Fast Color Detection with Two-Terminal P-I-I-N Devices

AbstractIn order to overcome the intrinsic speed limitation of amorphous silicon nipin color sensors we present an alternative way of achieving bias-controlled spectral sensitivity of two-terminal thin film devices, piin structures with appropriate band gap and thickness of their single layers can be used as photodetectors that are able to sequentially extract different color signals. Color separation is achieved by controlling the absorption and electric field profile across these piin devices, and thanks to the differences in electron and hole transport properties. Because in contrast to nipin devices there is no need for reverting readout voltages for color separation, this type of sensors can be operated at much higher readout frequencies. Spectral response and bias voltage transients have been analysed up to 20kHz, and preliminiary data are presented on the optimization of speed, dynamic range and color separation by varying bandgap and thickness of p- and i-layers. Furthermore a three-color sensor has been realized by introducing an additional intrinsic layer.

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Two-Dimensional Amorphous Silicon Color Sensor Array

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-664-a18.1 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 664 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. Lemmi ◽

M. Mulato ◽

J. Ho ◽

R. Lau ◽

J. P. Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Silicon ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Imaging System ◽

Color Image ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Leakage Currents ◽

Color Sensor ◽

Low Leakage ◽

Color Sensors ◽

Silicon Based

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on the first full realization and characterization of a two-dimensional array of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) color sensors, addressed by integrated amorphous silicon-based thin-film transistors (TFTs). The array includes 512 × 512 pixels with 75-µm pitch, or about 340 dpi. Each pixel features a color sensor realized by a p-i-n-i-p stack of doped and undoped a-Si:H layers, and the TFT. The color sensors are made of two back-to-back p-i-n diodes, which selectively sense the illumination according to the polarity of the applied bias voltage. The sensor layers are grown on top of the TFTs to improve the array fill factor. The p-in-i-p sensor stack is mesa-isolated into single sensors to reduce cross-talk.Images are acquired using two bias voltages and yield the red and blue/green components of the original with a good color separation. A color image is reconstructed using the information from the two images acquired. Aside from a color bias, which is expected for a two-color reconstruction, the imaging system works well. In particular, the array shows very low leakage currents, which enable a very large dynamic range and sensitivity. In the response of the array to a light pulse, the bottom thick diode ensures a fast drop in the signal after the flash, while the top thin diode exhibits some residual image lag.

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Amorphous Silicon Three Color Detector

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-377-815 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 377 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

H. Stiebig ◽

J. Giehl ◽

D. Knipp ◽

P. Rieve ◽

M. Böhm

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Silicon ◽

Analytical Model ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Circuit Simulation ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Simulation Program ◽

Response Curves ◽

Pool Model ◽

Color Sensors

ABSTRACTBand gap and defect engineered amorphous silicon based nipin photo diodes with bias controlled spectral response have been fabricated successfully. The devices exhibit good linearity over a wide illumination range and linearly independent spectral response curves which are required to generate a standard RGB-signal. In the bias range from -1.5 V to 1.5 V a dynamic range exceeding 90 dB for two color sensors and 80 dB for three color sensors has been observed. The general operation principle of the multispectral photo diode is discussed using a numerical simulation program. The model describes the defect state distribution of dangling bonds according to the defect-pool model and uses coherent wave propagation in the device to calculate the profile of photo generated carriers. Additionally, an analytical model has been developed to be included into standard circuit simulation programs like SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). The analytical model uses linear field approximations in both i-layers of the device.

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Investigation of a-Si:H PH(1)N Color Detector Operation

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-507-389 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 507 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Topiĉ ◽

F. Smole ◽

J. Furlan

Keyword(s):

Spectral Response ◽

Transparent Conducting Oxide ◽

Light Sensitivity ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Rejection Ratio ◽

Color Separation ◽

Transparent Conducting ◽

Color Detection ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Numerical Simulator

ABSTRACTUsing numerical simulator, the operational principle of two-terminal a-Si:H based three-color detectors with the multi-layer multi-bandgap PIN or PIIiN structure is investigated. Two different approaches, which lead to bias-controlled three-color detection, are described and evaluated in terms of spectral response, rejection ratio, color suppression, illumination intensity and bias-light. For both PIIN and PIIN structure, bias-light dependence and intensity dependence is investigated. Numerical simulation results showed strong negative correlation between color separation and bias-light sensitivity. The importance of the transparent conducting oxide for the three-color detection limits is demonstrated.

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Use of Multiple Bacteriophage-Based Structural Color Sensors to Improve Accuracy for Discrimination of Geographical Origins of Agricultural Products

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21030986 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 986

Author(s):

Daun Seol ◽

Daeil Jang ◽

Kyungjoon Cha ◽

Jin-Woo Oh ◽

Hoeil Chung

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Products ◽

Support Vector ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Discrimination Accuracy ◽

M13 Bacteriophage ◽

Color Changes ◽

Color Sensor ◽

Improve Accuracy ◽

Color Sensors ◽

Unique Individual

A single M13 bacteriophage color sensor was previously utilized for discriminating the geographical origins of agricultural products (garlic, onion, and perilla). The resulting discrimination accuracy was acceptable, ranging from 88.6% to 94.0%. To improve the accuracy further, the use of three separate M13 bacteriophage color sensors containing different amino acid residues providing unique individual color changes (Wild sensor: glutamic acid (E)-glycine (G)-aspartic acid (D), WHW sensor: tryptophan (W)-histidine (H)-tryptophan (W), 4E sensor: four repeating glutamic acids (E)) was proposed. This study was driven by the possibility of enhancing sample discrimination by combining mutually characteristic and complimentary RGB signals obtained from each color sensor, which resulted from dissimilar interactions of sample odors with the employed color sensors. When each color sensor was used individually, the discrimination accuracy based on support vector machine (SVM) ranged from 91.8–94.0%, 88.6–90.3%, and 89.8–92.1% for garlic, onion, and perilla samples, respectively. Accuracy improved to 98.0%, 97.5%, and 97.1%, respectively, by integrating all of the RGB signals acquired from the three color sensors. Therefore, the proposed strategy was effective for improving sample discriminability. To further examine the dissimilar responses of each color sensor to odor molecules, typical odor components in the samples (allyl disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, and perillaldehyde) were measured using each color sensor, and differences in RGB signals were analyzed.

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Ultraviolet vision in larval Neogonodactylus oerstedii

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.243256 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Marisa S. McDonald ◽

Sitara Palecanda ◽

Jonathan H. Cohen ◽

Megan L. Porter

Keyword(s):

Visual Pigment ◽

Molecular Diversity ◽

Animal Kingdom ◽

Uv Sensitivity ◽

Color Detection ◽

Uv Vision ◽

Ultraviolet Vision ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Different Color ◽

Spectral Channels

Stomatopod crustaceans have among the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom, with up to twelve different color detection channels. The capabilities of these unique eyes include photoreception of ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (<400 nm). UV vision has been well characterized in adult stomatopods but has not been previously demonstrated in the comparatively simpler larval eye. Larval stomatopod eyes are developmentally distinct from their adult counterpart and have been described as lacking the visual pigment diversity and morphological specializations found in adult eyes. However, recent studies have provided evidence that larval stomatopod eyes are more complex than previously thought and warrant closer investigation. Using electroretinogram recordings in live animals we found physiological evidence of blue and UV sensitive photoreceptors in larvae of the Caribbean stomatopod species Neogonodactylus oerstedii. Transcriptomes of individual larvae were used to identify the expression of three distinct UV opsins transcripts, which may indicate the presence of multiple UV spectral channels. This is the first paper to document UV vision in any larval stomatopod, expanding our understanding of the importance of UV sensitivity in plankton. Similar to adults, larval stomatopod eyes are more complex than expected and contain previously uncharacterized molecular diversity and physiological functions.

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Deteksi Zona pada KRSTI dengan Sensor Warna TCS3200

Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro ◽

10.12928/biste.v1i2.955 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Ahmad Imam Bardani ◽

Nuryono Satya Widodo

Keyword(s):

Success Rate ◽

Blue Light ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Dance Movement ◽

Light Blue ◽

Color Sensor ◽

Automation Control ◽

Different Color ◽

The Right

Robot seni tari Lanange Jagad untuk lomba Kontes Robot Seni Tari Indonesia (KRSTI) belum mampu membedakan zona warna pada arena yang menyebabkan robot melakukan gerakan tarian yang tidak sesuai dengan tempatnya. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan kontrol otomatisasi menggunakan sensor warna TCS3200. TCS3200 akan memperoleh komposisi RGB yang tepat menggunakan perhitungan frekuensi. Hasil yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah robot seni tari Lanange Jagad dapat membedakan zona dengan memanfaatkan warna merah, biru, biru muda, hijau, dan putih dengan tingkat keberhasilan 84%. Ketika robot mendeteksi warna yang sudah ditentukan pada setiap zona, robot akan secara otomatis melakukan gerakan tari yang sudah disesuaikan dengan zona tersebut. Saat robot masuk ke zona warna berbeda maka robot akan menghentikan gerakan tari pada zona sebelumnya dan memanggil gerakan tari selanjutnya. Namun masih terdapat banyak noise saat melakukan pengujian sehingga nilai RGB yang digunakan untuk memanggil gerakan tari berubah sehingga robot tidak merespons perintah yang dimasukkan pada program. Nilai RGB yang stabil di dapatkan pada kondisi kaki robot menapak atau bersentuhan langsung dengan zona warna, nilai tersebut yang digunakan untuk pemanggilan gerakan tari.The Lanange Jagad dance robot for the Indonesian Robot Dance Contest (KRSTI) has not been able to distinguish the color zone in the arena that causes the robot to perform dance moves that are not in accordance with its place. Therefore we need automation control using the TCS3200 color sensor. TCS3200 will obtain the right RGB composition using frequency calculations. The results achieved in this study are the Lanange Jagad dance robot can distinguish zones by utilizing red, blue, light blue, green, and white with a success rate of 84%. When the robot detects the colors that have been determined in each zone, the robot will automatically perform dance moves that have been adapted to the zone. When the robot enters a different color zone, the robot will stop the dance movement in the previous zone and call the next dance movement. However, there is still a lot of noise when testing so that the RGB value used to call dance moves changes so that the robot does not respond to commands entered in the program. A stable RGB value is obtained when the robot's foot steps or comes into direct contact with the color zone, the value that is used for calling dance moves.

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Design of System for Determining Corn Seed Color Quality Standards using the Fuzzy Logic Method through the Localhost Network

Jurnal Jartel Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi ◽

10.33795/jartel.v8i1.167 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 62-70

Author(s):

Reksa Nirvana Alam

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Logic ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Seed Color ◽

Accuracy Rate ◽

Corn Seed ◽

Color Sensor ◽

Color Sensors

Control of quality standards is very important role in ensuring corn on the market. Corn seed quality standards are determined from the results of classification process applied. So far, evaluation process of classification of corn seeds quality is still done manually which takes a long time and the quality of product is'nt evenly distributed. So, we need a tool to determine corn seeds quality to improve its quality. This study conducted color readings of corn seeds using TCS230 color sensors and sorting diameter of corn seeds using a small, medium, and large diameter sieve machine. The method for classifying quality standard of corn seed color uses fuzzy logic. The test was carried out by taking data from 3 TCS230 color sensors on each diameter of the sieve machine for corn seeds types used are BISI-2 and BIMA-19. The sensor accuracy is known by comparing data from sensor with data from Color Grab application. The reading results of BISI-2 on the color sensor-1 shows an accuracy rate of 0.3%, the color sensor-2 shows an accuracy rate of 0.72%, and the color sensor-3 shows an accuracy rate of 1.76%. For BIMA-19 corn seeds, the reading on color sensor-1 shows an accuracy of 1.11%, the color sensor-2 shows an accuracy of 24.6%, the color sensor-3 shows an accuracy of 1.10%. The results of fuzzy testing on BISI-2 and BIMA-19 showed that quality standard of maize seeds was good at medium and large diameters, while those on small diameters showed poor quality standards.

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Monolithic Integrated a-Si:H based pin-Diodes with Orthogonal Liquid Light Guidance Structures for Lab-on-Microchip Applications

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-0989-a10-04 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 989 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Heiko Schäfer ◽

Konstantin Seibel ◽

Lars Schöler ◽

Markus Böhm

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Range ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Liquid Core ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Optical Excitation ◽

Excitation Light ◽

Active Sensor ◽

Total Analysis ◽

Silicon Based ◽

Sensor Detection

AbstractWe report the fabrication of an amorphous silicon based fluorescence sensor for miniaturized total analysis systems along with experimental results on optical excitation and detection elements. The pin-photodiode exhibits a dynamic range of 110dB and a room temperature dark current of less than 3000 charge carriers per ms according to a detector area of 0.1256mm2. The spectral response is ranging from 320nm to 780nm with a maximum at 600nm @ 80% quantum efficiency. To provide high sensitivity, the excitation light irradiates the fluid orthogonally to the active sensor detection direction by means of specifically designed microfluidic capillaries filled with e.g. methylene iodide or 1,2-o-dibrombenzene. The liquid core, which is enclosed by solid cladding materials, has been calculated to dimensions of a width of 16.75µm or 59.67µm with a height from 15µm to 50µm according to a number of propagating modes inside of 16 or 57, respectively.

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An Optical Filter-Less CMOS Image Sensor with Differential Spectral Response Pixels for Simultaneous UV-Selective and Visible Imaging

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20010013 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Yhang Ricardo Sipauba Carvalho da Silva ◽

Rihito Kuroda ◽

Shigetoshi Sugawa

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Spectral Sensitivity ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Uv Light ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Cmos Image Sensor ◽

Image Sensor ◽

Oxide Semiconductor ◽

Conversion Gain ◽

Uv Sensitivity

This paper presents a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) capable of capturing UV-selective and visible light images simultaneously by a single exposure and without employing optical filters, suitable for applications that require simultaneous UV and visible light imaging, or UV imaging in variable light environment. The developed CIS is composed by high and low UV sensitivity pixel types, arranged alternately in a checker pattern. Both pixel types were designed to have matching sensitivities for non-UV light. The UV-selective image is captured by extracting the differential spectral response between adjacent pixels, while the visible light image is captured simultaneously by the low UV sensitivity pixels. Also, to achieve high conversion gain and wide dynamic range simultaneously, the lateral overflow integration capacitor (LOFIC) technology was introduced in both pixel types. The developed CIS has a pixel pitch of 5.6 µm and exhibits 172 µV/e− conversion gain, 131 ke− full well capacity (FWC), and 92.3 dB dynamic range. The spectral sensitivity ranges of the high and low UV sensitivity pixels are of 200–750 nm and 390–750 nm, respectively. The resulting sensitivity range after the differential spectral response extraction is of 200–480 nm. This paper presents details regarding the CIS pixels structures, doping profiles, device simulations, and the measurement results for photoelectric response and spectral sensitivity for both pixel types. Also, sample images of UV-selective and visible spectral imaging using the developed CIS are presented.

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