mutua ◽  
Mwangi Mbuthia
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Control System ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Luminance Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controllers ◽  
Software Environment

This paper describes the design of an intelligent energy efficient lighting system that uses multi-colouredLEDs and a fuzzy logic controller to produce light of the required luminance level and colour in a typical roomspace. The lighting system incorporates automatic control of a room’s window shade opening, convenientlyharvesting daylight. Appropriate room occupancy sensors were set to dim off the LEDs if there are no people in theroom. A movement sensor was also considered for dimming the LEDs if the persons in the room are asleep. A colourdecoder was included in the control system, to determine the LEDs’ output light colour and dim them off if the colourrequirement is not selected. The colour decoder also closes the window shade if required light colour is not white.Two Fuzzy Logic controllers were used in the system; one to control opening of the room’s window shade viamicrocontroller, and the other to control the LEDs’ output luminance. The study was limited to simulation of thedesign in a MATLAB software environment using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox and Simulink blocks. The simulation testresults confirmed that the LEDs’ output luminance decreases as the amount of daylight entering the room increases.The designed system intelligently saves lighting electrical energy while maintaining the room’s comfortableillumination levels and colour requirements.

scholarly journals A Method to Compensate for the Errors Caused by Temperature in Structured-Light 3D Cameras

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2073
Author(s):  
Oriol Vila ◽  
Imma Boada ◽  
David Raba ◽  
Esteve Farres
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Depth Map ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Hyperbolic Paraboloid ◽  
Thermal Chamber ◽  
Low Computational Cost

Although low cost red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D) cameras are factory calibrated, to meet the accuracy requirements needed in many industrial applications proper calibration strategies have to be applied. Generally, these strategies do not consider the effect of temperature on the camera measurements. The aim of this paper is to evaluate this effect considering an Orbbec Astra camera. To analyze this camera performance, an experimental study in a thermal chamber has been carried out. From this experiment, it has been seen that produced errors can be modeled as an hyperbolic paraboloid function. To compensate for this error, a two-step method that first computes the error and then corrects it has been proposed. To compute the error two possible strategies are proposed, one based on the infrared distortion map and the other on the depth map. The proposed method has been tested in an experimental scenario with different Orbbec Astra cameras and also in a real environment. In both cases, its good performance has been demonstrated. In addition, the method has been compared with the Kinect v1 achieving similar results. Therefore, the proposed method corrects the error due to temperature, is simple, requires a low computational cost and might be applicable to other similar cameras.

SAE 1039

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Hot Rolled

Abstract SAF 1039 steel can be used in the hot-rolled, normalized, oil-quenched-and-tempered or water-quenched-and-tempered condition for general-purpose construction and engineering. Its manganese content is a little higher than some of the other standard carbon steels with comparable carbon levels; this gives it slightly higher hardenability and hardness. It provides medium strength and toughness at low cost. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-66. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

Policy analysis and complexity – a non-equilibrium approach for integrated water management

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govert D. Geldof
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Control System ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Equilibrium Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Groundwater Policy ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In integrated water management, the issues are often complex by nature, they are capable of subjective interpretation, are difficult to express in standards and exhibit many uncertainties. For such issues, an equilibrium approach is not appropriate. A non-equilibrium approach has to be applied. This implies that the processes to which the integrated issue pertains, are regarded as “alive”’. Instead of applying a control system as the model for tackling the issue, a network is used as the model. In this network, several “agents”’ are involved in the modification, revision and rearrangement of structures. It is therefore an on-going renewal process (perpetual novelty). In the planning process for the development of a groundwater policy for the municipality of Amsterdam, a non-equilibrium approach was adopted. In order to do justice to the integrated character of groundwater management, an approach was taken, containing the following features: (1) working from global to detailed, (2) taking account of the history of the system, (3) giving attention to communication, (4) building flexibility into the establishing of standards, and (5) combining reason and emotions. A middle course was sought, between static, rigid but reliable on the one hand; dynamic, flexible but vague on the other hand.

Using Low Temperature, Cost-effective and Green Methods to Carbon Nanohorn Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Ali Hasani
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Reaction Field ◽  
Carbon Nanohorns ◽  
Graphite Rod

Background: Laser ablation method has high-yield and pure SWCNHs. On the other hand, arc discharge methods have low-cost production of SWCNHs. However, these techniques have more desirable features, they need special expertness to use high power laser or high current discharge that either of them produces very high temperature. As for the researches, the temperatures of these techniques are higher than 4727°C to vaporize the graphite. So, to become aware of the advantages of SWCNHs, it is necessary to find a new way to synthesize SWCNHs at a lower temperature. In other words, reaction field can be expandable at a moderate temperature. This paper reports a new way to synthesize SWCNHs at an extremely reduced temperature. Methods: According to this study, the role of N2 is the protection of the copper holder supporting the graphite rod by increasing heat transfer from the holder. After the current of 70 A was supplied to the system, the temperature of graphite rod was raised to 1600°C. It is obvious that this temperature is somehow higher than the melting point of palladium, 1555°C, and much lower than graphite melting point, 3497°C. Results: Based on the results, there are transitional precursors simultaneous with the SWCNHs. This composition can be created by distortion of the primary SWCNTs at the higher temperature. Subsequently, each SWCNTs have a tendency to be broken into individual horns. With increasing the concentration of the free horns, bud-like SWCNHs can be produced. Moreover, there are individual horns almost separated from the mass of single wall carbon nanohorns. This structure is not common in SWCNHs synthesized by the usual method such as arc discharge or laser ablation. Through these regular techniques, SWCNHs are synthesized as cumulative particles with diameters about 30-150 nm. Conclusion: A simple heating is needed for SWCNTs transformation to SWCNHs with the presence of palladium as catalyst. The well-thought-out mechanism for this transformation is that SWCNTs were initially changed to highly curled shape, and after that were formed into small independent horns. The other rout to synthesize SWCNHs is the pyrolysis of palm olein at 950°C with the assistance of zinc nitrate and ferrocene. Palm olein was used as a promising, bio-renewable and inexpensive carbon source for the production of carbon nanohorns.

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