Persistent Questions About The Oxygen Donor In Silicon

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stavola
Keyword(s):  
Formation Kinetics ◽  
Oxygen Donor ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Made In

In spite of 30 years of study the most basic questions about the oxygen donor in silicon remain unanswered. There are not accepted models for the structure or formation kinetics. There is not even agreement on what the donor's constituents are. Nonetheless, substantial progress has been made in this field in recent years [1] that narrows model ideas and helps to focus continuing research.

THE STATUS OF TWO-NEUTRINO AND NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY SEARCHES

1993 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 507-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. MOE
Keyword(s):  
Beta Decay ◽  
Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay ◽  
Double Beta Decay ◽  
Experimental Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Direct Counting ◽  
Made In

Substantial progress has been made in double beta decay experiments in the past few years, including the beginning of sensitive new searches for neutrinoless double beta decay, and several additional positive detections of the two-neutrino mode by geochemical, radiochemical, and direct-counting techniques. This review discusses the recent experimental activity.

scholarly journals Rings whose additive endomorphisms are ring endomorphisms

1990 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Birkenmeier ◽  
Henry Heatherly
Keyword(s):  
Subdirectly Irreducible ◽  
Finiteness Conditions ◽  
Chain Conditions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Open Case ◽  
Ring Endomorphism ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Additive Endomorphism ◽  
Made In

A ring R is said to be an AE-ring if every additive endomorphism is a ring endomorphism. In this paper further steps are made toward solving Sullivan's Problem of characterising these rings. The classification of AE-rings with. R3 ≠ 0 is completed. Complete characterisations are given for AE-rings which are either: (i) subdirectly irreducible, (ii) algebras over fields, or (iii) additively indecomposable. Substantial progress is made in classifying AE-rings which are mixed – the last open case – by imposing various finiteness conditions (chain conditions on special ideals, height restricting conditions). Several open questions are posed.

scholarly journals Clinical and Neurobiological Aspects of TAO Kinase Family in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Hu ◽  
Pan Feng ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Lin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Behavioral Impairment ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Made In

Despite the complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), from their genotype to phenotype, in the last few decades substantial progress has been made in understanding their pathophysiology. Recent accumulating evidence shows the relevance of genetic variants in thousand and one (TAO) kinases as major contributors to several NDDs. Although it is well-known that TAO kinases are a highly conserved family of STE20 kinase and play important roles in multiple biological processes, the emerging roles of TAO kinases in neurodevelopment and NDDs have yet to be intensively discussed. In this review article, we summarize the potential roles of the TAO kinases based on structural and biochemical analyses, present the genetic data from clinical investigations, and assess the mechanistic link between the mutations of TAO kinases, neuropathology, and behavioral impairment in NDDs. We then offer potential perspectives from basic research to clinical therapies, which may contribute to fully understanding how TAO kinases are involved in NDDs.

scholarly journals Symposium Summary: Fragmentation and Star Formation in Molecular Clouds

1991 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
A. E. Glassgold
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Molecular Clouds ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Made In ◽  
Easy Solution

This Symposium on fragmentation and star formation has dealt with the heart of the study of molecular clouds, which is how they form stars. This problem is one of the most profound and challenging problems in all of astrophysics. The complexity of the interstellar medium adds to its difficulty and we cannot expect a quick and easy solution. Nonetheless, the reports presented at this Symposium indicate that substantial progress is being made in this field.

scholarly journals Myeloproliferative neoplasms: from origins to outcomes

Hematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 470-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Nangalia ◽  
Anthony R. Green
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasm ◽  
Genomic Profiling ◽  
Jak Inhibitors ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
Made In

Abstract Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenetic basis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The discovery of mutations in JAK2 over a decade ago heralded a new age for patient care as a consequence of improved diagnosis and the development of therapeutic JAK inhibitors. The more recent identification of mutations in calreticulin brought with it a sense of completeness, with most patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm now having a biological basis for their excessive myeloproliferation. We are also beginning to understand the processes that lead to acquisition of somatic mutations and the factors that influence subsequent clonal expansion and emergence of disease. Extended genomic profiling has established a multitude of additional acquired mutations, particularly prevalent in myelofibrosis, where their presence carries prognostic implications. A major goal is to integrate genetic, clinical, and laboratory features to identify patients who share disease biology and clinical outcome, such that therapies, both existing and novel, can be better targeted.

scholarly journals Harmonizing technological advances in phenomics and genomics for enhanced salt tolerance in rice from a practical perspective

Rice ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarika Jaiswal ◽  
R. K. Gautam ◽  
R. K. Singh ◽  
S. L. Krishnamurthy ◽  
S. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Rice Productivity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Holistic Review ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Made In

AbstractHalf of the global human population is dependent on rice as a staple food crop and more than 25% increase in rice productivity is required to feed the global population by 2030. With increase in irrigation, global warming and rising sea level, rising salinity has become one of the major challenges to enhance the rice productivity. Since the loss on this account is to the tune of US$12 billion per annum, it necessitates the global attention. In the era of technological advancement, substantial progress has been made on phenomics and genomics data generation but reaping benefit of this in rice salinity variety development in terms of cost, time and precision requires their harmonization. There is hardly any comprehensive holistic review for such combined approach. Present review describes classical salinity phenotyping approaches having morphological, physiological and biochemical components. It also gives a detailed account of invasive and non-invasive approaches of phenomic data generation and utilization. Classical work of rice salinity QLTs mapping in the form of chromosomal atlas has been updated. This review describes how QTLs can be further dissected into QTN by GWAS and transcriptomic approaches. Opportunities and progress made by transgenic, genome editing, metagenomics approaches in combating rice salinity problems are discussed. Major aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive over-view of hitherto progress made in rice salinity tolerance research which is required to understand bridging of phenotype based breeding with molecular breeding. This review is expected to assist rice breeders in their endeavours by fetching greater harmonization of technological advances in phenomics and genomics for better pragmatic approach having practical perspective.

scholarly journals A Protocol for Extraction of Infective Viromes Suitable for Metagenomics Sequencing from Low Volume Fecal Samples

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Deng ◽  
Ronalds Silins ◽  
Josué L. Castro-Mejía ◽  
Witold Kot ◽  
Leon Jessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
High Input ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Made In

The human gut microbiome (GM) plays an important role in human health and diseases. However, while substantial progress has been made in understanding the role of bacterial inhabitants of the gut, much less is known regarding the viral component of the GM. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses attacking specific host bacteria and likely play important roles in shaping the GM. Although metagenomic approaches have led to the discoveries of many new viruses, they remain largely uncultured as their hosts have not been identified, which hampers our understanding of their biological roles. Existing protocols for isolation of viromes generally require relatively high input volumes and are generally more focused on extracting nucleic acids of good quality and purity for down-stream analysis, and less on purifying viruses with infective capacity. In this study, we report the development of an efficient protocol requiring low sample input yielding purified viromes containing phages that are still infective, which also are of sufficient purity for genome sequencing. We validated the method through spiking known phages followed by plaque assays, qPCR, and metagenomic sequencing. The protocol should facilitate the process of culturing novel viruses from the gut as well as large scale studies on gut viromes.

scholarly journals Genetic alteration in melanoma development

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Dace Pjanova ◽  
Kristīne Azarjana ◽  
Ingrīda Čēma ◽  
Olita Heisele
Keyword(s):  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Neoplastic Cell ◽  
Genetic Alteration ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Resistance To Therapy ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Genetic Events ◽  
Made In

Genetic alteration in melanoma developmentThe transition from a normal to a neoplastic cell is a complex process and involves many sequential genetic events. Over the last several years, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of molecular biology of melanoma including its development, progression, and resistance to therapy. An important step in cancer development appears to be senescence — a crucial barrier that prevents the proliferation of cells that are at different stages of malignancy. This review is mainly focused on patterns of molecular changes in the different steps of neoplastic transformation in melanoma and provides an up-to-date view on our understanding of the molecular genetics of melanoma development as well as therapeutic approaches based on this knowledge.

scholarly journals Finding a signal hidden among noise: how can predators overcome camouflage strategies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20190478 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. M. Galloway ◽  
Samuel D. Green ◽  
Martin Stevens ◽  
Laura A. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Recognition Systems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Evolving Models ◽  
Made In ◽  
Detection And Recognition

Substantial progress has been made in the past 15 years regarding how prey use a variety of visual camouflage types to exploit both predator visual processing and cognition, including background matching, disruptive coloration, countershading and masquerade. By contrast, much less attention has been paid to how predators might overcome these defences. Such strategies include the evolution of more acute senses, the co-opting of other senses not targeted by camouflage, changes in cognition such as forming search images, and using behaviours that change the relationship between the cryptic individual and the environment or disturb prey and cause movement. Here, we evaluate the methods through which visual camouflage prevents detection and recognition, and discuss if and how predators might evolve, develop or learn counter-adaptations to overcome these. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.

New Approaches for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Lipoproteins and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliza Hussain ◽  
Christie M. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Statin Therapy ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Made In

Although numerous trials have convincingly shown benefits of statin therapy in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), most showed relative risk reductions of 25–40%, and thus many individuals continue to have ASCVD events despite statin therapy. Substantial progress has been made in developing therapies that address the residual risk for ASCVD despite statin therapy. In this review, we summarize progress of currently available therapies along with therapies under development that further reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins, reduce lipoprotein(a), reduce ASCVD events in patients with high triglycerides, and directly target inflammation to reduce ASCVD risk. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 72 is January 27, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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