Interaction of UO2 and Zircaloy During the Chernobyl Accident

1996 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Ushakov ◽  
B. E. Burakov ◽  
S. I. Shabalev ◽  
E. B. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Uranium Oxide ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Liquid Immiscibility ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The West ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Core ◽  
Different Types

ABSTRACTA summary of the results collected during the studies of the products of a chemical interaction between uranium oxide fuel and Zircaloy cladding in the Chernobyl accident is presented in this paper. The reaction products are mainly Zr-U-containing phases with different U/Zr ratio and are described on the basis of electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The Zr-U-bearing phases were discovered among the inclusions in different types of Chernobyl fuel-containing masses (”lava”) inside the destroyed 4th Unit and in hot particles collected up to 12 km from the 4th Unit along the West Plume. A correlation of data on the chemical composition and phase interrelations obtained in investigated samples with a phase diagram of Zr(O) - UO2 shows, that a temperature >1900 °C was reached in a part of the core before the explosion. The detection of hot particle with segregated morphology points out that liquid immiscibility existed between U-rich and Zr-rich melts. This and other observations indicate that the core temperature locally was above 2400–2600°C.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Clay Polymer Nanocomposites of P(4VP-co-AAm) and Their Application for the Removal of Atrazine

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Ramírez-Gómez ◽  
Javier Illescas ◽  
María del Carmen Díaz-Nava ◽  
Claudia Muro-Urista ◽  
Sonia Martínez-Gallegos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Synthesized Materials

Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide which is applied to the soil, and its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of photosynthesis. One of its main functions is to control the appearance of weeds in crops, primarily in corn, sorghum, sugar cane, and wheat; however, it is very toxic for numerous species, including humans. Therefore, this work deals with the adsorption of ATZ from aqueous solutions using nanocomposite materials, synthesized with two different types of organo-modified clays. Those were obtained by the free radical polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and acrylamide (AAm) in different stoichiometric ratios, using tetrabutylphosphonium persulfate (TBPPS) as a radical initiator and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) as cross-linking agent. The structural, morphological, and textural characteristics of clays, copolymers, and nanocomposites were determined through different analytical and instrumental techniques, i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Adsorption kinetics experiments of ATZ were determined with the modified and synthesized materials, and the effect of the ratio between 4VP and AAm moieties on the removal capacities of the obtained nanocomposites was evaluated. Finally, from these sets of experiments, it was demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposites with higher molar fractions of 4VP obtained the highest removal percentages of ATZ.

scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Mesoporous Silica-Calcium Phosphate Composites for Dental Application

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Adrian Szewczyk ◽  
Adrianna Skwira ◽  
Marta Ginter ◽  
Donata Tajer ◽  
Magdalena Prokopowicz
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Octacalcium Phosphate ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Coating Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Calcium Orthophosphates ◽  
Different Types

Herein, the microwave-assisted wet precipitation method was used to obtain materials consisting of mesoporous silica (SBA-15) and calcium orthophosphates (CaP). Composites were prepared through immersion of mesoporous silica in different calcification coating solutions and then exposed to microwave radiation. The composites were characterized in terms of molecular structure, crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition, and mineralization potential by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The application of microwave irradiation resulted in the formation of different types of calcium orthophosphates such as calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on the SBA-15 surface, depending on the type of coating solution. The composites for which the progressive formation of hydroxyapatite during incubation in simulated body fluid was observed were further used in the production of final pharmaceutical forms: membranes, granules, and pellets. All of the obtained pharmaceutical forms preserved mineralization properties.

Determination of crystallinity of Chinese handmade papers by means of X-ray diffraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Hongbin Zhang ◽  
Sinong Wang ◽  
Hui Yu ◽  
Bingjie Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Eulaliopsis Binata ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Xrd Method

AbstractThe crystallinity indices (CrI) of Chinese handmade papers were investigated using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Four Chinese handmade papers, Yingchun, Zhuma, Yuanshu and Longxucao papers were used as model substrates of mulberry bark, ramie, bamboo and Eulaliopsis binata papers, respectively. Two forms of the paper samples, paper sheets and their comminuted powders, were used in this study. The results showed that their XRD patterns belong to the cellulose-I type and Iβ dominates the cellulose microstructure of these paper samples. Moreover, it was found that the microstructures and CrIs of cellulose of these papers were changed by the grinding treatment. This work suggested that the sheet form of the handmade papers is suitable to determine CrI by XRD, despite the contribution of non-cellulosic components in the papers. The order of CrIs for these paper sheet samples was Yingchun, Zhuma, Longxucao and Yuanshu papers. Besides CrIs, differences in cross-sectional areas of the crystalline zone of cellulose can be used for comparing different types of handmade papers. It was also found that the CrIs and crystallite size of paper cellulose varied between the sheet samples and the powder samples, illustrating that the pulverisation has a negative influence on the microstructure of the handmade papers.

Unprecedented Hexa- and Undecanuclear Frameworks of Two New Tin(IV) Oxo Clusters Resulting from Partial Debenzylation Reactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1293-s1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Plasseraud ◽  
Hélène Cattey ◽  
Philippe Richard
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
1H Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
State Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Neutral Cluster ◽  
Broad Resonance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Core

A new and facile synthetic route to the known neutral cluster ((PhCH2)2SnO)6[((PhCH2)2SnOH)2- (CO3)]2 (2) as well as its reactivity toward trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HO3SCF3, TfOH) are reported. The solid-state structure of the new solvate 2·6C7H8 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The core of 2 can be described as a pair of coplanar pentanuclear [(PhCH2)2SnO]5 ladders bridged at their ends by two carbonate groups. Successive additions of TfOH to a suspension of 2 in CD3CN were monitored by 119Sn{1H} NMR spectroscopy showing the transformation of the fingerprint of 2 (δ = −244, −246, −306 ppm), via new upfield signals, to a final broad resonance located at δ = −474 ppm. Thereafter, two unprecedented ionic monobenzyltin(IV) oxo clusters, 3 and 4, resulting from a debenzylation reaction and exhibiting unusual hexa- and undecanuclear frameworks, respectively, have been isolated as single crystals.

scholarly journals Chirality, Gelation Ability and Crystal Structure: Together or Apart? Alkyl Phenyl Ethers of Glycerol as Simple LMWGs

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 732
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Bredikhin ◽  
Aidar T. Gubaidullin ◽  
Zemfira A. Bredikhina ◽  
Robert R. Fayzullin ◽  
Olga A. Lodochnikova
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Chiral Recognition ◽  
Soft Materials ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Gelators ◽  
Phenyl Ethers

Chiral recognition plays an important role in the self-assembly of soft materials, in particular supramolecular organogels formed by low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs). Out of 14 pairs of the studied racemic and enantiopure samples of alkyl-substituted phenyl ethers of glycerol, only eight enantiopure diols form the stable gels in nonane. The formation of gels from solutions was studied by polarimetry, and their degradation with the formation of xerogels was studied by the PXRD method. The revealed crystalline characteristics of all studied xerogels corresponded to those for crystalline samples of the parent gelators. In addition to those previously investigated, crystalline samples of enantiopure para-n-alkylphenyl glycerol ethers [alkyl = pentyl (5), hexyl (6), heptyl (7), octyl (8), nonyl (9)] and racemic 3-(3,5-dimethylphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol (rac-14) have been examined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Among 22 samples of compounds 1-14 studied by SC-XRD, seven different types of supramolecular motifs are identified, of which only two are realized in crystals of supramolecular gelators. An attempt was made to relate the ability to gel formation with the characteristics of the supramolecular motif of a potential gelling agent, and the frequency of formation of the motif, required for gelation, with the chiral characteristics of the sample.

The structures of benzimidazole derivatives and their potential as tuberculostatics

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1684-1691
Author(s):  
Marek L. Główka ◽  
Sylwia Kałużyńska ◽  
Malwina Krause ◽  
Katarzyna Gobis ◽  
Henryk Foks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Benzimidazole Derivatives ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Aromatic Systems ◽  
Better Than

Tuberculosis still remains a very important problem, especially its multidrug resistant varieties (MDR-TB). Among the potential tuberculostatics, there are two benzimidazole derivatives, namely 5,6-dimethyl-2-phenylethylbenzo[d]imidazole (1) and (E)-5,6-dimethyl-2-styryl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (2) which showed significant tuberculostatic activities, better than those of Pyrazinamide and Isoniazyd. Also, the cytotoxicity of 1 appeared promising. The compounds were studied (with the use of X-ray diffraction) in the form of the hemihydrate of 1, C17H18N2·0.5H2O (1a), the methanol hemisolvate of 2, C17H16N2·0.5CH3OH (2a), and the acid oxalate salt of 2, namely (E)-5,6-dimethyl-2-styryl-1H-benzo[d]imidazolium hydrogen oxalate, C17H17N2 +·C2HO4 − (2b). All three structures reveal a similar extended conformation, despite the flexible linker between the two aromatic systems and the different types of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The molecules of 2a are practically planar due to the double bond in the linker, which enables conjugation along the whole molecule, while the molecules of 1a exhibit the possibility of parallel orientations of their aromatic systems, despite the aliphatic (ethyl) linker.

The mineralogy and firing behaviour of pottery clays of the Lake Van region, eastern Turkey

Clay Minerals ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aras ◽  
S. Kiliç
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Firing Shrinkage

AbstractThe present study focused on the mineralogical and chemical characterization and firing behaviour of clays from the Lake Van region and compared them with the same characteristics established for two ancient pot sherds. Four pottery clays collected from Kutki and Kuşluk in the Kesan Valley to the south, from Kavakbaşı to the southwest and from Bardakçı village on the east coast of Lake Van were analysed by X-ray diffraction to identify mineralogical composition (bulk clays and <2 μm fractions after heating at 300–500°C and ethylene glycol solvation). Further analyses were conducted to determine the size distribution, chemical composition and physical properties of test bodies derived from these clays. The in situ weathered schist forming the primary micaceous red clays which are suitable for local pottery production are characterized by large muscovite-sericite-illite and small calcite contents. In contrast, the Bardakçı clays are dominated by large smectite contents and are only used sparingly in mixtures of local pottery production because they undergo firing shrinkage and present drying and firing flaws in the fired bodies. Firing ranges of ~800–900°C were inferred from the mineralogy and colours of the two ancient sherds from Kutki. As a result of mineralogical analysis of fired and unfired test bodies of these pottery clays and pot sherds, two different types of pastes were determined for pottery production in the Lake Van region: metamorphic and volcanic paste, the former characterized by a calcite-poor and mica-sericite-rich matrix and the latter by large smectite and small calcite contents.

scholarly journals Supramolecular architectures of 4-hydroxytetraphenylporphyrin with aza-donors

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C554-C554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purnendu Nandy ◽  
V. Pedireddi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Complexes ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Supramolecular Architectures ◽  
Detailed Structural Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Solvent Molecules ◽  
Molecular Adducts

Molecular adducts of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (1) with aza-donors like 4,4'-bipyridine (a), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (b), trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (c), 4,4'-trimethylene-dipyridine (d), phenazine (e), 1,10-phenanthroline (f), 1,7-phenanthroline (g) and 4,7-phenanthroline (h) have been prepared. All the molecular complexes are crystallized along with the solvent of crystallization, except in the complex with the aza-donor b. Detailed structural analysis of the obtained complexes has been carried out by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The three dimensional structures of the molecular adducts are facilitated by directional hydrogen bonding features of hydroxyl groups with aza donors as well as solvent molecules, leading to the formation of different types of supramolecular architectures like sheets, tapes, host-guest assembly etc. For example, in the complex of 1 and aza donor a, which crystallizes as a hydrate, the porphyrin molecules interact with water and 4,4'-bipyridine through O-H...O and O-H...N hydrogen bonds, which leads to the formation of molecular sheets in two dimensional arrangement. An important noteworthy observation is that the molecular complexes are crystalline even after removal of the solvents by heating, as characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Further, all the complexes are found to be fluorescence sensitive, perhaps due to the porphyrin molecules.

scholarly journals Synthesis, characterization and structure of the Bis(methyl-cyclopentadienyl)vanadium(IV) carboxylates

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromír Vinklarek ◽  
Jan Honzíĉek ◽  
Ivana Císařová ◽  
Martin Pavliŝta ◽  
Jana Holubová
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Monocarboxylic Acids ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chelate Compounds ◽  
Parameter Values

AbstractThe 1,1’-dimethylvanadocene dichloride ((C5H4CH3)2VCl2) reacts in aqueous solution with various carboxylic acids giving two different types of complexes. The 1,1’-dimethylvanadocene complexes of monocarboxylic acids (C5H4CH3)2V(OOCR)2 (R=H,CCl3, CF3, C6H5) contain two monodentate carboxylic ligands, whereas oxalic and malonic acids act as chelate compounds of the formula (C5H4CH3)2V(OOC-A-COO) (A=−, CH2). The structure of the (C5H4CH3)2 V(OOCCF3)2 complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The isotropic and anisotropic EPR spectra of all the complexes prepared were recorded. The obtained EPR parameter values were found to be in agreement with proposed structures.

On the Reaction of ortho-Diphenoquinone Valence Isomers with Primary and Secondary Amines. X-Ray Structure Analysis of a 2,3-Dihydro-1H-azepinone and its Photochemical and Oxidative Conversion Products

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Becker ◽  
K Gustafsson ◽  
CL Raston ◽  
AH White
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Oxidative Conversion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Primary And Secondary Amines ◽  
Diffraction Structure ◽  
Structure Determinations ◽  
Photochemical Isomerization

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure determinations are reported for three reaction products and photoisomers formed from reactions between an o-diphenoquinone valence isomer and primary and secondary amines, namely: 3,5-di-t-butyl-7-(3,5-di-t-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-azepin-2-one (8; R1 = R2 = But, R3 = Me), its photochemical isomerization product 4,6-di-t-butyl-1-(3,5-di-t-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3,2,0]hept-6-en-3-one (9; R1 = R2 = But, R3 = Me) and 4',5,7-tri-t-butyl-3'-(2,2-dimethylpropionyl)-1'-methylspiro[benzofuran-3(2H)-2'- pyrrolidinel-2,5'-dione (12; R1 = R2 = But, R3 = Me).

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